True toad
| True toads | |
|---|---|
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| Golden Toad, Bufo periglenes | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
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| Order: | |
| Family: | Bufonidae Gray, 1825
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| Genera | |
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See text. | |
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| Distribution of Bufonidae (in black) | |
Bufonidae is a family of frogs known as toads and are the only family of frogs exclusively known as toads. True toads comprise a number of genera, with Bufo being the most widespread and known. Only the genus Atelopus are commonly known as frogs.
True toads are widespread and occur natively on every continent except Australia and Antarctica, inhabiting a variety of environments, from arid areas to rainforest.
True toads are toothless and generally warty in appearance and have a pair of parotoid glands on the back of their heads. These glands contain a poison which the toads excrete when stressed. The poison in the glands contains a number of toxins causing different effects. Bufotoxin is a general term, different animals contain significantly different substances and proportions of substances. Bidder's organ are present in males.
Taxonomy
Bufonidae contains about 500 species spread over 35 genera.
| Genus Latin Name and Author | Common Name | Spe- cies |
|---|---|---|
| Adenomus Cope, 1861 | 3
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| Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987 | Ethiopian Toads | 2
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| Amietophrynus Frost et. al., 2006 | 38
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| Andinophryne Hoogmoed, 1985 | Andes Toads | 3
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| Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 | Stream Toads | 25
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| Atelopus Duméril & Bibron, 1841 | Stubfoot Toads | 82
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| Bufo Laurenti, 1768 | Toads | 150
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| Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani, 1973 | Mawblang Toads | 1
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| Capensibufo Grandison, 1980 | Cape Toads | 2
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| Churamiti Channing & Stanley, 2002 | 1
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| Crepidophryne Cope, 1889 | Cerro Utyum Toads | 3
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| Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1871 | Tree Toads | 7
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| Didynamipus Andersson, 1903 | Four-digit Toads | 1
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| Duttaphrynus Frost et. al., 2006 | 6
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| Epidalea Cope, 1864 | Natterjack Toads | 1
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| Frostius Cannatella, 1986 | Frosts Toads | 2
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| Ingerophrynus Frost et. al., 2006 | 11
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| Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960 | Parkers Tree Toads | 1
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| Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843 | Indonesia Tree Toads | 2
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| Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 | South American Redbelly Toads | 20
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| Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960 | Snouted Frogs | 20
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| Metaphryniscus Señaris, Ayarzagüena & Gorzula, 1994 | 1
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| Nectophryne Buchholz & Peters, 1875 | African Tree Toads | 2
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| Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926 | African Live-bearing Toads | 13
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| Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987 | Nimba Toads | 2
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| Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895 | Bush Toads | 8
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| Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza & Hernández-Camacho, 1976 | Plump Toads | 6
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| Parapelophryne Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2003 | 1
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| Pedostibes Günther, 1876 | Asian Tree Toads | 6
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| Pelophryne Barbour, 1938 | Flathead Toads | 9
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| Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838 | False Toads | 1
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| Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 | Beaked Toads | 72
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| Schismaderma Smith, 1849 | African Split-skin Toads | 1
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| Truebella Graybeal & Cannatella, 1995 | 2
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| Werneria Poche, 1903 | Smalltongue Toads | 6
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| Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939 | Wolterstorff Toads | 3
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References
- "Amphibian Species of the World 5.1 - Bufonidae". Retrieved 2008-04-10.
- Stebbins, Robert. Western Reptiles & Amphibians (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Co., 2003.
- Halliday, Tim R., and Kraig Adler (editors). The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians. Facts on File, New York, 2002.
- Cogger, H. G., and R. G. Zweifel, editors. 1998. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego.
External links
