Transitive alignment
The transitive case is a grammatical case used in a small number of languages to mark either argument of a transitive verb, but not used with intransitive verbs. Such a situation, which is quite rare among the world's languages, has also been called a double-oblique clause structure.
Rushani, an Iranian dialect, has this case in the past tense. That is, in the past tense,[1] the agent and object of a transitive verb are marked with the same case ending, while the subject of an intransitive verb is not marked. In the present tense, the object of the transitive verb is marked, the other two roles are not – that is, a typical nominative–accusative alignment.[2]
Intransitive: no case marking
az-um pa Xaraɣ sut I(ABS)-1sg to Xorog went
- 'I went to Xorog'
Transitive, past tense: double case marking
mu tā wunt me(OBL) you(OBL) saw
- 'I saw you'
- (double oblique: literally 'me saw thee')
Transitive, present tense: accusative case marking
az tā wun-um I(ABS) you(OBL) see-1sg
- 'I see you'
- (nominative–accusative)
According to Payne, it's clear what happened here: Rushani once had a split-ergative alignment, as is common in the area, where the object was marked (oblique) in the present tense, but the agent was marked in the past. The case forms of the object were then leveled, and with the marking applied to the past tense as well. However, this resulted in a complication, the typologically unusual situation where the agent and object are treated the same, and different from the intransitive subject. Given its rarity, one might expect such a system to be unstable, and indeed it appears to be changing. Payne reports that younger speakers change the past-tense construction to one of the following, either using the absolutive (= nominative) inflection for the agent:
az-um tā wunt I(ABS)-1sg you(OBL) saw
- 'I saw you'
- (nominative–accusative)
or secondarily marking the object as an object, using the preposition az (literally 'from'):
mu az taw wunt I(OBL) ACC you(OBL) saw
- 'I saw you'
- (effectively, accusative and double-accusative)
References
- ^ or perhaps perfective aspect
- ^ J.R. Payne, 'Language Universals and Language Types', in Collinge, ed. 1990. An Encyclopedia of Language. Routledge. From Payne, 1980.
See also
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