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Sweet and sour

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Sweet and sour is a generic term that encompasses many styles of sauce, cuisine, and cooking methods. It is commonly used in East Asia and Southeast Asia and has been used in England since the Middle Ages.[1] Sweet and sour sauce remains popular in Asian and Western cuisines.

By region

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East Asia

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Chinese cuisine

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Sweet and sour bid-bid (Pacific tenpounder) balls

Sweet and sour dishes, sauces, and cooking methods have a long history in China. One of the earliest recordings of sweet and sour may come from Shaowei Yanshi Dan (traditional Chinese: 燒尾宴食單; simplified Chinese: 烧尾宴食单; pinyin: shāowěi yànshí dān),[2] a menu of the food served in Tang dynasty (618-907) "Shaowei banquet[3]" festivals written in 708. It included many sweet and sour adjacent dishes and recorded that they were invented by Chancellor Wei Juyuan under Emperor Zhongzong of Tang when he hosted the Emperor at his house. Some authors say that the original sweet and sour sauce (traditional Chinese: 糖醋醬; simplified Chinese: 糖醋酱; pinyin: tángcùjiàng) came from the Chinese province of Henan,[4] but the sauce in this area is a light vinegar and sugar mixture not resembling what most people, including the Chinese, would call sweet and sour. Many places in China use a sweet and sour sauce as a dipping sauce for fish and meat rather than in cooking, as is common in Westernized Chinese cuisine.[5]

This style of using sauces is popular amongst Chinese who tie certain sauces to particular meats such as chili and soy for shrimp and vinegar and garlic for goose. There are, however, some dishes, such as the Cantonese sweet and sour pork or loong har kow (sweet and sour lobster balls), in which the meat is cooked and a sauce added to the wok before serving.[6]

Not all dishes are cooked; some, such as "sweet and sour fruit and vegetable" salad from the eastern regions of China, also find their way in Chinese cuisine.[7] This cold dish combines salad vegetables such as cucumber, tomato, bell pepper, and onion with a mixture of pineapple (or pear), vinegar, and sugar.

In China, the sauces are traditionally made by mixing sugar or honey with a sour liquid such as rice vinegar or soy sauce and spices such as ginger and cloves. Sometimes a paste made from tomatoes is used, but this is rare and normally restricted to Western cooking.[8]

Sweet and sour seabass

Cantonese sweet and sour sauce is the direct ancestor of the sauce of the same name in the West and was originally developed for sweet and sour pork. The late renowned chef from Hong Kong Leung King included the following as his sweet and sour sauce recipe: white rice vinegar, salt, Chinese brown candy, ketchup, Worcestershire sauce, and dark soy sauce. Hong Kong's gourmet Willie Mark Yiu-Tong (better known as Wei Ling|唯靈), himself a longtime friend of Leung, suggests to contemporary eateries not to resort to cheap bulk manufactured versions of vinegar, ketchup, and Worcestershire sauce, or the sauce will risk being too sharp in taste and might break the balance of flavours. He suggests the more acidic white rice vinegar could be replaced with apple cider vinegar and that ketchup and Worcestershire sauce should be of renowned gourmet brands.[9]

Hong Kong/Cantonese
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The original Cantonese sweet and sour pork (traditional Chinese: 咕嚕肉; simplified Chinese: 咕噜肉; pinyin: gūlūròu; Cantonese Yale: gūlōuyuhk; lit. 'rumbling meat') is made with vinegar, preserved plums and hawthorn candy for an almost scarlet colour and sweet-sour taste.[10] A related Hong Kong/Cantonese-based dish is sweet and sour spareribs (Chinese: 生炒排骨; pinyin: Shēngchǎo páigǔ; Cantonese Yale: sāangcháau pàaigwāt; lit. 'stir-fried spare ribs'). The methods used are identical, with spareribs used instead of pork loins.

Guo bao rou
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Guo bao rou (original version)

Guo bao rou (traditional Chinese: 鍋包肉; simplified Chinese: 锅包肉; pinyin: Guō bāo ròu) is a classic dish from Northeast China (Dongbei), originating in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province.[11] It consists of large thinly sliced pieces of pork tenderloin in potato starch batter, deep-fried twice until crispy. They are then lightly coated in a variation of a sweet and sour sauce, made from freshly prepared syrup and rice vinegar, and flavoured with ginger and garlic. The batter absorbs the sauce and softens. A Beijing variant has the sauce thin and watery, while the dish as prepared in Liaoning Province often has a thicker sauce made with ketchup (tomato sauce). However, the true or original version of guō bāo ròu served in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, is made with an amber-coloured sauce due to the fact that it uses caramelized sugar.[citation needed]

Squirrel-shaped Mandarin fish
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Squirrel-shaped Mandarin fish (Songshu Guiyu)

Originating in Suzhou, Jiangsu province, the squirrel-shaped Mandarin fish (Chinese: 松鼠鱖魚; pinyin: Sōngshǔ Guìyú) has a crisp skin but soft centre. The fish body of Siniperca chuatsi is scored such that it fans out when cooked, similar in appearance to a bushy squirrel tail. The fish is served with a sweet and sour sauce drizzled on top and garnished with a little shrimp meat and dried bamboo shoots.[12]

Sweet and sour Yellow River carp
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A speciality of Shandong province, in particular the city of Jinan,[13] the Yellow River carp is prepared by making diagonal slices partway through its flesh. It is next coated in corn flour then deep fried causing the fish to curl and the slices to open out. Finally, a sweet and sour sauce is poured over the cooked fish. This is one of the distinctive dishes typical of Shandong cuisine.

Sweet and sour spare ribs
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Sweet and sour pork ribs

A popular dish in Shanghai cuisine, sweet and sour spare ribs (Chinese: 糖醋小排; pinyin: tángcù xiǎopái) are made using pork ribs that are lightly coated in cornstarch and seasoned before being fried and served in a sweet and sour sauce.

Korean cuisine

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Tangsuyuk

In South Korea, a sweet and sour meat dish known as tangsuyuk (탕수육; 糖水肉) is one of the most popular Korean Chinese dishes. Made with either pork or beef, the bite-sized pieces are usually coated with potato/sweet potato starch/cornstarch or glutinous rice flour and double-fried in oil.[14][15][16] The dish is served with sweet and sour sauce, typically made by boiling vinegar, sugar, and water with a variety of fruits and vegetables like carrot, cucumber, onion, wood ear mushroom, and pineapple. Starch slurry is used to thicken the sauce.[14]

Europe

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English cuisine

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Sweet and sour sauces have been used in English cuisine since the Middle Ages, with recipes for sweet and sour meat and fish in the 1390 cookery book The Forme of Cury.[1]

French cuisine

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Main article: Gastrique

In French cuisine, a sweet and sour sauce base made from sugar and vinegar is a gastrique. "Aigre-doux" is a sweet and sour sauce in general.[17]

Italian cuisine

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A saucepan of onion with agrodolce sauce

Agrodolce (Italian: [ˌaɡroˈdoltʃe]) is a traditional sweet and sour sauce in Italian cuisine. Its name comes from agro (lit. 'sour') and dolce (lit. 'sweet'). Agrodolce is made by reducing sour and sweet elements, traditionally vinegar and sugar. Sometimes, additional flavorings are added, such as wine, fruit, or even chocolate. One recipe for lamb agrodolce is served over rigatoni or wide noodles, such as pappardelle.[18]

Southeast Asia

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Filipino cuisine

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Filipino lumpia with an agre dulce dipping sauce

In Filipino cuisine, sweet and sour sauces are known as agre dulce or Filipino sweet and sour sauce. It is made by mixing cornstarch with water, salt, sugar, and a tangy ingredient (typically tomato ketchup, banana ketchup, or pineapples). The mixture is brought to a boil then simmered until it thickens. Labuyo chilis may also be added.[19][20][21] The name means "sour-sweet" in Philippine Spanish, from Spanish agrio ("sour") and dulce ("sweet"). It is also known as agri dulci in Chavacano and can refer to dishes cooked with the sauce.[22] Agre dulce is commonly used as a dipping sauce for appetizers like lumpia or okoy.[21]

Fusion cuisine

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Sweet and sour pork
Sweet and sour chicken

Sweet and sour chicken is a dish frequently served in Chinese restaurants in various countries in Oceania, Europe, North America, and South America and available at some restaurants in East Asia and Southeast Asia in an essentially identical version. The dish generally comprises cubes of white meat chicken deep-fried in batter and served with sweet and sour sauce. Sometimes it is topped with pineapple, green pepper, carrot, or sweet pickles.

Sweet and sour pork is a Chinese dish particularly popular in Westernised Cantonese cuisine and may be found worldwide. Several provinces in China produce various dishes that claim to be the ancestor, including a traditional Jiangsu dish called “pork in a sugar and vinegar sauce” (糖醋里脊; pinyin: táng cù lǐjǐ). The dish consists of deep-fried pork cut into bite-sized pieces and subsequently stir-fried in a more customized version of sweet and sour sauce made of sugar, ketchup, white vinegar, and soy sauce and additional ingredients including pineapple, green pepper (capsicum), and onion. In more elaborate preparations, the dish's tartness is controlled by requiring that Chinese white rice vinegar be used sparingly and using ketchups with less vinegary tastes, while some restaurants use unripe kiwifruits and HP sauce in place of vinegar.[citation needed] [23]

Western cultures use sweet and sour sauce in two different ways. Dishes can either include the sauce as an ingredient in cooking or use the sauce as a pour-over or dipping sauce for the meal.

Chinese restaurants in Western countries commonly serve battered and deep-fried chicken, pork, or shrimp with a sweet and sour sauce poured on top. It is also common to find the sweet and sour sauce cooked with sliced green peppers, onions, and pineapple before it is poured over the meat.

Many Western dishes involve cooking the meat with a variety of ingredients to make a complete sweet and sour dish in the manner of gu lo yuk. The most popular dishes are those of pork and shrimp. In French cuisine, it has been developed contrary to traditional French cooking practices, and the preparation of sweet and sour sauce (Aigre-douce) often involves immersing the food in a plentiful amount of sauce.[24]

Common in Western sweet and sour sauce is the addition of fruits such as pineapple and vegetables such as sweet pepper and green onions. Traditional rice vinegar is becoming more readily available due to the increase in Asian food stores but a mixture of vinegar and dry sherry is often still used in sweet and sour dishes. Also common is the use of cornstarch as a thickener for the sauce and tomato ketchup to give a stronger red colour to the dish and to add a Western taste. Most supermarkets across Europe and North America carry a range of prepared sweet and sour sauces for adding to stir-fry or dipping.

Primarily in North America, sweet and sour sauce is available as a dipping sauce at Chinese takeout establishments in small plastic packets or containers.

In Britain, Thai-style sweet chilli dipping sauce has recently overtaken the previous popularity of Chinese-style sweet and sour sauce to the extent it can often be found at non-Asian establishments for a wide variety of Western-style snacks from fishcakes to chips and seafood such as calamari and prawns.

A number of variations are used in barbecue cuisine, either home-made or prepared from a number of common brands.

Besides American Chinese restaurants, popular fast food restaurants such as McDonald's,[25][26] Burger King,[27][28] and Wendy's[29] carry their own proprietary brands of sweet and sour sauce packets. These are commonly offered and used as a dipping sauce for chicken fingers and chicken nuggets.[27]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Dickson Wright, Clarissa (2011) A History of English Food. Random House. ISBN 978-1-905-21185-2. Pages 52–53
  2. ^ "《中国饮食典籍史》". 姚伟钧，刘朴兵，鞠明库著；赵荣光主编 上海：上海古籍出版社 2012 第123页.
  3. ^ "烧尾宴：五十八道美味佳肴，见证"舌尖上的大唐盛世"". 知乎专栏 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2023-03-31.
  4. ^ Simoons, Frederick J (1991). Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry. CRC Press:Boca Raton.
  5. ^ Anderson, E.N. (1988). The Food of China. Yale University Press:New Haven.
  6. ^ Patten, Maguerite (1973). International Cooking in Colour. Hamlyn, Middlesex, England. p. 113.
  7. ^ Doeser, Linda (2001). Asian Cooking. Hermes House. p. 370.
  8. ^ Kiple, Kenneth F; Kriemhild Conee Ornelas (2000). Cambridge World Encyclopaedia of Food, Volume II, China. Cambridge University Press:, Cambridge, England. pp. 1165–1175.
  9. ^ Mak, Willie (17 August 2007). "Sweet and Sour Spare-ribs". Eat and Travel Weekly (629). Eat and Travel Weekly Company Ltd, Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007.
  10. ^ CNN Go 40 Hong Kong foods we can't live without Archived 2012-11-05 at the Wayback Machine 13 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-09
  11. ^ "锅包肉"来自道台府. 生活报 (in Chinese). 黑龙江新闻网. 25 October 2005. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  12. ^ "Food and Dining". classicsuzhou.com. Suzhou Tourism Bureau. 2 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  13. ^ "Sweet and Sour Yellow River Carp". www.china-sd.com. Information office of Jinan Municipal People's Government. 2 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  14. ^ a b Ro, Hyo-sun (28 March 2014). "Tangsuyuk (sweet and sour pork)". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  15. ^ Joo, J. (2016). Korean Food Made Simple. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-544-66308-4. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  16. ^ "tangsuyuk" 탕수육. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  17. ^ Sarah Labensky, Alan Hause (1999) On Cooking 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, New Jersey ISBN 0-13-862640-5
  18. ^ Joe Yonan (7 April 2010). "Slow-Cooker Lamb Stew Agrodolce". Washington Post.
  19. ^ Alejandro, Reynaldo G. (1985). The Philippine Cookbook. Penguin. p. 202. ISBN 9780399511448.
  20. ^ "Sweet and Sour Sauce (Agre Dulce)". Kusina ni Manding. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  21. ^ a b Alejandro, Reynaldo G. (2015). Food of the Philippines. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462905454.
  22. ^ "Agre Dulce". Lutong Cavite. 14 March 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  23. ^ pg 27, Issue 758, Eat and Travel Weekly, Eat and Travel Weekly Company Ltd, Hong Kong, 2 August 2006
  24. ^ Chang, K.C, ed. (1977). Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives. Yale University Press, :New Haven. p. 362.
  25. ^ "Sauces and Dressings". McDonald's. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  26. ^ "McDonald's USA Nutrition Facts for Popular Menu Items" (PDF). McDonald's. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-31. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  27. ^ a b "BK - Chicken Fries". Burger King. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  28. ^ "BURGER KING® USA Nutritionals: Core, Regional and Limited Time Offerings" (PDF). Burger King. October 2017. p. 5. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  29. ^ "Nutrition Information" (PDF). Wendy's. June 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-06. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
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