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The Babadook
Theatrical release poster
Directed byJennifer Kent
Screenplay byJennifer Kent
Based onMonster
by Jennifer Kent
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyRadek Ładczuk
Edited bySimon Njoo
Music byJed Kurzel
Production
companies
Distributed byUmbrella Entertainment
Release dates
  • 17 January 2014 (2014-01-17) (Sundance)
  • 22 May 2014 (2014-05-22) (Australia)
Running time
94 minutes[1]
CountryAustralia
LanguageEnglish
Budget$2 million[2]
Box office$10.5 million[3]

The Babadook is a 2014 Australian psychological supernatural horror film written and directed by Jennifer Kent in her feature directorial debut, based on her 2005 short film Monster. Starring Essie Davis, Noah Wiseman, Daniel Henshall, Hayley McElhinney, Barbara West, and Ben Winspear, the film follows a widowed single mother who with her son must confront a mysterious humanoid monster in their home.

Kent began writing the screenplay in 2009, intending to explore parenting, grief, and the fear of madness. Financing was secured through Australian government grants and partly through crowdfunding. Filming took place in Adelaide, where Kent drew from her experiences as a production assistant on Lars von Trier's Dogville (2003). During filming, the production team worked to ensure six-year-old Wiseman was protected from the film's disturbing subject matter. The titular monster and special effects were created with stop motion animation and practical effects.

The Babadook premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on 17 January 2014 and was given a limited release in Australian cinemas on 22 May 2014, initially failing to become a commercial success in its native country. However, it generated wider attention internationally, grossing $10 million against its $2 million budget. The film was praised for the cast's performances, creature design, premise, and themes. At the 4th AACTA Awards, it won for Best Film, and Kent won for Best Direction and Best Original Screenplay, respectively. In the years since its release, The Babadook has become a cult classic partly due to its popularity as an internet meme, with the titular monster being ironically adopted as a queer icon.

Etymology

[edit]

The term babadook is an invention of director Jennifer Kent. It is improvised from the Serbo-Croatian word for the boogeyman: babaroga.[4]

Plot

[edit]

Amelia Vanek is a troubled, exhausted widow and single mother of six-year-old Samuel, living in Adelaide. Her husband, Oskar, was killed in a car accident while driving her to the hospital during labour. Sam begins displaying erratic behaviour, causing problems at school and in their social life, and becomes preoccupied with an imaginary monster, which he has built weapons to fight. One night, he asks his mother to read a pop-up book, Mister Babadook. It describes the monster of the title, the top hat-wearing Babadook, which torments its victims. Amelia is disturbed by the book and its mysterious appearance, while Sam is convinced that the Babadook is real.

Strange events occur, such as Amelia finding glass shards in her food. She attributes the events to Sam but he blames the Babadook. Amelia rips up the book and disposes of it. At her birthday party, Sam's cousin bullies him, and he pushes her out of her treehouse, inadvertently breaking her nose. He later has a vision of the Babadook and suffers a seizure.

Amelia finds the Mister Babadook book reassembled at their front door. New words in it taunt her; the book now contains pop-ups of her killing their dog Bugsy, Sam, then herself. Terrified, she burns the book and runs to the police station after a disturbing phone call. However, she has no proof, and leaves when she sees what looks like the Babadook's suit hung up behind the front desk.

That night, the Babadook attacks her. After the attack, Amelia becomes more isolated and impatient, shouting at Samuel and having more visions of the Babadook. She also exhibits violent behaviour, including cutting the phone line with a knife, and has disturbing hallucinations in which she sees herself murdering Sam.

An apparition of Oskar appears, offering to return if she "brings the boy" to him. Realising he is a creation of the Babadook, she flees but the Babadook finally possesses her. Under its influence, she kills Bugsy and attempts to kill Sam. Eventually luring her into the basement, Sam knocks her out with his contraptions. Amelia awakens and tries to strangle Sam. When he lovingly caresses her face, she regurgitates a black substance, which seemingly expels the Babadook. However, Sam reminds her that "you can't get rid of the Babadook", and an unseen force drags him into her bedroom. She saves him but is forced to see a vision of her husband's death. Furious, she confronts the Babadook, making it retreat into the basement. She locks the door behind it.

Amelia and Sam manage to recover. She is attentive and caring toward him, encouraging him to build his weapons and being impressed by his magic tricks. In the garden, they gather worms in a bowl. Amelia takes it to the basement. The Babadook tries to attack her, but she soothes it and it retreats to the corner, taking the bowl of worms with it. She returns to the yard to celebrate Sam's birthday.

Cast

[edit]
  • Essie Davis as Amelia Vanek
  • Noah Wiseman as Samuel Vanek
  • Hayley McElhinney as Claire
  • Daniel Henshall as Robbie
  • Barbara West as Gracie Roach
  • Ben Winspear as Oskar Vanek
  • Cathy Adamek as Prue Flannery
  • Craig Behenna as Warren Newton
  • Chloe Hurn as Ruby
  • Jacquy Phillips as Beverly
  • Bridget Walters as Norma
  • Tim Purcell as the Babadook
  • Hachi as Bugsy

Production

[edit]

Development

[edit]
Writer and director Jennifer Kent

Kent attended the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), where she studied acting alongside Davis and graduated in 1991.[5] She then worked primarily as an actor in the film industry for over two decades. She eventually lost her passion for acting by the end of the 1990s and sent a written proposal to Danish filmmaker Lars von Trier, asking if she could assist on the film set of his 2003 drama film Dogville to learn from him. He accepted her proposal, and she considers the experience her "film school", citing the importance of stubbornness as the key lesson she learned.[6][7]

Prior to The Babadook, Kent completed a short film, Monster, and an episode of the television series Two Twisted. She explained in May 2014 that the origins of Babadook could be found in Monster, which she calls "baby Babadook".[8]

She began writing the screenplay in around 2009. She said she sought to tell a story about facing up to the darkness within ourselves, the "fear of going mad", and an exploration of parenting from a "real perspective". Regarding parenting, she further explained in October 2014: "Now, I'm not saying we all want to go and kill our kids, but a lot of women struggle. And it is a very taboo subject, to say that motherhood is anything but a perfect experience for women."[6] About the characters, she said: "It was really important for me that they were loving, and loveable people. I don't mean likeable—I mean that we really felt for them".[6] She completed five drafts of the script.[9]

Kent drew from her experience on the set of Dogville for the assembling of her production team, as she observed that von Trier was surrounded by a well-known "family of people". Kent sought her own "family of collaborators to work with for the long term." Unable to find all of the suitable people within the Australian film industry, Kent hired Polish director of photography (DOP) Radek Ladczuk, for whom Babadook was his first-ever English language film, and American illustrator Alexander Juhasz.[8] In terms of influences, Kent cited 1960s, '70s and '80s horror—including Les Yeux Sans Visage (1960), Carnival of Souls (1962), The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974), Halloween (1978), The Thing (1982) and The Shining (1980)—as well as Vampyr (1932), Nosferatu (1922) and Let The Right One In (2008).[10]

Although the process was challenging and she was forced to reduce their total budget, producer Kristina Ceyton managed to secure funding of around A$2.5 million from government bodies Screen Australia and the SAFC; however, they still required an additional budget for the construction of the film sets. To attain the funds for the sets, Kent and Causeway Films producer Kristina Ceyton launched a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign in June 2012, with a target of US$30,000. Their funding goal was reached on 27 September 2012 through pledges from 259 backers raising $30,071.[11][12] Kent said that the crowdfunding closed a crucial gap in which to cover design and special effects expenses to build a "special visual world".[13]

Casting the child lead for the film involved casting director Nikki Barrett viewing around 500 audition tapes of young boys, before selecting smaller groups and individuals for in-person improvisation.[13] Six-year old Noah Wiseman was selected as a standout, with Kent saying he had a certain innocence about him that older boys did not have, possibly as he is the son of a child psychologist.[13][14]

Filming

[edit]

The film was primarily shot in Adelaide, South Australia, with most of the interior shots filmed on a sound stage in the city; as funding was from the South Australian state government, this was a requirement that Kent needed to meet.[5] However, Kent explained to Den of Geek that she is not patriotic and didn't want the film to be "particularly Australian".[6]

I wanted to create a myth in a domestic setting. And even though it happened to be in some strange suburb in Australia somewhere, it could have been anywhere. I guess part of that is creating a world that wasn't particularly Australian ... I'm very happy, actually, that it doesn't feel particularly Australian.

Director Jennifer Kent on her desire to avoid the clichéd "Australian feel" of the film[6]

Kent claimed in an interview that to contribute to the universality of the film's appearance, a Victorian terrace-style house was specifically built for the film, as there are very few houses designed in such a style in Adelaide.[6] However exterior shots were of an existing terraced house in North Adelaide. A script reading was not done since Noah Wiseman was only six years old at the time, and Kent focused instead on bonding, playing games and lots of time spent with the actors so they could become more familiar with one another.[15] Pre-production occurred in Adelaide and lasted three weeks and, during this time, Kent conveyed a "kiddie" version of the narrative to Wiseman, in which young Samuel is the hero.[9][15] Kent took Wiseman to Adelaide Zoo to explain the story, and said Wiseman was aware it was a scary film and that he "knew how important his role was".[13]

Kent originally wanted to film solely in black-and-white, as she wanted to create a "heightened feel" that is still believable. She was also influenced by pre-1950s B-grade horror films, as they were "very theatrical", in addition to being "visually beautiful and terrifying". Kent later lost interest in the black-and-white idea and worked closely with production designer Alex Holmes and Radek to create a "very cool", "very claustrophobic" interior environment with "meticulously designed" sets.[6][8] The film's final colour scheme was achieved without the use of gels on the camera lenses or any alterations during the post-filming stage.[7] Kent cited David Lynch and Roman Polanski as key influences during the filming stage.[9]

Kent described the filming process as "stressful" because of Wiseman's age. She explained, "So I really had to be focused. We needed double the time we had." Wiseman's mother was on set and a "very protective, loving environment" was created.[6] Kent explained after the release of the film that Wiseman was protected throughout the entire project: "During the reverse shots where Amelia was abusing Sam verbally, we had Essie [Davis] yell at an adult stand-in on his knees. I didn't want to destroy a childhood to make this film—that wouldn't be fair."[9] Kent's friendship with Davis was a boon during filming and Kent praised her former classmate in the media: "To her credit, she's [Davis] very receptive, likes to be directed and is a joy to work with."[8]

The monster design for the Babadook was inspired by The Man in the Beaver Hat in London After Midnight (1927).

In terms of the Babadook monster and the scary effects of the film, Kent was adamant from the outset of production that a low-fi and handmade approach would be used. She cites the influence of Georges Méliès, Jean Epstein's The Fall of the House of Usher and Häxan.[16][14][17] Kent used stop-motion effects for the monster and a large amount of smoothing was completed in post-production. Kent explained to Empire: "There's been some criticism of the lo-fi approach of the effects, and that makes me laugh because it was always intentional. I wanted the film to be all in camera."[10] She has also said that The Man in the Beaver Hat from the lost 1927 film London After Midnight was an inspiration for the design of the Babadook.[18]

Music

[edit]

The soundtrack was composed by Jed Kurzel. The score was officially released for the first time by Waxwork Records in 2017 on "black with red haze" vinyl. The record sleeve features a recreation of the pop-up book from the film.[19][20]

Release

[edit]

The film's global premiere was in January 2014 at the Sundance Film Festival.[21] The film then received a limited theatrical release in Australia in May 2014,[9] following a screening in April 2014 at the Stanley Film Festival.[22]

In Singapore, the film was released on 25 September 2014.[5] The film opened in the United Kingdom for general release on 17 October 2014, and in the United States on 28 November 2014.[9] In 2020, amid cinema closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic, The Babadook was one of the films made available for free for screenings by independent cinemas by IFC Films.[23]

A 10th anniversary screening of the film was announced in December 2023 to take place at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival on January 25, 2024 to commemorate the festival's 40th anniversary. On the announcement, Jennifer Kent remarked "I definitely have some distance on Babadook now, after ten years. The film feels like an old friend, one that changed my life in many ways ... Sundance was such a huge part of that change. I look forward to 'coming home' to the place where it all began, and to the festival that has given me and 'Mister B' so much."[24]

Home media

[edit]

The film, alongside the short film Monster, was first released on DVD and Blu-ray in Australia by Umbrella Entertainment on 31 October 2014.[25] The US Blu-ray and DVD was released on 14 April 2015 by IFC Midnight and Scream Factory, and the special edition was also available on that date.[26][27] The special edition features Kent's short film, Monster, and behind the scenes feature Creating the Book by Juhasz.[28] The UK Blu-ray Disc features the short documentary films Illustrating Evil: Creating the Book, There's No Place Like Home: Creating the House and Special Effects: The Stabbing Scene.[29]

The film began streaming on Netflix in 2016[30] and was later obtained by Shudder.[31]

Reception

[edit]

Box office

[edit]

The Babadook opened in Australia on 22 May 2014 in just 13 cinemas on a limited release, eventually grossing a total of only $258,000.[32] The film fared much better internationally than it did in its native country. In North America, The Babadook opened on a limited release basis in three theaters and grossed US$30,007, with an average of $10,002 per theater. The film ranked in the 42nd position at the box office, and, as of 1 February 2015, has grossed $964,413 in the US and $9.9 million elsewhere in the world. To date, the film's worldwide box office takings are $10.3 million which compares favourably with the estimated production budget of $2 million.[33] It generated $633,000 in the United Kingdom in its opening weekend (surpassing its entire Australian run), and made over $1.09m in France and $335,000 in Thailand.[34] In France, it opened at number 11 in the local box office, which producer Kristian Molière credited to Wild Bunch's promoting, and contrasted this with Australian promoters that declined to book the film slots in multiplexes.[35][36] Its success overseas re-generated interest in Australia ahead of DVD releases and television screenings.[34][37]

Critical response

[edit]

On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 98% based on 247 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10 with the critical consensus reading “The Babadook relies on real horror rather than cheap jump scares -- and boasts a heartfelt, genuinely moving story to boot.”[38] It was ranked the best reviewed horror film and third best-reviewed film of 2014 on the site.[39][40] As of 2024, Rotten Tomatoes ranks The Babadook the 21st best horror film of all time.[41] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100, with 100% positive reviews based on 34 critics.[42]

Glenn Kenny, writing for RogerEbert.com, called the film "the finest and most genuinely provocative horror movie to emerge in this still very-new century."[43] Dan Schindel from Movie Mezzanine said that "The Babadook is the best genre creature creation since the big black wolf-dog aliens from Attack the Block."[44] In The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw described the film as a "Freudian thriller", giving it 4 out of 5 stars and praised the performances, themes and Kent's direction. Bradshaw said that "Kent exerts a masterly control over this tense situation and the sound design is terrifically good: creating a haunted, insidiously whispery intimacy that never relies on sudden volume hikes for the scares."[45] In Variety, Scott Foundas commended the production design and direction, saying that the film "manages to deliver real, seat-grabbing jolts while also touching on more serious themes of loss, grief and other demons that can not be so easily vanquished".[46]

On 30 November 2014, William Friedkin, director of The Exorcist (1973) stated on his Twitter profile, "Psycho, Alien, Diabolique, and now THE BABADOOK."[47] Friedkin also added, "I've never seen a more terrifying film. It will scare the hell out of you as it did me."[48] Prominent British film critic Mark Kermode named The Babadook his favourite film of 2014[49] and in 2018 listed it his eighth favourite film of the decade.[50] In 2022, Samuel Murrian declared it the "best horror movie so far this century" in Parade.[51]

In subsequent years, The Babadook has been listed as a modern cult film.[52] In The Guardian, Luke Buckmaster listed it as one of the best Australian films of the 2010s.[53] Film scholar Amanda Howell argues that part of the film's critical success can be attributed to many film critics having discussed the film within the context of art-horror rather than purely as a horror film. Howell discussed the film as part of an international cycle of contemporary art-horror films alongside Pan's Labyrinth (2006), Let the Right One In (2008) and Antichrist (2009) that negotiate and blur the boundaries between art and horror.[54] The Babadook has gained popularity as an internet meme, with the titular monster being ironically adopted as a queer icon.[55]

Accolades

[edit]
Award Category Subject Result Ref.
4th AACTA Awards Best Film[note 1] Kristina Ceyton and Kristian Molière Won [56]
Best Direction Jennifer Kent Won
Best Original Screenplay Won
Best Actress Essie Davis Nominated
Best Editing Simon Njoo Nominated
Best Production Design Alex Holmes Nominated
4th AACTA International Awards[57] Best Actress Essie Davis Nominated [58]
Critics' Choice Award Best Sci-Fi/Horror Movie The Babadook Nominated [59]
Best Young Actor Noah Wiseman Nominated
Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Best Actress Essie Davis Nominated [60]
Best Breakthrough Jennifer Kent Nominated
20th Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Essie Davis Nominated [58]
Best Horror The Babadook Won
Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Limited-Release/Direct-to-Video Film Jennifer Kent Won [61]
Best Screenplay Won
Best Actress Essie Davis Won
Best Supporting Actor Noah Wiseman Won
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best First Feature Kristina Ceyton
Kristian Molière 		Won [58]
Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Actress Essie Davis Nominated [62]
San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award Best Actress Nominated [58]
41st Saturn Awards Best Horror Film Kristina Ceyton and Kristian Molière Nominated [63]
Best Actress Essie Davis Nominated
Best Performance by a Younger Actor Noah Wiseman Nominated

LGBT community

[edit]

In October 2016, a Tumblr user joked that the Babadook is openly gay; in December 2016, another Tumblr user posted a viral screenshot showing the movie classified by Netflix as an LGBT film.[64][30] Despite the absence of overt references to LGBT culture in the film, fans and journalists generated interpretations of queer subtext in the film (dubbed "Babadiscourse"[64]) that were often tongue-in-cheek, but occasionally more serious, highlighting the character's dramatic persona, grotesque costume, and chaotic effect within a traditional family structure. In June 2017, The Babadook trended on Twitter and was displayed as a symbol during that year's Pride Month.[65][66] The social media response became so strong that theatres in Los Angeles took the opportunity to hold screenings of the film for charity.[67] Michael Bronski said to the Los Angeles Times: "In this moment, who better than the Babadook to represent not only queer desire, but queer antagonism, queer in-your-faceness, queer queerness?", and drew comparisons to historic connections between queerness and horror fiction such as Frankenstein and Dracula.[68]

Kent said that she "loved" the meme, saying that "I think it's crazy and [the meme] just kept him alive. I thought ah, you bastard. He doesn't want to die so he's finding ways to become relevant."[69]

Themes and symbolism

[edit]

Writing for The Daily Beast, Tim Teeman contends that grief is the "real monster" in The Babadook, and that the film is "about the aftermath of death; how its remnants destroy long after the dead body has been buried or burned". Teeman writes that he was "gripped" by the "metaphorical imperative" of Kent's film, with the Babadook monster representing "the shape of grief: all-enveloping, shape-shifting, black". Teeman states that the film's ending "underscored the thrum of grief and loss at the movie's heart", and concludes that it informs the audience that grief has its place and the best that humans can do is "marshal it".[70]

Collider also proposed that the monster "seems to symbolize Amelia and Sam's shared grief/trauma over losing Oskar" and that Amelia's efforts to suppress this led to it becoming stronger.[71] The writers suggest that "healing from serious traumas in real life does not happen overnight, but takes a lot of mental and emotional processing. The Babadook warns of the dangers of trying to ignore or 'stuff' our traumas below the surface: this is the most dangerous place to put them because that's where we lose control of them and they gain control over us."[71]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Shared award with The Water Diviner

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Babadook". British Board of Film Classification. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  2. ^ "The Babadook". The Numbers. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
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  4. ^ "The Story Behind This Year's Horror Hit 'The Babadook'". Rolling Stone. 27 November 2014.
  5. ^ a b c John Lui (24 September 2014). "Director Jennifer Kent's debut feature The Babadook is a horror movie without gore or cheap screams". The Straits Times. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Ryan Lamble (13 October 2014). "Jennifer Kent interview: directing The Babadook". Den Of Geek. Dennis Publishing Limited. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  7. ^ a b Paul MacInnes (18 October 2014). "The Babadook: 'I wanted to talk about the need to face darkness in ourselves'". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  8. ^ a b c d Sandy George (21 May 2014). "How Jennifer Kent made The Babadook". SBS. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Alter, Ethan (14 November 2014). "Parental descent: Jennifer Kent's 'The Babadook' is a spooky tale of a mother in crisis". Film Journal International. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  10. ^ a b Helen O'Hara (2014). "The Scariest Film Of The Year? Jennifer Kent On The Babadook". Empire. Bauer Consumer Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
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  12. ^ Jennifer Kent, Kristina Ceyton (June 2012). "The Babadook – Profile". Kickstarter. Kickstarter, Inc. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
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  27. ^ Miska, Brad (16 January 2015). "'The Babadook' Comes Knockin' On Scream Factory's Door". Bloody Disgusting.
  28. ^ Miska, Brad (30 January 2015). "'The Babadook' Gets Special Edition Release!". Bloody Disgusting.
  29. ^ Squires, John (18 February 2015). "'Riddle Teases Hidden Content on UK Home Video Release of The Babadook". Dread Central. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  30. ^ a b Bradley, Laura (2017). "It's Official: The Gay Babadook Has Netflix Babashook". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  31. ^ Wax, Alyse (3 May 2022). "What's New on Shudder in May 2022". Collider. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
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  45. ^ Bradshaw, Peter (23 October 2014). "The Babadook review – a superbly acted, chilling Freudian thriller". the Guardian. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  46. ^ Foundas, Scott (6 February 2014). "Film Review: 'The Babadook'". Variety. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  47. ^ Friedkin, William (30 November 2014). "Psycho, Alien, Diabolique, and now THE BABADOOK". Twitter. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  48. ^ Friedkin, William (30 November 2014). "I've never seen a more terrifying film than THE BABADOOK. It will scare the hell out of you as it did me". Twitter. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  49. ^ My Top Ten Films of 2014 - Part 2. Youtube. 30 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  50. ^ Kermode Uncut: My Top Ten Films Of The Last Ten Years - Part One, archived from the original on 17 November 2021, retrieved 12 June 2021
  51. ^ Murrian, Samuel R. (12 June 2022). "Celebrate Pride Month With Our In-Depth Look at The Babadook, The Best Horror Movie So Far This Century". Parade. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
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  53. ^ Buckmaster, Luke (10 December 2019). "From Animal Kingdom to The Babadook: the best Australian films of the decade". the Guardian. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  54. ^ Howell, Amanda (2017). "Haunted Art House: The Babadook and International Art Cinema Horror.". In Ryan, Mark David; Goldsmith, Ben (eds.). Australian Screen in the 2000s. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 119–139. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48299-6. ISBN 978-3-319-48298-9.
  55. ^ Hunt, Elle (11 June 2017). "The Babadook: how the horror movie monster became a gay icon". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  56. ^ Squires, John (29 January 2015). "The Babadook Strikes Gold at Australian Academy Awards". dreadcentral.com.
  57. ^ Hawker, Philippa; Boyle, Finlay (7 January 2014). "AACTA international nominations 2015: The Babadook a surprise inclusion". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  58. ^ a b c d "The Babadook (2014) Awards & Festivals". mubi.com. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
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