Typhoon Nangka (2015)
| Typhoon (JMA scale) | |
|---|---|
| Category 4 (Saffir–Simpson scale) | |
Typhoon Nangka near its peak intensity on July 9
|
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| Formed | July 2, 2015 |
| Dissipated | July 18, 2015 |
| Highest winds | 10-minute sustained: 185 km/h (115 mph) 1-minute sustained: 250 km/h (155 mph) |
| Lowest pressure | 925 mbar (hPa); 27.32 inHg |
| Fatalities | 2 confirmed |
| Damage | $150.5 million (2015 USD) |
| Areas affected | Marshall Islands, Mariana Islands, Japan |
| Part of the 2015 Pacific typhoon season | |
Typhoon Nangka was a large and strong tropical cyclone impacting central Japan in July 2015. Nangka started its long-living journey as a tropical disturbance over the Marshall Islands and west of the International Dateline, becoming the eleventh named storm of the annual typhoon season on July 3. It quickly intensified while moving to the west-northwest, attaining typhoon status on July 6. Nangka moved through the Northern Marianas Islands, passing directly over the uninhabited island of Alamagan. Shortly thereafter, the typhoon attained peak winds; the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) estimated 10 minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph), while the unofficial Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimated 1 minute winds of 250 km/h (155 mph), making it a super typhoon. Nangka later weakened as it curved to the north, moving across central Japan on July 16 as a minimal typhoon. The storm weakened soon after, dissipating in the Sea of Japan on July 18.
The storm first affected the Marshall Islands, bringing strong winds to the capital Majuro. Half of the city lost power, and several boats were sunk. Minimal effects were reported in the Northern Marianas Islands, and later the storm's flow enhanced the monsoon over the Philippines. Effects were worst in Japan, where heavy rainfall reached 740 mm (29 in) in Kamikitayama, Nara Prefecture. Total damage across the Kansai region reached ¥18 billion (US$150 million). Nangka killed two people in Japan, injured 55, and damaged or flooded 220 houses.
Contents
Meteorological history[edit]
A tropical disturbance formed east of the Marshall Islands on June 30.[1] Convection of that system remained broad and flaring until July 3, when the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the low-pressure area to a tropical depression.[2] Shortly after the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) also upgraded it to a tropical depression and designated it as 11W, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it Nangka late on the same day.[3][4] When Nangka was also upgraded to a tropical storm by the JTWC early on July 4, several convective bands were wrapping into the center, limited by dry air to the west however.[5] The system intensified into a severe tropical storm at noon on July 5, with a partially exposed low-level circulation center under moderate vertical wind shear and slightly improving outflow.[6][7]
On July 6, as vertical wind shear diminished and outflow improved, Nangka began rapid deepening and formed an eye, upgraded to a typhoon by both the JTWC and JMA.[8][9] Tracking west-northwestward along the southwestern periphery of a subtropical ridge, Nangka reached its first peak intensity at noon on July 7 with 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph), aided by excellent radial outflow enhanced by a TUTT cell to the northwest.[10] Satellite imagery also revealed that a deep core was surrounding a contracting and clear 35 km (25 miles) eye.[11]
After its first peak in intensity, Nangka slightly weakened as convection along the west side of the system was restricted due to that TUTT cell with an extending upper-level trough, and the eye became cloud-filled.[12] Decreasing wind shear and increasing water temperatures allowed the intensification trend to resume, and the structure became more symmetric late on July 8 as it moved toward the Northern Marianas Islands.[13] A well-defined inner eye re-developed inside of an outer eyewall.[14] On July 9, the JTWC upgraded Nangka to a super typhoon, estimating peak 1 minute winds of 250 km/h (155 mph).[15] The JMA also assessed a 10 minute peak of 185 km/h (115 mph).[16] At 06:00 UTC on July 9, the eye of Nangka passed over the uninhabited island of Alamagan.[17] The typhoon later weakened while turning more to the west, marred by increased wind shear.[18] The eye became cloud-filled,[19] and no longer visible by July 11, although the organization was sustained by good outflow to the south.[20] However, the convection reorganized the next day and the eye reformed. By that time, Nangka was slowing and nearly stationary as the subtropical ridge receded to the east.[21]
On July 13, Typhoon Nangka began moving northward toward Japan through a break in the ridge. The typhoon completed an eyewall replacement cycle, and according to the JTWC attained a secondary peak of 195 km/h (120 mph).[22] The re-intensification was also aided by a decrease in wind shear.[23] This trend was short-lived, as the eye again became cloud-filled while the thunderstorms waned in intensity,[24] due to drier air from the north and west.[25] As the eye became more ragged, the winds continued to decrease.[26] On July 16, Nangka made its first landfall in Japan, striking the island of Shikoku near Muroto, Kōchi at around 14:00 UTC. Later that day, it made its second landfall on the main island of Honshu near Kurashiki, Okayama at 21:00 UTC;[27][28] around the time of the second landfall, the JMA downgraded the typhoon to a severe tropical storm.[29] The convection greatly weakened as it crossed Honshu into the Sea of Japan.[30] Nangka deteriorated further due to lower water temperatures and the circulation becoming disorganized.[31] Late on July 17, the JMA downgraded Nangka to a tropical depression,[32] and early the next day the JTWC discontinued advisories as the storm was dissipating.[33] The JMA continued tracking the tropical depression through July 18.[34]
Preparations and impact[edit]
Marshall Islands[edit]
On Majuro atoll in the Marshall Islands, high winds from Nangka tore roofs from homes and downed trees and power lines. Nearly half of the nation's capital city of the same name were left without power. Tony deBrum, the Marshall Island's foreign minister, stated "Majuro [is] like a war zone."[35] At least 25 vessels in the island's lagoon broke loose from or were dragged by their moorings. Some coastal flooding was also noted,[35] causing crop damage.[36]
Mariana Islands[edit]
Ahead of the storm, the Guam National Weather Service issued a typhoon watch for Agrihan, Pagan, and Alamagan, as well as a high surf advisory for Guam.[37] The watch was later upgraded to a warning, and was canceled after the typhoon exited the region.[38] Flights were delayed or canceled to the region due to the storm and problems with the local aircraft communication system. During the storm, there were minor power outages on Saipan in two villages that were quickly restored.[39]
Japan[edit]
Due to the threat of the storm, nine airlines canceled 214 flights across Japan.[40] Meanwhile, rail service and highways were disrupted,[41] with a portion of the Chūō Expressway closed,[42] and ferry rides were canceled.[43] The Shikoku Railway Company canceled service during the storm and limited rides along the West Japan Railway Company.[44] About 860,000 people were advised or ordered to evacuate their homes, including 88,100 people from 15,400 homes who were forced to leave.[45] After the storm passed, residents were allowed to return home.[46]
While moving through Japan, Nangka produced peak wind gusts of 144 km/h (89 mph) in Muroto, Kōchi. Heavy rains impacted much of central Japan, peaking at 740 mm (29 in) in Kamikitayama, Nara Prefecture. The highest hourly rainfall was 84 mm (3.3 in) in Saijō, Ehime. Kawauchi, Fukushima recorded 77.5 mm (3.05 in) over one hour, setting a record for the month of July.[44]
The rains from Nangka caused rivers to exceed their banks.[41] In Tokushima Prefecture, the Naka River flooded to the second story of nearby school buildings.[47] Flooding stranded 1,600 passengers on a train for four hours, which had been traveling from Tsuruga, Fukui to Himeji, Hyōgo.[48] Across Japan, strong waves and high winds killed over 11,000 tons of bluefin tuna on a fish farm in Kushimoto, accounting for ¥1.29 billion ($10.4 million) in losses.[49] About 15,000 people lost power across the country.[50] The storm damaged 30 homes and flooded another 190.[46] There were 55 injuries[45] and two deaths related to the typhoon,[44] including an elderly man who drowned after falling into a ditch.[41]
Total damage in the Kansai region reached ¥18 billion (US$150 million), including ¥7.1 billion (US$58.9 million) in Wakayama Prefecture and ¥4.9 billion (US$40.7 million) in Hyogo Prefecture.[51] Total economic losses are estimated to be in excess of ¥24 billion (US$200 million).[52]
Elsewhere[edit]
In the Philippines, the flow from the storm increased the southwest monsoon, causing flash floods and landslides in some areas.[53] The outskirts of the storm later brushed the east coast of South Korea.[54]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Track file of Super Typhoon 11W (Nangka)" (TXT). U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
- ^ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 030000". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 11W (Eleven) Warning Nr 001". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 031800". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 03". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 051200". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 09". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 12". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 061200". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 071200". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 17". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 19". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 21". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 22". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 26". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 061200". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ Aydlett (July 9, 2015). "Typhoon Nangka (11W) Intermediate Advisory Number 23A". Guam National Weather Service. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 28". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 31". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 32". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 37". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 39". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 40". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 43". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 44". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 49". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "平成27年 台風第11号に関する情報 第45号" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ "平成27年 台風第11号に関する情報 第55号" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ "STS 1511 Nangka (1511) Downgraded from TY". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 56". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 58". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "TD Downgraded from TS 1511 Nangka (1511)". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Tropical Depression 11W (Nangka) Warning Nr 59". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on July 18, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Warning and Summary 181200". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on July 18, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ a b "Chaotic unseasonal storms strike Marshall Islands and Guam as eight systems threaten western Pacific". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Agence France-Presse. July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
- ^ Manny Cruz; Masako Watanabe (July 5, 2015). "Tropical Storm Nangka heading toward Pågan". Pacific Daily news. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ Shawn Raymundo (July 6, 2015). "Typhoon watch for Marianas, sea advisories for Guam". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
- ^ Simpson (July 10, 2015). "Super Typhoon Nangla (11W) Local Statement". Guam National Weather Service. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
- ^ Dennis B. Tran (July 13, 2015). "CUC: Small but no major outages from storm". Saipan Tribune.
- ^ "Over 200 Flights Canceled in Japan Due to Nangka Typhoon". RIA Novosti. July 16, 2015. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ^ a b c "Japan: Typhoon Nangka Kills 2 in Japan". Thai News Service. July 21, 2015. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ^ "80 flights canceled as Typhoon Nangka nears Japan". Philippine News Agency. July 16, 2015. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ^ "Typhoon Nangka lands on western Japan, leaves 2 dead". Japan Economic Newswire. July 16, 2015. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ^ a b c "Typhoon Nangka leaves two dead; 550,000 told to flee". Japan Times. July 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
- ^ a b "Typhoon Nangka Lashes Western Japan". Jiji Press Ticker Service. July 17, 2015. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ^ a b "Typhoon Nangka rips through western Japan". Japan Economic Newswire. July 17, 2015. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ^ "Deadly typhoon in Japan grounds dozens of flights". Al-Jazeera. July 17, 2015. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ^ "Passenger train blocked by heavy rains in Japan". ITAR-TASS. July 18, 2015. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ^ "Powerful typhoon kills 11,000 farmed tuna in Japan: reports". Agence France-Presse. July 25, 2015. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ^ "Two Dead, 35 Injured as Nangka Typhoon Pounds Japan". Sputnik News. July 17, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "兵庫の被害1492カ所49億円 台風11号" (in Japanese). 神戸新聞. September 2, 2015. Archived from the original on September 14, 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
- ^ "Global Catastrophe Recap: August 2015" (PDF). AON Benfield. September 2, 2015. p. 14. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
- ^ Rommel Marvin (July 14, 2015). "Flash floods, landslides over Ilocos region, Benguet as Nangka not expected to enter PAR - Pagasa". Inter Askyon. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "NASA sees Tropical Storm Nangka moving into Sea of Japan". NASA. July 17, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
External links[edit]
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Typhoon Nangka (2015). |
- JMA General Information of Typhoon Nangka (1511) from Digital Typhoon
- 11W.NANGKA from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
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