# Struve function

Graph of ${\displaystyle \mathrm {H} _{n}(x)}$ for ${\displaystyle n\in [0,1,2,3,4,5]}$

In mathematics, Struve functions Hα(x), are solutions y(x) of the non-homogeneous Bessel's differential equation:

${\displaystyle x^{2}{\frac {d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}}+x{\frac {dy}{dx}}+\left(x^{2}-\alpha ^{2}\right)y={\frac {4\left({\frac {x}{2}}\right)^{\alpha +1}}{{\sqrt {\pi }}\Gamma \left(\alpha +{\frac {1}{2}}\right)}}}$

introduced by Hermann Struve (1882). The complex number α is the order of the Struve function, and is often an integer. The modified Struve functions Lα(x) are equal to ie− iαπ/2Hα(ix).

## Definitions

Since this is a non-homogeneous equation, solutions can be constructed from a single particular solution by adding the solutions of the homogeneous problem. In this case, the homogeneous solutions are the Bessel functions, and the particular solution may be chosen as the corresponding Struve function.

### Power series expansion

Struve functions, denoted as Hα(x) have the following power series form

${\displaystyle \mathbf {H} _{\alpha }(x)=\sum _{m=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{m}}{\Gamma \left(m+{\frac {3}{2}}\right)\Gamma \left(m+\alpha +{\frac {3}{2}}\right)}}\left({\frac {x}{2}}\right)^{2m+\alpha +1}}$

where Γ(z) is the gamma function.

The modified Struve function, denoted as Lν(z) have the following power series form

${\displaystyle \mathbf {L} _{\nu }(z)=\left({\frac {z}{2}}\right)^{\nu +1}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{\Gamma \left({\frac {3}{2}}+k\right)\Gamma \left({\frac {3}{2}}+k+\nu \right)}}\left({\frac {z}{2}}\right)^{2k}}$

### Integral form

Another definition of the Struve function, for values of α satisfying Re(α) > − 1/2, is possible using an integral representation:

${\displaystyle \mathbf {H} _{\alpha }(x)={\frac {2\left({\frac {x}{2}}\right)^{\alpha }}{{\sqrt {\pi }}\Gamma \left(\alpha +{\frac {1}{2}}\right)}}\int _{0}^{\frac {\pi }{2}}\mathrm {d} \tau \,\sin(x\cos \tau )\sin ^{2\alpha }(\tau ).}$

## Asymptotic forms

For small x, the power series expansion is given above.

For large x, one obtains:

${\displaystyle \mathbf {H} _{\alpha }(x)-Y_{\alpha }(x)\to {\frac {\left({\frac {x}{2}}\right)^{\alpha -1}}{{\sqrt {\pi }}\Gamma \left(\alpha +{\frac {1}{2}}\right)}}+O\left(\left({\tfrac {x}{2}}\right)^{\alpha -3}\right),}$

where Yα(x) is the Neumann function.

## Properties

The Struve functions satisfy the following recurrence relations:

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {H} _{\alpha -1}(x)+\mathbf {H} _{\alpha +1}(x)&={\frac {2\alpha }{x}}\mathbf {H} _{\alpha }(x)+{\frac {\left({\frac {x}{2}}\right)^{\alpha }}{{\sqrt {\pi }}\Gamma \left(\alpha +{\frac {3}{2}}\right)}},\\\mathbf {H} _{\alpha -1}(x)-\mathbf {H} _{\alpha +1}(x)&=2{\frac {d}{dx}}\left(\mathbf {H} _{\alpha }(x)\right)-{\frac {\left({\frac {x}{2}}\right)^{\alpha }}{{\sqrt {\pi }}\Gamma \left(\alpha +{\frac {3}{2}}\right)}}.\end{aligned}}}

## Relation to other functions

Struve functions of integer order can be expressed in terms of Weber functions En and vice versa: if n is a non-negative integer then

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {E} _{n}(z)&={\frac {1}{\pi }}\sum _{k=0}^{\left\lfloor {\frac {n-1}{2}}\right\rfloor }{\frac {\Gamma \left(k+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)\left({\frac {z}{2}}\right)^{n-2k-1}}{\Gamma \left(n-k-{\frac {1}{2}}\right)}}\mathbf {H} _{n}\\\mathbf {E} _{-n}(z)&={\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{\pi }}\sum _{k=0}^{\left\lfloor {\frac {n-1}{2}}\right\rfloor }{\frac {\Gamma (n-k-{\frac {1}{2}})\left({\frac {z}{2}}\right)^{-n+2k+1}}{\Gamma \left(k+{\frac {3}{2}}\right)}}\mathbf {H} _{-n}.\end{aligned}}}

Struve functions of order n + 1/2 where n is an integer can be expressed in terms of elementary functions. In particular if n is a non-negative integer then

${\displaystyle \mathbf {H} _{-n-{\frac {1}{2}}}(z)=(-1)^{n}J_{n+{\frac {1}{2}}}(z)}$

where the right hand side is a spherical Bessel function.

Struve functions (of any order) can be expressed in terms of the generalized hypergeometric function 1F2 (which is not the Gauss hypergeometric function 2F1):

${\displaystyle \mathbf {H} _{\alpha }(z)={\frac {z^{\alpha +1}}{2^{\alpha }{\sqrt {\pi }}\Gamma \left(\alpha +{\tfrac {3}{2}}\right)}}{}_{1}F_{2}\left(1,{\tfrac {3}{2}},\alpha +{\tfrac {3}{2}},-{\tfrac {z^{2}}{4}}\right).}$