User:CYYA/sandbox
| Inversal | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | [i:nvɛɾsal] |
| Date | 2015 |
| Region | none |
Native speakers | None |
Esperantido
| |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
Inversal (Inversal: invercal) is an unofficial developing Esperantido, based on Universal (Esperantido) and Solresol. Many aspects of Universal and Solresol are found in Inversal, including inclusive and exclusive pronouns, partial reduplication for plurals, and inversion for antonyms.
- Inversal - ilo efinkom criṗil ko lio ekomfin liṗric.
- Universal - Al gefinu o fargu kaj la egnifu o grafu.
- English - He finished reading and she started to write.
Purpose[edit]
The idea is for Inversal to be an open project. Anybody can edit and contribute to the language, as long as those edits and contributions are accepted to a general consensus. However, similar to computer software, new changes to the language are applied when a new version of the language has been officially established... thus making Inversal a dynamic language. Speaking a new version of Inversal is optional. In fact, each new version of the language sort of acts as a new dialect. The progression of versions of the languages in a way creates a dialectal continuum, where speakers of close versions may understand each other, while those of distant versions may not. If a certain number of versions are established in which resembles nothing to the original versions, it may be classified as a new language... that is if Inversal even makes it that far. The current version of Inversal is version 0.
Orthography[edit]
Alphabet[edit]
Inversal only contains lowercase letters. Similar to Japanese, several Inversal consonants are marked to become voiced.
| Inversal | a | p / ṗ | k / ḳ | t / ṫ | e | f / ḟ | h / ḥ | i | l | m | n | o | r | c / ċ | s / ṡ | u |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound | a | p / b | k / g | t / d | e | f / v | h / x | i | l | m | n | o | r | s / z | ʃ / ʒ | u |
Grammar[edit]
Personal Pronouns[edit]
| Neutral | Male | Female | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | mi | |||
| 2nd Person Casual | im | |||
| 3rd Person | ili | il | li | |
Tense & Aspect[edit]
The affix e acts as the copula, but its location to the word indicates tense, similar to Universal. A prefixed e indicates the past tense, while a suffixed e indicates the future tense. Both a prefixed and suffixed e indicates a present progressive tense, while without the affix e at all indicates a present simple tense. The aspect is determined by the combination of different tensed words:
| mi | emi | emie | mie | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| manṡ | I eat | I was going to eat | I am going to eat | I will be going to eat. |
| emanṡ | I ate | I had eaten | I am going to have eaten | I will be going to have eaten |
| emanṡe | I am eating | I was eating | I am in the middle of eating | I will be eating |
| manṡe | I would eat | I would have eaten | I would be eating | I would go to eat |
Vocabulary[edit]
Like Universal, much of the vocabulary is based on the inversion of antonyms, however shares more root words with Esperanto. One distinction seen with Inversal is the preservation of vowel order such as Graf and Frag for Write and Read, opposed to Graf and Farg in Universal.
| meḳa | "big, great" | ḳema | "small" |
| ṫenar | "give" | renaṫ | "receive, get" |
| platem | "space" | templa | "time" |
| ien | "yes" | nei | "no, not" |
| ṗon | "good" | noṗ | "bad" |
| ce | "if" | ec | "then, thus" |
| ṗel | "beautiful" | leṗ | "ugly" |
| ko | "and, with" | ok | "or" |
| loc | "mass, amassed" | col | "lone, single" |
| criṗil | "write" | liṗric | "read" |
| aṫ | "to, for, till" | ṫa | "of, from" |
| niaṗ | "black" | ṗian | "white" |
| ṫen | "day" | neṫ | "night" |
| finkom | "end" | komfin | "beginning" |