# Tate–Shafarevich group

In arithmetic geometry, the Tate–Shafarevich group Ш(A/K), introduced by Serge Lang and John Tate (1958) and Igor Shafarevich (1959), of an abelian variety A (or more generally a group scheme) defined over a number field K consists of the elements of the Weil–Châtelet group WC(A/K) = H1(GK, A) that become trivial in all of the completions of K (i.e. the p-adic fields obtained from K, as well as its real and complex completions). Thus, in terms of Galois cohomology, it can be written as

${\displaystyle \bigcap _{v}\mathrm {ker} (H^{1}(G_{K},A)\rightarrow H^{1}(G_{K_{v}},A_{v})).}$
This is the author's most lasting contribution to the subject. The original notation was TS, which, Tate tells me, was intended to continue the lavatorial allusion of WC. The Americanism "tough shit" indicates the part that is difficult to eliminate.

J. W. S. Cassels (1990, footnote on page 109), commenting on his introduction of the notation Ш.

Cassels introduced the notation Ш(A/K), where Ш is the Cyrillic letter "Sha", for Shafarevich, replacing the older notation TS.

## Elements of the Tate–Shafarevich group

Geometrically, the non-trivial elements of the Tate–Shafarevich group can be thought of as the homogeneous spaces of A that have Kv-rational points for every place v of K, but no K-rational point. Thus, the group measures the extent to which the Hasse principle fails to hold for rational equations with coefficients in the field K. Carl-Erik Lind (1940) gave an example of such a homogeneous space, by showing that the genus 1 curve ${\displaystyle x^{4}-17=2y^{2}}$ has solutions over the reals and over all p-adic fields, but has no rational points. Ernst S. Selmer (1951) gave many more examples, such as

${\displaystyle 3x^{3}+4y^{3}+5z^{3}=0.}$

The special case of the Tate–Shafarevich group for the finite group scheme consisting of points of some given finite order n of an abelian variety is closely related to the Selmer group.

## Shafarevich–Tate conjecture

The Tate–Shafarevich conjecture states that the Tate–Shafarevich group is finite. Karl Rubin (1987) proved this for some elliptic curves of rank at most 1 with complex multiplication. Victor A. Kolyvagin (1988) extended this to modular elliptic curves over the rationals of analytic rank at most 1. (The modularity theorem later showed that the modularity assumption always holds.)

## Cassels–Tate pairing

The Cassels–Tate pairing is a bilinear pairing Ш(A)×Ш(Â)→Q/Z, where A is an abelian variety and Â is its dual. Cassels (1962) introduced this for elliptic curves, when A can be identified with Â and the pairing is an alternating form. The kernel of this form is the subgroup of divisible elements, which is trivial if the Tate–Shafarevich conjecture is true. Tate (1963) extended the pairing to general abelian varieties, as a variation of Tate duality. A choice of polarization on A gives a map from A to Â, which induces a bilinear pairing on Ш(A) with values in Q/Z, but unlike the case of elliptic curves this need not be alternating or even skew symmetric.

For an elliptic curve, Cassels showed that the pairing is alternating, and a consequence is that if the order of Ш is finite then it is a square. For more general abelian varieties it was sometimes incorrectly believed for many years that the order of Ш is a square whenever it is finite; this mistake originated in a paper by Swinnerton-Dyer (1967), who misquoted one of the results of Tate (1963). Poonen & Stoll (1999) gave some examples where the order is twice a square, such as the Jacobian of a certain genus 2 curve over the rationals whose Tate–Shafarevich group has order 2, and Stein (2004) gave some examples where the power of an odd prime dividing the order is odd. If the abelian variety has a principal polarization then the form on Ш is skew symmetric which implies that the order of Ш is a square or twice a square (if it is finite), and if in addition the principal polarization comes from a rational divisor (as is the case for elliptic curves) then the form is alternating and the order of Ш is a square (if it is finite).