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Université libre de Bruxelles

Coordinates: 50°48′42″N 4°22′52″E / 50.81167°N 4.38111°E / 50.81167; 4.38111
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This article is about the current French-speaking university. For the 1834–1969 university, see Free University of Brussels (1834–1969). For the current Dutch-speaking university, see Vrije Universiteit Brussel.

Université libre de Bruxelles
Seal of the ULB
Latin: Universitas Bruxellensis[a]
MottoScientia vincere tenebras (Latin)
Motto in English
Conquering darkness through science
TypeIndependent (partly state-funded)
Established28 May 1970; 55 years ago (1970-05-28)
PresidentPierre Gurdjian
RectorAnnemie Schaus
Administrative staff
4,400
Students37,489 (2023–24)[1]
Location
Brussels
,
Belgium
CampusSolbosch/Solbos, La Plaine/Het Plein, Erasme/Erasmus, Gosselies
FollowsFree University of Brussels
Affiliations
Websitewww.ulb.be
Map

The Université libre de Bruxelles (French, pronounced [ynivɛʁsite libʁ də bʁysɛl]; lit. Free University of Brussels; abbreviated ULB) is a French-speaking research university in Brussels, Belgium. It has three campuses: the Solbosch/Solbos campus (in the City of Brussels and Ixelles), the La Plaine/Het Plein campus (in Ixelles) and the Erasme/Erasmus campus (in Anderlecht).

The Université libre de Bruxelles was formed in 1969 by the splitting of the Free University of Brussels,[b] which was founded in 1834 by the lawyer and liberal politician Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen. The founder aimed to establish a university independent from state and church, where academic freedom would prevail.[2] This is still reflected in the university's motto Scientia vincere tenebras, or "Conquering darkness through science".

In 2012, the ULB had about 24,200 students, a diverse student population as well as a diverse staff.[3]

Name

[edit]

Brussels has two universities whose names mean Free University of Brussels in English: the French-speaking Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and the Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). Neither uses the English translation, since it is ambiguous.

History

[edit]
Main article: Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)

Establishment of a university in Brussels

[edit]
Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen, founder of the Free University of Brussels

The history of the Université libre de Bruxelles is closely linked with that of Belgium itself. When the Belgian State was formed in 1830 by nine breakaway provinces from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, three state universities existed in the cities of Ghent, Leuven and Liège, but none in the new capital, Brussels. Since the government was reluctant to fund another state university, a group of leading intellectuals in the fields of arts, science, and education — amongst whom the study prefect of the Royal Athenaeum of Brussels, Auguste Baron, as well as the astronomer and mathematician Adolphe Quetelet — planned to create a private university, which was permitted under the Belgian Constitution.[4][2]

In 1834, the Belgian episcopate decided to establish a Catholic university in Mechelen with the aim of regaining the influence of the Catholic Church on the academic scene in Belgium, and the government had the intent to close the university at Leuven and donate the buildings to the Catholic institution.[5] The country's liberals strongly opposed to this decision, and furthered their ideas for a university in Brussels as a counterbalance to the Catholic institution. At the same time, Auguste Baron had just become a member of the freemasonic lodge Les Amis Philantropes. Baron was able to convince Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen, the president of the lodge, to support the idea for a new university. On 24 June 1834, Verhaegen presented his plan to establish a free university.[2]

After sufficient funding was collected among advocates, the Université libre de Belgique ("Free University of Belgium") was inaugurated on 20 November 1834, in the Gothic Room of Brussels Town Hall. The date of its establishment is still commemorated annually, by students of its successor institutions, as a holiday called Saint Verhaegen (often shortened to St V) for Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen.[6] In 1836, the university was renamed the Université libre de Bruxelles ("Free University of Brussels").[4]

After its establishment, the Free University faced difficult times, since it received no subsidies or grants from the government; yearly fundraising events and tuition fees provided the only financial means. Verhaegen, who became a professor and later head of the new university, gave it a mission statement which he summarised in a speech to King Leopold I: "the principle of free inquiry and academic freedom uninfluenced by any political or religious authority."[2] In 1858, the Catholic Church established the Saint-Louis Institute in the city, which subsequently expanded into a university in its own right.[7]

Growth and internal tensions

[edit]
The Free University, then housed in the Granvelle Palace, c. 1900

The Free University grew significantly over the following decades. In 1842, it moved to the Granvelle Palace, which it occupied until 1928. It expanded the number of subjects taught and, in 1880, became one of the first institutions in Belgium to allow female students to study in some faculties. In 1893, it received large grants from Ernest and Alfred Solvay as well as Raoul Warocqué to open new faculties in Brussels. A disagreement over an invitation to the anarchist geographer Élisée Reclus to speak at the university in 1893 from the rector Hector Denis led to some of the liberal and socialist faculty splitting away from the Free University to form the New University of Brussels (Université nouvelle de Bruxelles) in 1894. However, the institution failed to displace the Free University and closed definitively in 1919.[8]

In 1900, the Free University's football team won the bronze medal at the Summer Olympics. After Racing Club de Bruxelles declined to participate, a student selection with players from the university was sent by the Federation.[9][10] The team was enforced with a few non-students.[11] The Institute of Sociology was founded in 1902, then in 1904 the Solvay School of Commerce, which would later become the Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management (part of ULB) and VUB Solvay Business School (part of VUB). In 1911, the university obtained its legal personality under the name Université libre de Bruxelles - Vrije Hogeschool te Brussel.[12]

The university's football team that won the bronze medal at the 1900 Olympic Games

German occupation and move

[edit]

The German occupation during World War I led to the suspension of classes for four years in 1914–1918. In the aftermath of the war, the Free University moved its principal activities to the Solbosch/Solbos in the southern municipality of Ixelles, and a purpose-built university campus was created, funded by the Belgian American Educational Foundation.

During the second occupation of World War II, the university protested the two anti-Jewish ordinances of 28 October 1940, but nevertheless collaborated for the expulsion of Jewish professors and students.[13] However, the university ceased its collaboration when it came to accepting Flemish professors of the New Order.[14] Thus, the university was again closed by the German authorities on 25 November 1941, and some of its students were involved in the Belgian Resistance, establishing the sabotage-orientated network Groupe G.[15]

Splitting of the university

[edit]

Courses at the Free University were taught exclusively in French until the early 20th century. After Belgian independence, French was widely accepted as the language of the bourgeoisie and upper classes and was the only medium in law and academia. As the Flemish Movement gained prominence among the Dutch-speaking majority in Flanders over the late 19th century, the lack of provision for Dutch speakers in higher education became a major source of political contention. Ghent University became the first institution in 1930 to teach exclusively in Dutch.

Some courses at the Free University's Faculty of Law began being taught in both French and Dutch as early as 1935. Nevertheless, it was not until 1963 that all faculties offered their courses in both languages.[16] Tensions between French- and Dutch-speaking students in the country came to a head in 1968 when the Catholic University of Leuven split along linguistic lines, becoming the first of several national institutions to do so.[17]

On 1 October 1969, the French and Dutch entities of the Free University separated into two distinct sister universities. This splitting became official with the act of 28 May 1970, of the Belgian Parliament, by which the French-speaking Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and the Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) officially became two separate legal, administrative and scientific entities.[18][19]

Campuses

[edit]

The ULB comprises three main campuses: the Solbosch/Solbos campus, on the territories of the City of Brussels and Ixelles municipalities in the Brussels-Capital Region, the La Plaine/Het Plein campus in Ixelles, and the Erasme/Erasmus campus in Anderlecht, beside the Erasmus Hospital.

The main and largest campus of the university is the Solbosch, which hosts the administration and general services of the university. It also includes most of the faculties of the humanities, the École polytechnique, the large library of social sciences, and among the museums of the ULB, the Museum of Zoology and Anthropology,[20] the Allende exhibition room and the Michel de Ghelderode Museum-Library.

The La Plaine campus hosts the Faculty of Science and the Faculty of Pharmacy. There are also the Experimentariums of physics and chemistry, the Museum of Medicinal Plants and Pharmacy[21] and student housing. This site is served by Delta station.

The Erasmus campus houses the Erasmus Hospital and the Pôle Santé, the Faculty of Medicine, the School of Public Health and the Faculty of Motor Sciences. There is also the School of Nursing (with the Haute école libre de Bruxelles – Ilya Prigogine), the Museum of Medicine[22] and the Museum of Human Anatomy and Embryology.[23] This site is served by Erasme/Erasmus metro station.

The university also has buildings and activities in the Brussels municipality of Auderghem, and outside of Brussels, in Charleroi on the Aéropole Science Park and Nivelles.

Faculties and institutes

[edit]
Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management

International Partnerships

[edit]

University of California, Berkeley, University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, Université de Montréal, Waseda University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, BeiHang University, Universidade de São Paulo, Université de Lausanne, Université de Genève, University Ouaga I Pr. Joseph Ki-Zerbo, University of Lubumbashi[25]

Faculty or Institute Bachelor's degrees Master's degrees Complementary master's degrees
Faculty of Architecture Architecture Architecture
Faculty of Philosophy and Letters
  • Ancient Languages and Literature:
  • 1. Classic orientation;
  • 2. Oriental orientation
  • Ancient Languages and Literature:
  • 1. Classic orientation (1 or 2 years)
  • 2. Oriental orientation (1 or 2 years)
 African Languages and Cultures
Pedagogy in Higher Education
Language Sciences
Art History and Archaeology Art History and Archaeology (1 or 2 years)
Art History and Archaeology: Musicology Art History and Archaeology: Musicology (1 or 2 years)
French and Roman Languages and Literature Cultural Management
History Ethics
Information and Communication French and Roman Languages and Literature (1 or 2 years)
Modern Languages and Literature French and Roman Languages and Literature: French Foreign Language
  • Modern Languages and Literature:
  • 1. General orientation
  • 2. Germanic orientation
  • 3. Oriental orientation
  • 4. Slavic orientation
 History (1 or 2 years)
Philosophy Information and Communication (1 or 2 years)
Religious and Secular Studies Information and Communication Sciences and Technologies
Linguistics
Modern Languages and Literature (1 or 2 years)
  • Modern Languages and Literature:
  • 1. Arab orientation
  • 2. Germanic orientation (1 or 2 years)
  • 3. Oriental orientation (1 or 2 years)
  • 4. Slavic orientation (1 or 2 years)
Multilingual Communication
Performing Arts
Philosophy (1 or 2 years)
Religious and Secular Studies
Faculty of Law and Criminological Science Law Criminology Economic Law
Law International Law
Notaries
Public and Administrative Law
Social Law
Tax Law
Faculty of Psychological Science, and of Education Psychology and Educational Sciences Educational Sciences Pedagogy in Higher Education
Psychology and Educational Sciences: Speech Therapy Psychology Psychoanalytic Theories
Speech Therapy Risk Management and Well-being at Work
  • Faculty of Sciences
  • (recently absorbed the Institute of Environment Gestion (IGEAT))
 Biology Actuarial Science Nanotechnology
Chemistry Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology
Computer Sciences Bioengineering: Agricultural Sciences
Engineering: Bioengineering Bioengineering: Chemistry and Bio-industries
Geography Bioengineering: Environmental Sciences and Technologies
Geology Bioinformatics and Modeling
Mathematics Biology (1 year)
Physics Chemistry (1 or 2 years)
Sciences (Polyvalent first year) Computer Sciences (1 or 2 years)
Environmental Sciences and Management (1 or 2 years)
Geography (1 or 2 years)
Geology (1 or 2 years)
Mathematics (1 or 2 years)
Organismal Biology and Ecology
Physics (1 or 2 years)
Statistics
Tourism Sciences and Management (1 or 2 years)
Faculty of Applied Sciences/Polytechnic School Engineering: Bioengineering Bioengineering: Agricultural Sciences Conservation and Restoration of Immovable Cultural Heritage
Engineering: Civil Bioengineering: Chemistry and Bio-industries Nanotechnology
Engineering: Civil Architect Bioengineering: Environmental Sciences and Technologies Nuclear Engineering
Civil Engineering: Architectural Transportation Management
Civil Engineering: Biomedical Urban and Regional Planning
Civil Engineering: Chemistry and Material Science
Civil Engineering: Computer
Civil Engineering: Constructions
Civil Engineering: Electrical
Civil Engineering: Electro-mechanical
Civil Engineering: Mechanical
Civil Engineering: Physicist
Faculty of Medicine Biomedical Sciences Biomedical Sciences
Dentistry Dentistry
Medicine Medicine
Veterinary Medicine
Institute of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Biomedical Sciences Clinical Biology (for pharmacists)
Pharmaceutical Sciences Hospital Pharmacy
Industrial Pharmacy
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Human and Social Science Anthropology
Political Science Human Resources Management
Sociology and Anthropology Political Science (1 or 2 years)
Political Science: International Relations
Population and Development
Public Administration
Sociology
Sociology and Anthropology (1 year)
Work Science (1 or 2 years)
Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management Business Engineering Business Engineering Industrial Management and Technology
Economics Economics (1 or 2 years) Microfinance
Institute of European Studies European Studies European Law
Interdisciplinary Analysis of European Construction

Research

[edit]

At the heart of the Free University of Brussels there are at least 2000 PhD students and around 3600 researchers and lecturers who work around different scientific fields and produce cutting-edge research.

The projects of these scientists span thematics that concern exact, applied and human sciences and researchers at the heart of the ULB have been awarded numerous international awards and recognitions.

The research carried out at the ULB is financed by different bodies such as the European Research Council, the Walloon Region, the Brussels Capital Region, the National Fund for Scientific Research, or one of the foundations that are dedicated to research at the ULB; the ULB Foundation or the Erasme Funds.

Since the early 2000s, the MAPP project has started studying political party membership evolution through the time.

Rankings

[edit]
University rankings
Global – Overall
ARWU World[26]101–150 (2023)
CWUR World[27]211 (2020–21)
CWTS World[28]359 (2020)
QS World[29]=227 (2026)
THE World[30]201–250 (2024)
USNWR Global[31]=222 (2023)

Notable people

[edit]
Main article: List of Université libre de Bruxelles people
Charles Michel, Belgian Prime Minister (2014–2019) and President of the European Council
Amélie Nothomb, Belgian Francophone novelist

Nobel Prize Winners

[edit]

For pre-1970 notable faculty and alumni, see Free University of Brussels:

Controversy

[edit]

Inspired by the US protests on university campuses,[32] on 7 May 2024, around a hundred students occupied a building of the university, which they named in honour of Walid Daqqa, a member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, while demanding the release of the leader of the Lebanese Revolutionary Armed Faction, Georges Abdallah, from a prison in France.[33] During the events, Jewish students reported antisemitic and anti-Zionist insults, vandalism of posters against anti-Semitism and cases of students being violently attacked. A passer-by who allegedly declared herself a Zionist was also the victim of an attack. The Simon Wiesenthal Center sees this as a trend towards antisemitism in Belgian academic circles.[34] 90 of them were subsequently arrested.[35]

Some right-wing commentators have explained the events as a result of extremist groups influence on students,[36] as a result of "propaganda",[37] as a result of "incitement to terrorism",[38] as a result of "Muslim communitarianism"[39] or as a result of "complicity with Islamist anti-Semitism".[40] However, the Coordinating Body for Threat Analysis did not find any "structural or hierarchical link" with extremist groups.[41] This led the Jonathas Institute, a center for studies and action against antisemitism in Belgium, to file a complaint against the student group, for a declaration allegedly inciting against "Zionists".[42]

In 2025, the Faculty of Law decided to honor the French politician Rima Hassan as a symbolic gesture. The Belgian League Against Antisemitism criticized the decision citing her controversial comments on the "legitimacy" of the anti-Semitic massacre,[43] while 50 French intellectuals criticized the decision, as Hassan is facing charges for incitement to terrorism in France.[44] The Minister-President of the French Community Élisabeth Degryse also expressed her opposition.[45]

In front of the European Parliament, Céline Imart of the French political party The Republicans has requested the European Commission to suspend aid for the university: "Ask the Commission to immediately suspend the funds allocated to this university, until the safety of Jewish students is guaranteed and the values of the Union are once again respected".[46] Members of the Belgian political party Reformist Movement have also voiced their concerns, such as Clémentine Barzin, Member of the Brussels Parliament, for her concerns in regards to "ideological, philosophical, religious and political pressures" in the university,[47], and such as the leader of the local youth branch, Stéphane Gurbuz, for his concerns in regards to "a radicalized minority" in the university.[48]

Facing renewed criticism,[49] the rector denied allegations of antisemitism against the university.[50] In contrast, professors of the university have described antisemitism has "rapidly taking hold on ULB campuses since October 7".[51] Jewish students have voiced their fear of being targeted for their Zionism[52] and have described the hostility on campuses as "significant".[53] At the Working Group Against Antisemitism of the European Parliament, the Jonathas Institute warned of "an environment in which antisemitism goes largely unchallenged".[54]

Florida placed the university on its blacklist for its "boycott" of Israel.[55] Instead of ties with Israeli universities, the university established ties with the Palestinian Birzeit University, despite its support for Hamas in student elections.[56]

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ lit. 'University of Brussels'. (This Latin name is also used by other institutions, including the Vrije Universiteit Brussel.)
  2. ^ The split occurred along linguistic lines, forming the French-speaking ULB in 1969, and Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) in 1970.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^
    • Chiffres de la rentrée 2023–2024: Étudiantes et étudiants par université et par secteur d'études [Figures for the 2023–2024 academic year: Students by university and by sector of study] (in French), Le Conseil des rectrices et recteurs, Note: Situation provisoire fin février 2024. Les données sont susceptibles d'évoluer d'ici la fin de l'année académique. [Provisional situation at the end of February 2024. The data is likely to change by the end of the academic year.][permanent dead link]
    • "Annuaires Statistiques Données statistiques les plus récentes". Le Conseil des rectrices et recteurs (in French). Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Witte, Els (1996). Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen (1796–1862) (in Dutch). ISBN 90-5487-140-7.
  3. ^ ULB Bureau d'Études (June 2012), Statistiques et Études Prospectives – Population étudiante 2011–2012 par domaines études, nationalité, genre (PDF) (in French), Université libre de Bruxelles, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2013, retrieved 4 September 2013
  4. ^ a b "A University born of an idea". Université libre de Bruxelles. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  5. ^ Lamberts, Emiel; Roegiers, Jan (1990). Leuven University, 1425–1985. Leuven: Leuven University Press. ISBN 90-6186-418-6.
  6. ^ "Pierre Théodore Verhaegen and St V". Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  7. ^ "A short history of Saint-Louis". www.usaintlouis.be. Retrieved 7 December 2025.
  8. ^ Laqua, Daniel (2013). The Age of Internationalism and Belgium, 1880–1930: Peace, Progress and Prestige. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-8883-4.
  9. ^ Great Britain's first home Olympic football adventure by Jon Carter, ESPN, 26 Jun 2012
  10. ^ Before the World Cup: Who were football's earliest world champions? by Paul Brown on Medium Sports, 6 Jun 2018
  11. ^ Games of the II. Olympiad - Football Tournament by Søren Elbech and Karel Stokkermans on the RSSSF
  12. ^ Nerincx, Edmond (8 November 1911). Loi du 12 août 1911 accordant la personnification civile aux universités de Bruxelles et de Louvain (PDF) (in French). Brussels: Belgian official journal. p. 4846. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  13. ^ Steinberg, Maxime (1998). "Chapter 4. L'université du libre-examen et ses juifs". Un pays occupé et ses juifs, La Belgique, entre France et Pays-Bas (in French). Brussels: Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles.
  14. ^ Aron, Paul; Gotovitch, José (2008). Dictionnaire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale en Belgique (in French). Bruxelles: Editions André Versaille. ISBN 9782874950018.
  15. ^ "A Brief – History of Belgian Resistance". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  16. ^ "About the University: Culture and History". Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
  17. ^ Jonckheere, Willy; Todts, Herman (1979). Leuven Vlaams: Splitsingsgeschiedenis van de Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (in Dutch). Leuven: Davidsfonds. ISBN 9061523052.
  18. ^ "Chambre des Représen tant" (PDF).
  19. ^ "Law of 28 May 1970, concerning the splitting of the universities in Brussels and Leuven" (in Dutch). Belgisch Staatsblad/Flemish Government. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
  20. ^ "Muséum de Zoologie et d'Anthropologie". www2.ulb.ac.be. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  21. ^ "Université Libre de Bruxelles - page 3". www2.ulb.ac.be. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  22. ^ "Musée de la Médecine de Bruxelles". Musée de la médecine. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  23. ^ "Musée d'Anatomie et d'Embryologie humaines - page 2". www2.ulb.ac.be. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  24. ^ "Home". www.iee-ulb.eu. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  25. ^ "Les relations internationales de l'ULB". www.ulb.ac.be. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  26. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020". ShanghaiRanking. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  27. ^ "World University Rankings 2020-2021". Center for World University Rankingsg. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  28. ^ "CWTS Leiden Ranking 2020 - P(top 10%)". CWTS Leiden Ranking. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  29. ^ "QS World University Rankings".
  30. ^ "World University Rankings 2024 - Université libre de Bruxelles". Times Higher Education (THE). Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  31. ^ "Best Global Universities 2022-23 - Université Libre de Bruxelles". U.S. News Education (USNWR). ). Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  32. ^ New York Times. "For Campus Protesters in Brussels, Familiar Methods, but Different Outcomes".
  33. ^ Bosco d'Otreppe (6 October 2025). "Vandalisme, violence, injures : de jeunes étudiants témoignent de graves intimidations et faits d'antisémitisme ces derniers mois à l'ULB". La Libre.be (in French).
  34. ^ "SWC Highlights Alarming Rise in Anti-Semitism in Belgium Since October 7th". www.wiesenthal.com.
  35. ^ "Répression du mouvement étudiant pour la Palestine : 90 personnes convoquées pour être auditionnées, des moyens colossaux utilisés". stuut.info (in French). 30 September 2024.
  36. ^ Nicolas de Pape (6 October 2025). "Nora Bussigny: "At ULB, you did worse than the French"". 21News (in French).
  37. ^ Nicolas de Pape (25 August 2025). "Éric Muraille (ULB) on the Rima Hassan promotion: "The problem lies in the complacency of academic authorities towards activists"". 21News (in French).
  38. ^ Nadia Geerts (6 October 2025). "Israeli-Palestinian conflict: "In Belgium, the university no longer plays its role of suspending hasty judgments"". www.marianne.net (in French).
  39. ^ Alain Destexhe. "Promotion Rima Hassan: "The Free University of Brussels is becoming a hotbed of intolerance"". Le Figaro (in French).
  40. ^ Drieu Godefridi. "The 'Free' University of Brussels: An Anti-Semitic Madrassa in Europe?". Gatestone Institute.
  41. ^ L'Echo (14 November 2024). "Belgian pro-Palestinian movements under surveillance" (in French).
  42. ^ "Complaint against the anti-Israel student movement "Université Populaire de Bruxelles"". Times of Israel.
  43. ^ "Joël Rubinfeld:"We are the last Jewish generation to live in Belgium"". L'Express (in French). 6 September 2025.
  44. ^ 50 intellectuals (16 September 2025). "Rima Hassan: 50 intellectuals deplore the choice of ULB law students". La Libre.be (in French).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  45. ^ Zhen-Zhen Zveny (16 September 2025). "Rima Hassan promotion at ULB: "I do not agree with the choice that was made," declares Minister-President Elisabeth Degryse". DHnet (in French).
  46. ^ Atlantico (4 September 2025). "ULB : de l'idéal du libre examen à la soumission communautariste". Atlantico (in French).
  47. ^ "Compte rendu intégral : séance du mercredi 5 novembre 2025". Parlement de la Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles. Retrieved 7 December 2025.
  48. ^ Gurbuz, Stéphane. "Une minorité radicalisée impose sa loi à l'ULB". 21news. Retrieved 7 December 2025.
  49. ^ "Annemie Schaus, rector of the ULB: "Violence and invective no longer have limits... a bit like society"". Le Soir (in French). 14 September 2025.
  50. ^ Belga (19 September 2025). ""No, the ULB is not sympathetic to anti-Semitism," says rector Annemie Schaus". DHnet (in French).
  51. ^ Carte blanche (15 May 2024). "Anti-Semitism denial syndrome is present at ULB (carte blanche)". Le Vif (in French).
  52. ^ "My friends no longer dare to go to class": concerns after the controversial choice of the "Rima Hassan" promotion". August 2025.
  53. ^ Michael Thaidigsmann (26 August 2025). "Europäische Unis sind Hotspots des Judenhasses". Jüdische Allgemeine (in German).
  54. ^ "WGAS organises conference in the European Parliament on the dramatic rise of antisemitism in European universities". ep-wgas.eu.
  55. ^ Martin Ducrotois. "La Floride place des universités belges sur liste noire en raison du boycott d'Israël". 7sur7.
  56. ^ "Anti-Israel LFI politician Rima Hassan named as Brussels Free U class patron". TheJerusalemPost.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Despy, A., 150 ans de L'ULB. Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1984
  • Noel, F., 1894. Université libre de Bruxelles en crise, Brussels, 1994
[edit]

Media related to Université libre de Bruxelles at Wikimedia Commons

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