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Ununennium

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Ununennium, 119Uue
Theoretical element
Ununennium
Pronunciation/ˌuːn.uːnˈɛniəm/ ⓘ ​(OON-oon-EN-ee-əm)
Alternative nameselement 119, eka-francium
Ununennium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Ununennium Unbinilium
Unquadtrium Unquadquadium Unquadpentium Unquadhexium Unquadseptium Unquadoctium Unquadennium Unpentnilium Unpentunium Unpentbium Unpenttrium Unpentquadium Unpentpentium Unpenthexium Unpentseptium Unpentoctium Unpentennium Unhexnilium Unhexunium Unhexbium Unhextrium Unhexquadium Unhexpentium Unhexhexium Unhexseptium Unhexoctium Unhexennium Unseptnilium Unseptunium Unseptbium
Unbiunium Unbibium Unbitrium Unbiquadium Unbipentium Unbihexium Unbiseptium Unbioctium Unbiennium Untrinilium Untriunium Untribium Untritrium Untriquadium Untripentium Untrihexium Untriseptium Untrioctium Untriennium Unquadnilium Unquadunium Unquadbium
Fr
↑
Uue
↓
—
oganesson ← ununennium → unbinilium
Atomic number (Z)119
Groupgroup 1: hydrogen and alkali metals
Periodperiod 8 (theoretical, extended table)
Block  s-block
Electron configuration[Og] 8s1 (predicted)[1]
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8, 1 (predicted)
Physical properties
Phase at STPunknown phase (could be solid or liquid)[1]
Melting point273–303 K ​(0–30 °C, ​32–86 °F) (predicted)[1]
Boiling point903 K ​(630 °C, ​1166 °F) (predicted)[2]
Density (near r.t.)3 g/cm3 (predicted)[1]
Heat of fusion2.01–2.05 kJ/mol (extrapolated)[3]
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: (none)
(+1), (+3), (+5)[1][4]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 0.86 (predicted)[5]
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 463.1 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1698.1 kJ/mol
  • (predicted)[6]
Atomic radiusempirical: 240 pm (predicted)[1]
Covalent radius263–281 pm (extrapolated)[3]
Other properties
Crystal structure ​body-centered cubic (bcc)
Body-centered cubic crystal structure for ununennium

(extrapolated)[7]
CAS Number54846-86-5
History
NamingIUPAC systematic element name
Isotopes of ununennium
Experiments and theoretical calculations
| references

Ununennium, also known as eka-francium or simply element 119, is the chemical element with atomic number 119 and symbol Uue. Ununennium and Uue are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol, until a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkali metal, and the first element in the eighth period.

Ununennium is the lightest element that has not yet been synthesized. To date, all attempts to synthesize this element have been unsuccessful. Its position as the seventh alkali metal suggests that it would have similar properties to the alkali metals, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and francium; however, relativistic effects may cause some of its properties to differ from those expected from a straight application of periodic trends. For example, ununennium is expected to be less reactive than caesium and francium and be closer in behavior to potassium or rubidium, and while it should show the characteristic +1 oxidation state of the alkali metals, it is also predicted to show the +3 oxidation state unknown in any other alkali metal.

History

Ununennium and unbinilium are the lightest elements that have not yet been synthesized, and attempts to synthesize them would push the limits of current technology, due to the decreasing cross sections of the production reactions and their probably short half-lives.[8] Previously, important help (characterized as "silver bullets") in the synthesis of superheavy elements came from the deformed nuclear shells around hassium-270 which increased the stability of surrounding nuclei, and the existence of the neutron-rich isotope calcium-48 which could thus be used as a projectile to produce more neutron-rich isotopes of superheavy elements. However, using calcium-48 to synthesize ununennium would require a target of einsteinium-253 or -254, which while not impossible to produce is very difficult. To more practically produce further superheavy elements, projectiles heavier than 48Ca are needed.[9]

The synthesis of ununennium was attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of einsteinium-254 with calcium-48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley, California:

No atoms were identified, leading to a limiting yield of 300 nb.[10] Later calculations suggest that the yield of the 3n reaction (which would result in 299Uue and three neutrons as products) would be 0.5 pb.[11]

As of May 2012, plans are under way to attempt to synthesize the isotopes 295Uue and 296Uue by bombarding a target of berkelium with titanium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany:[12][13]

No atoms were identified, leading to a yielding limit of 70 fb.[14]

Isotopes

The alpha-decay half-lives of 1700 nuclei with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 130 have been calculated in a quantum tunneling model with alpha-decay Q-values from different mass estimates.[15][16][17] The alpha-decay half-lives predicted for 291–307Uue are of the order of micro-seconds. The highest value of the alpha-decay half-life predicted in the quantum tunneling model with the mass estimates from a macroscopic-microscopic model is ~485 microseconds for the isotope 294Uue. For 302Uue it is ~163 microseconds.

Predicted properties

Being the first period 8 element, ununennium is predicted to be the next alkali metal after francium and behave much like their lighter congeners; however, it is also predicted to differ from the lighter alkali metals in some properties.[1] Its chemistry is predicted to be closer to that of potassium[18] or rubidium[1] instead of caesium or francium. This is unusual as periodic trends, ignoring relativistic effects would predict ununennium to be even more reactive than caesium and francium. This lowered reactivity is due to the relativistic stabilisation of ununennium's valence electron, increasing ununennium's first ionisation energy and decreasing the metallic and ionic radii;[18] this effect is already seen for francium.[1] The relativistic stabilisation of the 8s orbital also increases ununennium's electron affinity far beyond that of caesium and francium; indeed, ununennium is expected to have an electron affinity higher than all the alkali metals lighter than it. Relativistic effects also cause a very large drop in the polarisability of ununennium.[1] On the other hand, ununennium is predicted to continue the trend of melting points decreasing going down the group, being expected to have a melting point between 0 °C and 30 °C.[19]

The stabilisation of ununennium's valence electron and thus the contraction of the 8s orbital cause its atomic radius to be lowered to 240 pm,[1] very close to that of rubidium (247 pm), so that the chemistry of ununennium in the +1 oxidation state should be more similar to the chemistry of rubidium than to that of francium. On the other hand, the ionic radius of the Uue+ ion is predicted to be larger than that of Rb+, because the 7p orbitals are destabilised and are thus larger than the p-orbitals of the lower shells. Ununennium may also show the +3 oxidation state,[1] which is not seen in any other alkali metal,[20] in addition to the +1 oxidation state that is characteristic of the other alkali metals and is also the main oxidation state of all the known alkali metals: this is because of the destabilisation and expansion of the 7p3/2 spinor, causing its outermost electrons to have a lower ionisation energy than what would otherwise be expected.[20][1] Indeed, many ununennium compounds are expected to have a large covalent character, due to the involvement of the 7p3/2 electrons in the bonding: this effect is also seen to a lesser extent in francium.[21]

Empirical (Na–Cs, Mg–Ra) and predicted (Fr–Uhp, Ubn–Uhh) atomic radius of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period, measured in angstroms[1][22]
Empirical (Na–Fr) and predicted (Uue) electron affinity of the alkali metals from the third to the eighth period, measured in electron volts[1][22]
Empirical (Na–Fr, Mg–Ra) and predicted (Uue–Uhp, Ubn–Uhh) ionisation energy of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period, measured in electron volts[1][22]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
  2. ^ Fricke, B.; Waber, J. T. (1971). "Theoretical Predictions of the Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" (PDF). Actinides Reviews. 1: 433–485. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  3. ^ a b Bonchev, Danail; Kamenska, Verginia (1981). "Predicting the Properties of the 113–120 Transactinide Elements". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 85 (9). American Chemical Society: 1177–1186. doi:10.1021/j150609a021.
  4. ^ Cao, Chang-Su; Hu, Han-Shi; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen; Li, Jun (2022). "Periodic Law of Chemistry Overturns for Superheavy Elements". ChemRxiv (preprint). doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-l798p. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  5. ^ Pershina, V.; Borschevsky, A.; Anton, J. (20 February 2012). "Fully relativistic study of intermetallic dimers of group-1 elements K through element 119 and prediction of their adsorption on noble metal surfaces". Chemical Physics. 395. Elsevier: 87–94. Bibcode:2012CP....395...87P. doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.04.017. This article gives the Mulliken electronegativity as 2.72, which has been converted to the Pauling scale via χP = 1.35χM1/2 − 1.37.
  6. ^ Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. Structure and Bonding. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  7. ^ Seaborg, Glenn T. (1969). "Prospects for further considerable extension of the periodic table" (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 46 (10): 626–634. Bibcode:1969JChEd..46..626S. doi:10.1021/ed046p626. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  8. ^ Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?
  9. ^ [1]
  10. ^ Lougheed, R.; Landrum, J.; Hulet, E.; Wild, J.; Dougan, R.; Dougan, A.; Gäggeler, H.; Schädel, M.; Moody, K. (1985). "Search for superheavy elements using 48Ca + 254Esg reaction". Physical Reviews C. 32 (5): 1760–1763. Bibcode:1985PhRvC..32.1760L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760.
  11. ^ Feng, Z; Jin, G; Li, J; Scheid, W (2009). "Production of heavy and superheavy nuclei in massive fusion reactions". Nuclear Physics A. 816: 33. arXiv:0803.1117. Bibcode:2009NuPhA.816...33F. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.11.003.
  12. ^ Modern alchemy: Turning a line, The Economist, May 12, 2012.
  13. ^ Düllmann, Christoph E. (October 20, 2011). Superheavy Element Research: News from GSI and Mainz. Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; Darmstadt Helmholtz Institute Mainz.
  14. ^ http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop3/&Yakushev.pdf
  15. ^ Chowdhury, P. Roy; Samanta, C. and Basu, D. N. (2007). "Predictions of alpha decay half lives of heavy and superheavy elements". Nucl. Phys. A. 789: 142–154. arXiv:nucl-th/0703086. Bibcode:2007NuPhA.789..142S. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.04.001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Chowdhury, P. Roy; Samanta, C. and Basu, D. N. (2008). "Search for long lived heaviest nuclei beyond the valley of stability". Phys. Rev. C. 77 (4): 044603. arXiv:0802.3837. Bibcode:2008PhRvC..77d4603C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.77.044603.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Chowdhury, P. Roy; Samanta, C. and Basu, D. N. (2008). "Nuclear half-lives for α -radioactivity of elements with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 130". At. Data & Nucl. Data Tables. 94 (6): 781–806. arXiv:0802.4161. Bibcode:2008ADNDT..94..781C. doi:10.1016/j.adt.2008.01.003.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ a b Seaborg (c. 2006). "transuranium element (chemical element)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  19. ^ Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  20. ^ a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  21. ^ Thayer, John S. (2010). Chemistry of heavier main group elements. pp. 81, 84. doi:10.1007/9781402099755_2.
  22. ^ a b c Pyykkö, Pekka (2011). "A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 13 (1): 161–8. Bibcode:2011PCCP...13..161P. doi:10.1039/c0cp01575j. PMID 20967377.
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