# Transition system

In theoretical computer science, a transition system is a concept used in the study of computation. It is used to describe the potential behavior of discrete systems. It consists of states and transitions between states, which may be labeled with labels chosen from a set; the same label may appear on more than one transition. If the label set is a singleton, the system is essentially unlabeled, and a simpler definition that omits the labels is possible.

Transition systems coincide mathematically with abstract rewriting systems (as explained further in this article) and directed graphs. They differ from finite-state automata in several ways:

• The set of states is not necessarily finite, or even countable.
• The set of transitions is not necessarily finite, or even countable.
• No "start" state or "final" states are given.

Transition systems can be represented as directed graphs.

## Formal definition

Formally, a transition system is a pair ${\displaystyle (S,\rightarrow )}$ where ${\displaystyle S}$ is a set of states and ${\displaystyle \rightarrow }$ is a relation of state transitions (i.e., a subset of ${\displaystyle S\times S}$). A transition from state ${\displaystyle p}$ to state ${\displaystyle q}$ (i.e., ${\displaystyle (p,q)\in \rightarrow }$) is written as ${\displaystyle p\rightarrow q}$.

A labelled transition system is a tuple ${\displaystyle (S,\Lambda ,\rightarrow )}$ where ${\displaystyle S}$ is a set of states, ${\displaystyle \Lambda }$ is a set of labels, and ${\displaystyle \rightarrow }$ is a relation of labelled transitions (i.e., a subset of ${\displaystyle S\times \Lambda \times S}$). ${\displaystyle (p,\alpha ,q)\in \rightarrow }$ is written as

${\displaystyle p{\overset {\alpha }{\rightarrow }}q\,}$

and represents a transition from state ${\displaystyle p}$ to state ${\displaystyle q}$ with label ${\displaystyle \alpha }$. Labels can represent different things depending on the language of interest. Typical uses of labels include representing input expected, conditions that must be true to trigger the transition, or actions performed during the transition. Labelled transitions systems were originally introduced as named transition systems.[1]

### Special cases

• If, for any given ${\displaystyle p}$ and ${\displaystyle \alpha }$, there exists only a single tuple ${\displaystyle (p,\alpha ,q)}$ in ${\displaystyle \rightarrow }$, then one says that ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ is deterministic (for ${\displaystyle p}$).
• If, for any given ${\displaystyle p}$ and ${\displaystyle \alpha }$, there exists at least one tuple ${\displaystyle (p,\alpha ,q)}$ in ${\displaystyle \rightarrow }$, then one says that ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ is executable (for ${\displaystyle p}$).

### Category theoretic formalization

The formal definition can be rephrased in terms of category theory. Every labelled state transition system ${\displaystyle (S,\Lambda ,\rightarrow )}$ is bijectively a function ${\displaystyle \xi _{\rightarrow }}$ from ${\displaystyle S}$ to the powerset of ${\displaystyle S}$ indexed by ${\displaystyle \Lambda }$ written as ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}(\Lambda \times S)}$, defined by

${\displaystyle p\mapsto \{(\alpha ,q)\in \Lambda \times S:p{\overset {\alpha }{\rightarrow }}q\}.}$.

Therefore a labelled state transition system is an F-coalgebra for the functor ${\displaystyle P(\Lambda \times -)}$.

## Relation between labelled and unlabelled transition system

There are many relations between these concepts. Some are simple, such as observing that a labelled transition system where the set of labels consists of only one element is equivalent to an unlabelled transition system. However, not all these relations are equally trivial.

## Comparison with abstract rewriting systems

As a mathematical object, an unlabeled transition system is identical with an (unindexed) abstract rewriting system. If we consider the rewriting relation as an indexed set of relations, as some authors do, then a labeled transition system is equivalent to an abstract rewriting system with the indices being the labels. The focus of the study and the terminology are different however. In a transition system one is interested in interpreting the labels as actions, whereas in an abstract rewriting system the focus is on how objects may be transformed (rewritten) into others.[2]

## Extensions

In model checking, a transition system is sometimes defined to include an additional labeling function for the states as well, resulting in a notion that encompasses that of Kripke structure.[3]

Action languages are extensions of transition systems, adding a set of fluents F, a set of values V, and a function that maps F × S to V.[4]

## References

1. ^ Robert M. Keller (July 1976) "Formal Verification of Parallel Programs", Communications of the ACM, vol. 19, nr. 7, pp. 371–384.
2. ^ Marc Bezem, J. W. Klop, Roel de Vrijer ("Terese"), Term rewriting systems, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-39115-6. pp. 7–8.
3. ^ Christel Baier; Joost-Pieter Katoen (2008). Principles of model checking. The MIT Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-262-02649-9.
4. ^ Micheal Gelfond, Vladimir Lifschitz (1998) "Action Languages", Linköping Electronic Articles in Computer and Information Science, vol. 3, nr. 16.