Temple name

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Temple name
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese廟號
Simplified Chinese庙号
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetMiếu hiệu
Korean name
Hangul묘호
Hanja廟號

Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean (Goryeo and Joseon periods), and Vietnamese (such dynasties as Trần, , and ) royalty. They should not be confused with era names. Compared to posthumous names, the use of temple names is more exclusive. Both titles were given after death to an emperor or king, but unlike the often elaborate posthumous name, a temple name always consists of only two characters:

  1. an adjective: chosen to reflect the circumstances of the emperor's reign (such as "Martial" or "Lamentable"). The vocabulary overlap with that of posthumous titles' adjectives, but for one emperor, the temple name's adjective character usually does not repeat as one of the many adjective characters in his posthumous name. The usual exception is "Filial". The founders are almost always either "High" (高) or "Grand" (太).
  2. "emperor": either (祖) or zōng (宗).
    • Zu ("forefather") implies a progenitor, either a founder of a dynasty or a new line within an existing one. The equivalent in Korean is jo (조), and tổ in Vietnamese
    • Zong ("ancestor") is used in all other rulers. It is jong (종) in Korean, and tông in Vietnamese.

The "temple" in "temple name" refers to the "grand temple" (太廟), also called "great temple" (大廟) or "ancestral temple" (祖廟), where crown princes and other royalty gathered to worship their ancestors. The ancestral tablets in the grand temple recorded the temple names of the rulers.

Temple names were assigned sporadically from the Han Dynasty and regularly from the Tang Dynasty. Some Han emperors had their temple names permanently removed by their descendants in 190. They are the usual way to refer to emperors from the Tang Dynasty up to (but not including) the Ming Dynasty. For the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty (from 1368), era names were used instead.

In Korea, temple names are used to refer to kings of the early Goryeo (until 1274), and kings and emperors of the Joseon Dynasty. For the Korean Empire (1897–1910), era names should be used, but the temple names are often used instead.[1]

In Vietnam, most rulers are known by their temple names, with the exception of Nguyễn and Tây Sơn Dynasty rulers, who are known by their era names.

See also

References

  1. ^ Keith Pratt, Richard Rutt, James Hoare (1999). Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary. Routledge. ISBN 0700704647.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)