United States presidential elections in Nebraska
Number of elections | 40 |
---|---|
Voted Democratic | 7 |
Voted Republican | 33 |
Voted other | 0 |
Voted for winning candidate | 25 |
Voted for losing candidate | 15 |
Since its admission to statehood in 1867, Nebraska has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Since 1992 Nebraska awards two electoral votes based on the statewide vote, and one vote for each of the three congressional districts.[1][2] The only other state to allow for split electoral college votes is Maine.[3] Republicans in Nebraska have attempted to switch the state back to the Winner-take-all system without success. Proposals to institute winner-take-all passed the Nebraska Legislature in 1995 and 1997 but were vetoed by Democratic governor Ben Nelson. In 2016, an effort to institute winner-take-all failed after two Republicans switched their vote at the last minute.[4] A renewed push for winner-take-all, with support from Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump, was attempted in 2024.[5][6][7]
Nebraska is a predominantly Republican state, making it a rare occurrence for a Democrat to win the state in its entirety. Since 1940, the Democratic Party has only secured the full slate of electoral votes once—during the 1964 election, when President Lyndon B. Johnson achieved a landslide victory on the national scale.[8] However, in more recent elections, the Democratic Party has been able to capture a single electoral vote from Nebraska's 2nd congressional district.[9][10] Democrats have nicknamed the district the blue dot from its depiction on electoral maps surrounded by red states.[11]
Presidential elections
[edit]Key for parties |
---|
American Independent Party – (AI)
Democratic Party – (D)
Green Party – (G)
Greenback Party – (GB)
Independent candidate – (I)
Liberal Republican Party – (LR)
Libertarian Party – (LI)
National Democratic Party – (LI)
People's Party – (PO)
Progressive Party (1912) – (PR-1912)
Progressive Party (1924) – (PR-1924)
Prohibition Party – (PRO)
Reform Party – (RE)
Republican Party – (R)
Union Party – (U)
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Year | Winner | Runner-up | Third-place candidate | Refs. | ||||||||||||
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Candidate | Votes | % | EV | Candidate | Votes | % | EV | Candidate | Votes | % | EV | |||||
Ulysses S. Grant‡ (R) | 9,772 | 63.91% | 3 | Horatio Seymour (D) | 5,519 | 36.09% | 0 | –
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–
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–
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–
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Ulysses S. Grant‡ (R) | 18,329 | 70.68% | 3 | Horace Greeley (LR) | 7,603 | 29.32% | 0 | –
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–
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–
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–
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Rutherford B. Hayes‡ (R) | 31,915 | 64.7% | 3 | Samuel J. Tilden (D) | 17,413 | 35.3% | 0 | –
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–
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–
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–
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James A. Garfield‡ (R) | 54,979 | 62.87% | 3 | Winfield S. Hancock (D) | 28,523 | 32.62% | 0 | James B. Weaver (GB) | 3,950 | 4.52% | 0 | |||||
James G. Blaine (R) | 76,912 | 57.31% | 5 | Grover Cleveland‡ (D) | 54,391 | 40.53% | 0 | John Pierce St. John (PRO) | 2,899 | 2.16% | 0 | |||||
Benjamin Harrison‡ (R) | 108,425 | 53.51% | 5 | Grover Cleveland (D) | 80,552 | 39.75% | 0 | Clinton Bowen Fisk (PRO) | 9,429 | 4.65% | 0 | |||||
Benjamin Harrison (R) | 87,213 | 43.56% | 8 | James Weaver (PO) | 83,134 | 41.53% | 0 | Grover Cleveland‡ (D) | 24,943 | 12.46% | 0 | |||||
William Jennings Bryan (D) | 115,007 | 51.53% | 8 | William McKinley‡ (R) | 103,064 | 46.18% | 0 | John M. Palmer (ND) | 2,885 | 1.29% | 0 | |||||
William McKinley‡ (R) | 121,835 | 50.46% | 8 | William Jennings Bryan (D) | 114,013 | 47.22% | 0 | John G. Woolley (PRO) | 3,655 | 1.51% | 0 | |||||
Theodore Roosevelt‡ (R) | 138,558 | 61.38% | 8 | Alton B. Parker (D) | 52,921 | 23.44% | 0 | Thomas E. Watson (PO) | 20,518 | 9.09% | 0 | |||||
William Jennings Bryan (D) | 131,099 | 49.14% | 8 | William Howard Taft‡ (R) | 126,997 | 47.6% | 0 | Eugene W. Chafin (PRO) | 5,179 | 1.94% | 0 | |||||
Woodrow Wilson‡ (D) | 109,008 | 44.77% | 8 | Theodore Roosevelt (PR-1912) | 72,681 | 29.85% | 0 | William Howard Taft (R) | 54,226 | 22.27% | 0 | |||||
Woodrow Wilson‡ (D) | 158,827 | 55.28% | 8 | Charles Evans Hughes (R) | 117,347 | 40.84% | 0 | Allan L. Benson (S) | 7,141 | 2.49% | 0 | |||||
Warren G. Harding‡ (R) | 247,498 | 64.66% | 8 | James M. Cox (D) | 119,608 | 31.25% | 0 | Eugene V. Debs (S) | 9,600 | 2.51% | 0 | |||||
Calvin Coolidge‡ (R) | 218,585 | 47.25% | 8 | John W. Davis (D) | 137,289 | 29.68% | 0 | Robert M. La Follette (PR-1924) | 106701 | 0.74% | 0 | |||||
Herbert Hoover‡ (R) | 345,745 | 63.19% | 8 | Al Smith (D) | 197,959 | 36.18% | 0 | Norman Thomas (S) | 3,434 | 0.63% | 0 | |||||
Franklin D. Roosevelt‡ (D) | 347,445 | 57.14% | 7 | Herbert Hoover (R) | 247,731 | 40.74% | 0 | Norman Thomas (S) | 12,847 | 2.11% | 0 | |||||
Franklin D. Roosevelt‡ (D) | 347,445 | 57.14% | 7 | Alf Landon (R) | 247,731 | 40.74% | 0 | William Lemke (U) | 12,847 | 2.11% | 0 | |||||
Wendell Willkie (R) | 352,201 | 57.19% | 7 | Franklin D. Roosevelt‡ (D) | 263,677 | 42.81% | 0 | –
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–
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–
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–
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Thomas E. Dewey (R) | 329,880 | 58.58% | 6 | Franklin D. Roosevelt‡ (D) | 233,246 | 41.42% | 0 | –
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–
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–
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–
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Thomas E. Dewey (R) | 264,774 | 54.15% | 6 | Harry S. Truman‡ (D) | 224,165 | 45.85% | 0 | Write-in | 1 | 0% | 0 | |||||
Dwight D. Eisenhower‡ (R) | 421,603 | 69.15% | 6 | Adlai Stevenson III (D) | 188,057 | 30.85% | 0 | –
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–
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–
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–
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Dwight D. Eisenhower‡ (R) | 378,108 | 65.51% | 6 | Adlai Stevenson III (D) | 199,029 | 34.49% | 0 | –
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–
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–
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–
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Richard Nixon (R) | 380,553 | 62.07% | 6 | John F. Kennedy‡ (D) | 232,542 | 37.93% | 0 | –
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–
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–
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–
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Lyndon B. Johnson‡ (D) | 307,307 | 52.61% | 5 | Barry Goldwater (R) | 276,847 | 47.39% | 0 | –
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–
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–
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–
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Richard Nixon‡ (R) | 321,163 | 59.82% | 5 | Hubert Humphrey (D) | 170,784 | 31.81% | 0 | George Wallace (AI) | 44,904 | 8.36% | 0 | |||||
Richard Nixon‡ (R) | 406,298 | 70.5% | 5 | George McGovern (D) | 169,991 | 29.5% | 0 | –
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–
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–
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–
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Gerald Ford (R) | 359,705 | 59.19% | 5 | Jimmy Carter‡ (D) | 233,692 | 38.46% | 0 | Eugene McCarthy (I) | 9,409 | 1.55% | 0 | |||||
Ronald Reagan‡ (R) | 419,937 | 65.53% | 5 | Jimmy Carter (D) | 166,851 | 26.04% | 0 | John B. Anderson (I) | 44,993 | 7.02% | 0 | |||||
Ronald Reagan‡ (R) | 460,054 | 70.55% | 5 | Walter Mondale (D) | 187,866 | 28.81% | 0 | David Bergland (LI) | 2,079 | 0.32% | 0 | |||||
George H. W. Bush‡ (R) | 398,447 | 60.15% | 5 | Michael Dukakis (D) | 259,646 | 39.2% | 0 | Ron Paul (LI) | 2,536 | 0.38% | 0 | |||||
George H. W. Bush (R) | 344,346 | 46.58% | 5 | Bill Clinton‡ (D) | 217,344 | 29.4% | 0 | Ross Perot (I) | 174,687 | 23.63% | 0 | |||||
Bob Dole (R) | 363,467 | 53.65% | 5 | Bill Clinton‡ (D) | 236,761 | 34.95% | 0 | Ross Perot (RE) | 71,278 | 10.52% | 0 | |||||
George W. Bush‡ (R) | 433,862 | 62.25% | 5 | Al Gore (D) | 231,780 | 33.25% | 0 | Ralph Nader (G) | 24,540 | 3.52% | 0 | |||||
George W. Bush‡ (R) | 512,814 | 65.9% | 5 | John Kerry (D) | 254,328 | 32.68% | 0 | Ralph Nader (RE) | 5,698 | 0.73% | 0 | |||||
John McCain (R) | 452,979 | 56.53% | 4 | Barack Obama‡ (D) | 333,319 | 41.6% | 1 | Ralph Nader (I) | 5,406 | 0.67% | 0 | |||||
Mitt Romney (R) | 475,064 | 59.8% | 5 | Barack Obama‡ (D) | 302,081 | 38.03% | 0 | Gary Johnson (LI) | 11,109 | 1.4% | 0 | |||||
Donald Trump‡ (R) | 495,961 | 58.75% | 5 | Hillary Clinton (D) | 284,494 | 33.7% | 0 | Gary Johnson (LI) | 38,946 | 4.61% | 0 | |||||
Donald Trump (R) | 556,846 | 58.22% | 4 | Joe Biden‡ (D) | 374,583 | 39.17% | 1 | Jo Jorgensen (LI) | 20,283 | 2.12% | 0 | |||||
Donald Trump‡ (R) | 564,816 | 59.32% | 4 | Kamala Harris (D) | 369,995 | 38.86% | 1 | Chase Oliver (LI) | 6,399 | 0.67% | 0 |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Obama won in the 2nd district.
- ^ Biden won in the 2nd district.
- ^ Harris won in the 2nd district.
References
[edit]- ^ "Distribution of Electoral Votes | National Archives". 19 September 2019. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
- ^ 270 to win; Nebraska Archived 2016-11-12 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Maine Democrats have likely run out of time to change Electoral College laws if Nebraska GOP acts". NBC News. 2024-09-20. Archived from the original on 2024-09-20. Retrieved 2024-09-20.
- ^ "Winner-take-all falls short as two Republicans switch". Nebraska Public Media. 2016-04-12. Retrieved 2024-09-20.
- ^ Pengelly, Martin (2024-04-03). "Far-right podcaster prompts Nebraska move to change electoral system". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
- ^ Kerr, Nicholas (3 April 2024). "Lawmakers skeptical of enacting Trump-backed bill in Nebraska that could give him edge over Biden". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2024-09-20. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
- ^ Kamisar, Ben; Bowman, Bridget; Allan, Smith (2024-04-03). "Trump and GOP leaders push to change Nebraska electoral votes to winner-take-all". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2024-09-20. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
- ^ a b Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 790.
- ^ a b "Official Results" (PDF). Nebraska Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-12-04. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
- ^ a b "Official Results" (PDF). Nebraska Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-04-18. Retrieved 2020-09-17.
- ^ "How One Man's Vote in Nebraska Could Change the Presidential Election". The New York Times. 21 September 2024. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
- ^ Leip, David. "1868 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 766.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 95.
- ^ a b c d e f g Burnham 1955, p. 257.
- ^ Leip, David. "1872 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 767.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 96.
- ^ Leip, David. "1876 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 768.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 97.
- ^ Leip, David. "1880 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 769.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 98.
- ^ Leip, David. "1884 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 770.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 99.
- ^ Leip, David. "1888 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 771.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 100.
- ^ Leip, David. "1892 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 772.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 101.
- ^ Leip, David. "1896 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 773.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 102.
- ^ Leip, David. "1900 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 20 September 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 774.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 103.
- ^ Leip, David. "1904 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 775.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 104.
- ^ Leip, David. "1908 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 776.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 105.
- ^ Leip, David. "1912 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 777.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 106.
- ^ Leip, David. "1916 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 778.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 107.
- ^ Leip, David. "1920 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 22 June 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 779.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 108.
- ^ Leip, David. "1924 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 780.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 109.
- ^ Leip, David. "1928 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 781.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 110.
- ^ Leip, David. "1932 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 782.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 111.
- ^ Leip, David. "1936 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 783.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 112.
- ^ Leip, David. "1940 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 784.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 113.
- ^ Leip, David. "1944 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 785.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 114.
- ^ Leip, David. "1948 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 786.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 115.
- ^ Leip, David. "1952 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 22 February 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 787.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 116.
- ^ Leip, David. "1956 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 23 July 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 788.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 117.
- ^ Leip, David. "1960 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 789.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 118.
- ^ Leip, David. "1964 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 119.
- ^ Leip, David. "1968 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 791.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 120.
- ^ Leip, David. "1972 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 792.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 121.
- ^ Leip, David. "1976 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 793.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 122.
- ^ Leip, David. "1980 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 794.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 123.
- ^ Leip, David. "1984 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 795.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 124.
- ^ Leip, David. "1988 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 796.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 125.
- ^ Leip, David. "1992 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 797.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 126.
- ^ Leip, David. "1996 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 798.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 127.
- ^ Leip, David. "2000 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 799.
- ^ Leip, David. "2004 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 800.
- ^ Leip, David. "2008 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 801.
- ^ Leip, David. "2012 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ "2012 Nebraska Presidential Results". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Leip, David. "2016 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ "Nebraska Election Results 2016". The New York Times. 9 August 2017. Archived from the original on 18 November 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Leip, David. "2020 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Leip, David. "2024 Presidential General Election Results - Nebraska". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
Works cited
[edit]- Guide to U.S. Elections. SAGE Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1. LCCN 2009033938. OL 24461757M.
- Burnham, Walter Dean (1955). Presidential ballots, 1836–1892. Johns Hopkins University Press. LCCN 55008428. OL 6176796M.
- Presidential elections, 1789–1996. Congressional Quarterly. 1997. ISBN 978-1-56802-065-5. LCCN 97019084. OL 673017M.