Taraškievica

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Cover of «Biełaruskaja gramatyka dla škoł» by Branisłaŭ Taraškievič, where the codification of Taraškievica was made (5th edition, 1929)

Taraškievica, Belarusian Classical Orthography[1][2][3] ([taraʂˈkʲɛvʲit​͡sa]; Belarusian: тарашкевіца, клясычны правапіс[4][5][6]) is a variant of the orthography of the Belarusian language, based on the literary norm of the modern Belarusian language, the first normalization of which was made by Branisłaŭ Taraškievič in 1918, and was in the official use in Belarus until Belarusian orthography reform in 1933[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. After 1933 Taraškievica has been used informally in Belarus and by Belarusian diaspora abroad. In more common sense sometimes Taraškievica is considered to be a linguistic norm.[18][19]

Taraškievica name intended to emphasize the similarity of the orthography to the work of Branisłaŭ Taraškievič and may have appeared before the World War II[10]. Since ca. 1994 as an alias with more preferable usage the name Classical Orthography is used[20].

In 2005 with the publishing of the Belarusian Classical Orthography was made the modern normalization of Taraškievica. In 2007 Taraškievica got from IANA its own language subtag "tarask" (full language tag of Belarusian in the Classical orthography is "be-tarask")[21].

History

Branisłaŭ Taraškievič

In 1918 before independence of Belarus was declared a need of codifying of the Belarusian language raised. The leading linguists made several proposals:

As the result, Taraškievič's proposal was considered to be more preferable. This was based on the following reasons: orthography proposal by Taraškievič was the most well-grounded; it covered the majority of orthographic collisions; it proceeded with the Belarusian orthography which was in use in the prior period; it included exercises what was useful in teaching purposes; was created on the request of Belarusian political leaders of that time.[14]

The work of Taraškievič appeared to be very good experience of creating the list of main features of Belarusian. All the following proposals and reforms of the Belarusian language based on exactly this codification[23].

Reform proposals and Belarusian orthography reform of 1933

In 1926 in Minsk an international conference on the reform of the Belarusian orthography was held, where some orthography issues were discussed. In 1927 was formed a Linguistic Committee was formed which consisted of the Belarusian academicians and linguists, which worked on the problems of the Belarusian language and mainly developed the orthography norm by Taraškievič. In 1929 with the end of Belarussification the work of the Committee was stopped. Despite this the results of its work was published in 1930.

In 1930 a group of scientists from the Belarusian Linguistic Institute started working on another proposal of Belarusian orthography reform. The authors of the proposal declared rejection of the ideas of "national democracy", which were, according to their beliefs, the base of the work by Linguistic Committee in 1927–1929[14]. As a result the group in 1933 proposed a deep revision of the Belarusian language, but kept the ideas of Taraškievič for loanwords in Belarusian and almost entirely reproduced the results of 1930 proposal.

Despite this, the proposal was rejected by the USSR authorities because of too low loyalty of approaching of the Belarusian language to Russian[10][24]. On 5 May 1933 Central Committee of the Communist Party of the BSSR formed a special Political Committee for revision of the Russian-Belarusian dictionary and new orthography rules of the Belarusian language[25]. The Committee primarily consisted of politicians, and no linguist was included in it.

Till 21 July 1933 a decree of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the BSSR was published which stated the end of the work on the Belarusian language reform.[26] On 27 August 1933 the proposal was approved by the decree of the Belarusian Central Committee of the Communist Party without any public discussion.

The Belarusian orthography reform of 1933 adopted all the changes of the Academical 1933 proposal which approached the Belarusian language to Russian[24]. The reform introduced both phonetic and morphological changes, as well as vocabulary of Belarusian, where the words with no direct equivalents in the Russian language were excluded and some Russian words introduced[27]. After the reform the manuscripts of the ready academic Belarusian dictionaries were destroyed[28].

As a result of Belarusian orthography reform of 1933 more than 30 phonetic and morphological features of the Russian language were introduced in Belarusian.[29]

Post 1933

The legitimacy of the reform of grammar in 1933 was never adopted by certain political groups in West Belarus, unlike, e.g., KPZB, neither by the emigrants, who left Belarus after 1944. This rejection was made an issue of ideology, and presented as anti-Russification[30]. One of the most vocal critics was Jan Stankievič, beginning with his 1936 publication.

However, rejecting all post-1933 official developments, the community was left with all the problems of the pre-1933 grammar virtually unaddressed[31] and effectively with no unified grammar to use[32].

After 1930s Taraškievica was primarily used by the Belarusian diaspora abroad. The only wide-scale use of the pre-1933 grammar on the territory of Belarus after the 1930s took place during the German occupation of Belarus in 1941–1944.

Nowadays

In the perestroika period of the end 1980s, the movement for the returning of Taraškievica in Belarus was initiated. In the beginning of 1990s Taraškievica was used in Belarus along with so-called “Narkamauka”—official variant of Belarusian. Codification of Taraškievica in 1918 was unable to meet the new demands, and this resulted in need to make a standardization of language. On 14 June 1992 in Vilnius a conference of journalists and publishers who used the Classical orthography was held.

To solve the problem of standardization the Orthography Improvement Committee (Belarusian: Камісія па ўдасканаленьні правапісу) was created. The Committee worked in 1991–1992 and in 1993 published its proposals on orthography change.

In 2005 to standardize Taraškievica a working group of four people (consisting of Juraś Bušlakoŭ, Vincuk Viačorka, Źmicier Sańko and Zmicier Saŭka) as a result of intensive discussions and several years' work proposed codification of Taraškievica called Belarusian Classical Orthography (Belarusian: Беларускі клясычны правапіс). This proposal was adopted by many major Taraškievica-using media, as the newspaper Naša Niva[33], Belarusian ARCHE magazine, the Belarusian editions of Radio Free Europe and Radio Polonia. This variant of orthography became preferably used and is used as well in the Belarusian Wikipedia in Taraškievica orthography (be-x-old:).

On 27 April 2007 IANA assigned language subtag "tarask" to Taraškievica (full language tag of Belarusian in the Classical orthography is "be-tarask")[21].

See also

References

  1. ^ Cychun H. Weißrussisch [1] // Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens / hrsg. von Miloš Okuka. Unter Mitw. von Gerald Krenn, 2002. — 1031 S. — ISBN 3-85129-510-2
  2. ^ Решение Высшего Хозяйственного Суда Республики Беларусь от 22.12.98 г № 2—1/98 по иску редакции газеты «Наша Нива» (г. Минск) к ответчику — Государственному комитету Республики Беларусь по печати — о признании недействительным предупреждения от 29 мая 1998 г. № 26 [2]
  3. ^ А. Ю. Мусорин (кандидат филологических наук). Вариативность названий стран в современном белорусском языке // Иностранные языки в научном и учебно-методическом аспектах. — Вып. 7. — Новосибирск, 2008. — С. 31—35
  4. ^ Ніна Баршчэўская (доктар філялягічных навук). Беларуская эміграцыя — абаронца роднае мовы. — Варшава: Катэдра Беларускай Філялёгіі Факультэт Прыкладной Лінгвістыкі і Ўсходнеславянскіх Філялёгіяў Варшаўскі Ўніверсітэт, 2004. С. 197
  5. ^ Пётра Садоўскі (кандыдат філалагічных навук). Інавацыі 90-х гадоў у мове беларускіх недзяржаўных выданняў // Беларуская мова: шляхі развіцця, кантакты, перспектывы. Матэрыялы ІІІ Міжнароднага кангрэса беларусістаў «Беларуская культура ў дыялогу цывілізацый». Мн.: Беларускі Кнігазбор, 2001. ISBN 985-6638-33-Х. С. 224
  6. ^ Юрась Бушлякоў, Вінцук Вячорка, Зьміцер Санько, Зьміцер Саўка. Беларускі клясычны правапіс. Збор правілаў. Сучасная нармалізацыя. Вільня—Менск, 2005. — 160 с.
  7. ^ Гісторыя Беларусі. Вучэбн. дапаможнік / В.І. Галубовіч, З. В. Шыбека, Д. М. Чаркасаў і інш.; Пад рэд. В.І. Галубовіча і Ю. М. Бохана. — Мн.: Экаперспектыва, 2005. — 584 с. ISBN 985-469-120-9. С. 400
  8. ^ Московский Государственный Университет им. М. В. Ломоносова. Филологический факультет. КОРЯКОВ Юрий Борисович. Языковая ситуация в Белоруссии и типология языковых ситуаций. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата филологических наук. Научный руководитель — доктор филологических наук, профессор В. М. Алпатов. С. 49 [3].
  9. ^ Віктар Гаўрыш. Рэформы правапісу не будзе. Вяртання да тарашкевіцы таксама // Беларуская думка, общественно-политический и научно-популярный журнал Администрации Президента Республики Беларусь. № 11, ноябрь 2007
  10. ^ a b c Клімаў І. Два стандарты беларускай літаратурнай мовы [2004 // Мова і соцыум. (TERRA ALBA. Том III). Магілёў, ГА МТ «Брама». Cite error: The named reference "klimaw-2004" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. ^ Ганна Кісліцына. Новая літаратураная сітуацыя: змена культурнай парадыгмы // Лекцыі, Беларускі калегіюм.
  12. ^ Скарыназнаўства, кнігазнаўства, літаратуразнаўства: Матэрыялы ІІІ Міжнар. кангрэса беларусістаў «Беларуская культура ў дыялогу цывілізацый» (Мінск, 21-25 мая, 4-7 снеж. 2000 г.) / Рэдкал.: У. Конан (гал. рэд.) і інш. — Мн.: «Беларускі кнігазбор», 2001. — 364 с. — (Беларусіка = Albaruthenica; Кн. 20). ISBN 985-6638-34-8 °C. 26 [4]
  13. ^ Международная конференция «Судьбы языков: Вопросы внешней и внутренней истории» // Вестник ПСТГУ III: Филология 2007. Вып. 1 (7). С. 220
  14. ^ a b c Зьміцер Саўка. Мазаічная артаграфія // Часопіс «Arche»
  15. ^ Елена Темпер. Модели формирования нации в Беларуси после 1990 г. // CESTY K NÁRODNÍMU OBROZENÍ: BĚLORUSKÝ A ČESKÝ MODEL, Sborník příspěvků z konference konané 4. — 6. 7. 2006 v Praze. ISBN 80-239-8444-6. — С. 214.
  16. ^ Законопроект о белорусской орфографии сохраняет принцип преемственности с существующими правилами — А.Лукашанец // БЕЛТА, 28.06.2008
  17. ^ Оксана Мытько. «Сьнег» не пойдет, но белорусское правописание ждут перемены // «7 дней» № 16 от 20.04.2002
  18. ^ Беларуская мова. Лінгвістычны кампендыум. Мн., 2003.
  19. ^ Сяргей Шупа.Тарашкевіца ў Слоўніку Свабоды // Arche № 7 (12) — 2000
  20. ^ For instance see Vincuk Viačorka's article in Spadčyna magazine, 1994.
  21. ^ a b IANA registry of language subtags
  22. ^ Adam Varłyha [Язэп Гладкі]. Praktyčnyja nazirańni nad našaj žyvoj movaj. New York, 1966. S. 26
  23. ^ І. І. Крамко, А. К. Юрэвіч, А. І. Яновіч. Гісторыя беларускай літаратурнай мовы. Т. 2. Мінск, 1968. С. 162—163
  24. ^ a b Зьміцер Саўка. Мэханіка зьнявечаньня // Часопіс «Arche», 10 кастрычніка 2009
  25. ^ Гісторыя беларускага мовазнаўства, 1918—1941: Хрэстаматыя для студэнтаў філалагічнага факультэта. Ч. 1—2. Мінск: БДУ, 2005—2008. Ч. 2. 2008. С. 156
  26. ^ Гісторыя беларускага мовазнаўства, 1918—1941: Хрэстаматыя для студэнтаў філалагічнага факультэта. Ч. 1—2. Мінск: БДУ, 2005—2008. Ч. 2. 2008. С. 168
  27. ^ Дзмітрый Шыманскі «Хто знішчыў беларускую мову?» // Дзедзiч, № 5 (24) (лістапад, 2003 г.)
  28. ^ 128. Як бальшавікі рэфармавалі беларускую мову? // Іван Саверчанка, Зьміцер Санько. 100 пытанняў і адказаў з гісторыі Беларусі. — Менск: «Звязда», 1993; 150 пытанняў і адказаў з гісторыі Беларусі. — Вільня: Наша Будучыня, 2002. ISBN 9986-9229-6-1
  29. ^ Русыфікацыя беларускае мовы // Ніна Баршчэўская. Беларуская эміграцыя — абаронца роднае мовы. — Варшава: Катэдра Беларускай Філялёгіі Факультэт Прыкладной Лінгвістыкі і Ўсходнеславянскіх Філялёгіяў Варшаўскі Ўнівэрсытэт, 2004. С. 169
  30. ^ E.g., per Jerzy Turonek, Belarusian book under German control (1939-1944) (in edition: Юры Туронак, Беларуская кніга пад нямецкім кантролем, Minsk, 2002).
  31. ^ cf. the materials of Society for the Cleanliness of Belarusian language, Prague, 1930s-1940s
  32. ^ cf. the discussion between Jan Stankievič and Masiej Siadnioŭ in beg.1950s, the policy of Baćkaŭščyna printing house etc.
  33. ^ Summary for „Classical orthography“

External links

Taraškievica edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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