# Tropical geometry

A tropical cubic curve

Tropical geometry is a relatively new area in mathematics, which might loosely be described as a piece-wise linear or skeletonized version of algebraic geometry. Its leading ideas had appeared in different forms in the earlier works of George M. Bergman and of Robert Bieri and John Groves, but only since the late 1990s has an effort been made to consolidate the basic definitions of the theory. This has been motivated by the applications to enumerative algebraic geometry found by Grigory Mikhalkin.

## History of the name

The adjective tropical in the name of the area was coined by French mathematicians in honor of the Hungarian-born Brazilian mathematician Imre Simon, who wrote on the field. Jean-Eric Pin[1] attributes the coinage to Dominique Perrin, whereas Simon[2] himself attributes the word to Christian Choffrut.

## Basic definitions

We will use the min convention, that tropical addition is classical minimum. It is also possible to cast the whole subject in terms of the max convention, negating throughout, and several authors make this choice. The basic ideas of tropical analysis have been developed independently in the same notations by mathematicians working in various fields (see [3] and references therein). In 1987 V. P. Maslov introduced a tropical version of integration procedure. He also noticed that the Legendre transformation and solutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation are linear operations in the tropical sense.[4]

The tropical semiring (also known as a tropical algebra[5] or, with the max convention, the max-plus algebra, due to the name of its operations) is a semiring (ℝ ∪ {∞}, ⊕, ⊗), with the operations as follows:

${\displaystyle x\oplus y=\max\{x,y\},}$
${\displaystyle x\otimes y=x+y.}$

Tropical exponentiation is defined in the usual way as iterated tropical products (see exponentiation#In abstract algebra).

A monomial of variables in this semiring is a linear map, represented in classical arithmetic as a linear function of the variables with integer coefficients.[6] A polynomial in the semiring is the minimum of a finite number of such monomials, and is therefore a concave, continuous, piecewise linear function.

The set of points where a tropical polynomial F is non-differentiable is called its associated tropical hypersurface.

There are two important characterizations of these objects:

1. Tropical hypersurfaces are exactly the rational polyhedral complexes satisfying a "zero-tension" condition.[6]
2. Tropical surfaces are exactly the non-Archimedean amoebas over an algebraically closed non-Archimedean field K.[7]

These two characterizations provide a "dictionary" between combinatorics and algebra. Such a dictionary can be used to take an algebraic problem and solve its easier combinatorial counterpart instead.

The tropical hypersurface can be generalized to a tropical variety by taking the non-Archimedean amoeba of ideals I in K[x1, ..., xn] instead of polynomials. The tropical variety of an ideal I equals the intersection of the tropical hypersurfaces associated to every polynomial in I. This intersection can be chosen to be finite.

There are a number of articles and surveys on tropical geometry. The study of tropical curves (tropical hypersurfaces in ℝ2) is particularly well developed. In fact, for this setting, mathematicians have established analogues of many classical theorems; e.g., Pappus's hexagon theorem, Bézout's theorem, the degree-genus formula, and the group law of the cubics[8] all have tropical counterparts.

## Applications

Tropical geometry was used by economist Paul Klemperer to design auctions used by the Bank of England during the financial crisis in 2007.[9] Shiozawa defined subtropical algebra as max-times or min-times semiring (instead of max-plus and min-plus). He found that Ricardian trade theory (international trade without input trade) can be interpreted as subtropical convex algebra.[10] Moreover, several optimization problems arising for instance in job scheduling, location analysis, transportation networks, decision making and discrete event dynamical systems can be formulated and solved in the framework of tropical geometry.[11] A tropical counterpart of Abel-Jacobi map can be applied to a crystal design.[12] The weights in a weighted finite-state transducer are often required to be a tropical semiring.

## Notes

1. ^ Jean-Eric Pin. Tropical semirings. Idempotency (Bristol, 1994). Publ. Newton Inst 11 (1998), pp. 50–69.
2. ^ Imre Simon. Recognizable sets with multiplicities in the tropical semiring. Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (1988), pp. 107–120.
3. ^ Cuninghame-Green, R. A. (1979). "Minimax algebra". Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Sciences. Springer. 166. ISBN 978-3-540-09113-4.
4. ^ Maslov, Victor (1987). "On a new superposition principle for optimization problems". Russian Mathematical Surveys. 42:3: 43–54 – via United Kingdom, IOP Publishing Ltd.
5. ^ Litvinov, Grigoriĭ Lazarevich; Sergeev, Sergej Nikolaevič (2009). Tropical and Idempotent Mathematics: International Workshop Tropical-07, Tropical and Idempotent Mathematics (PDF). American Mathematical Soc. p. 8. ISBN 9780821847824. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
6. ^ a b David Speyer and Bernd Sturmfels, "Tropical mathematics", Mathematics Magazine 82:3 (2009), pp. 163–173. full text
7. ^ Mikhalkin, Grigory (2004). "Amoebas of algebraic varieties and tropical geometry". In Donaldson, Simon; Eliashberg, Yakov; Gromov, Mikhael. Different faces of geometry. International Mathematical Series (New York). 3. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 257–300. ISBN 0-306-48657-1. Zbl 1072.14013.
8. ^ Chan, Melody; Sturmfels, Bernd (2013). "Elliptic curves in honeycomb form". In Brugallé, Erwan. Algebraic and combinatorial aspects of tropical geometry. Proceedings based on the CIEM workshop on tropical geometry, International Centre for Mathematical Meetings (CIEM), Castro Urdiales, Spain, December 12–16, 2011. Contemporary Mathematics. 589. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. pp. 87–107. arXiv:. ISBN 978-0-8218-9146-9. Zbl 06241528.
9. ^ "How geometry came to the rescue during the banking crisis". Department of Economics, University of Oxford. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
10. ^ Shiozawa, Y. International trade theory and exotic algebra, Evolutionary and Institutional Economcis Review, 12: 177-212. June, 2015. This is a digest of Y. Shiozawa, "Subtropical Convex Geometry as the Ricardian Theory of International Trade," draft paper in his ResearchGate page.
11. ^ Krivulin, Nikolai (2014). "Tropical optimization problems". arXiv: [math.OC].
12. ^ Sunada T. (2012), Topological Crystallography ---With a View Towards Discrete Geometric Analysis---, Surveys and Tutorials in the Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 6, Springer

## References

• Maslov, Victor (1986). "New superposition principle for optimization problems", Seminaire sur les Equations auc Derivees Partielles 1985/6, Centre Math´ematiques de l’´Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, expos´e 24.
• Maslov, Victor (1987). "Methodes Operatorielles". Moscou, Mir, 707 p. (See Chaptr 8, Theorie lineair sur semi moduli, pp. 652–701).
• Bogart, Tristram; Jensen, Anders; Speyer, David; Sturmfels, Bernd; Thomas, Rekha (2005). "Computing Tropical Varieties". arXiv: [math.AG].
• Einsiedler, Manfred; Kapranov, Mikhail; Lind, Douglas (2005). "Non-archimedean amoebas and tropical varieties". arXiv: [math.AG].
• Gathmann, Andreas (2006). "Tropical algebraic geometry". arXiv: [math.AG].
• Gross, Mark (2010). Tropical geometry and mirror symmetry. Providence, R.I.: Published for the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences by the American Mathematical Society with support from the National Science Foundation. ISBN 9780821852323.
• Itenberg, Illia; Grigory Mikhalkin; Eugenii Shustin (2009). Tropical algebraic geometry (2nd ed.). Basel: Birkhäuser Basel. ISBN 9783034600484. Zbl 1165.14002.
• Mikhalkin, Grigory (2006). "Tropical Geometry and its applications". arXiv: [math.AG].
• Mikhalkin, Grigory (2004). "Enumerative tropical algebraic geometry in R2". arXiv: [math.AG].
• Mikhalkin, Grigory (2004). "Amoebas of algebraic varieties and tropical geometry". arXiv: [math.AG].
• Pachter, L.; Sturmfels, Bernd (2004). "Tropical geometry of statistical models". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (46): 16132–16137. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406010101. Zbl 1135.62302.
• Speyer, David E. (2003). "The Tropical Grassmannian". arXiv: [math.AG].
• Speyer, David; Sturmfels, Bernd (2009) [2004]. "Tropical Mathematics". Math. Mag. 82 (3): 163–173. arXiv:. Zbl 1227.14051.
• Theobald, Thorsten (2003). "First steps in tropical geometry". arXiv: [math.AG].