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| Nyangumarta | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Australia |
| Region | Western Australia |
Native speakers | 250 (2005) to 310 (2006 census)[1] |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nna |
| Glottolog | nyan1301 |
| AIATSIS[1] | A61 |
Nyangumarta is a language spoken by the Nyangumarta people and other Indigenous Australians in the region of Western Australia to the south and east of Lake Waukarlykarly, including Eighty Mile Beach, and part of the Great Sandy Desert inland to near Telfer. There are believed to be anywhere from 310 to about 520[2] first-language speakers of Nyangumarta and many more partial speakers. It is also the most widely spoken Aboriginal language in the town of Port Hedland.
Classification
[edit]Nyangumarta is a member of the Marrngu branch of the Pama–Nyungan languages. The other members of this group are Mangarla and Karajarri, with which it shares features and vocabulary.[3]: 5–9
Geographic distribution
[edit]Dialects
[edit]Nyangumarta has two main dialects: Ngurlipartu, spoken in the southern, inland region, and Wanyarli, spoken in the northern, coastal region.[3]: 9–12
Phonology
[edit]Nyangumarta has a typical Australian phoneme inventory, with a large number of consonant phonemes, including multiple lateral and rhotic phonemes, but few vowel phonemes.
Consonants
[edit]There are 17 consonant phonemes in Nyangumarta, with 5 pairs of homorganic plosives and nasals.[3]: 38
| Peripheral | Apical | Laminal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Velar | Alveolar | Post-Alveolar | Palatal | |
| Obstruents | p | k | t | ʈ | c |
| Nasals | m | ŋ | n | ɳ | ɲ |
| Laterals | l | ɭ | ʎ | ||
| Rhotics | ɾ | ɻ | |||
| Approximants | w | j | |||
There are no voicing contrasts in Nyangmurta.
Allophones of the consonants tend to vary in manner of articulation rather than place of articulation- e.g. plosives are usually voiceless word-initially, but voiced intervocalically and following nasals, and some plosives have fricative allophones.[3]: 40–41
Vowels
[edit]There are 3 contrastive vowels in Nyangmarta.[3]: 39–40
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Low | a | |
Nyangmurta does not contrast roundedness or length in vowels.
Syllable Structure
[edit]Monosyllabic words are permitted in Nyangumarta, but they must be at least bimoraic, with short vowels and consonants each counting as one mora, and long vowels as two. All words must begin with a consonant, although, if the initial consonant is a glide followed by its matching vowel [i.e. a sequence of /ji/ or /wu/] the glide may be dropped by some speakers. Additionally, word-initial consonant clusters are not permitted in this language, except when a cluster is created through a process of vowel elision.[3]: 44–45
Morphology
[edit]Words in Nyangumarta are generally sorted into two major word classes: nominals, which take marking for case and number, and verbs, which take marking for Tense, aspect, and mood. In addition to these two, there are also small closed classes of particles, exclamations, and clitics. As is typical of Pama-Nyungan languages, Nyangamurta uses suffixes to show case, person, number, TAM.[3]: 82–93
Nyangumarta has three numbers: singular, dual, and plural, with dual and plural 1st person marked for clusivity. Unusually for a language of the Pilbara region,[4] Nyangumarta has pronominal suffixes that attach to the verb in addition to independent pronouns.
A large number of Nyangumarta verbs are so-called complex verbs, formed out of a "pre-verb" (usually a nominal) plus an inflected stem, which combine to form a verb with a new meaning[3]: 99–102
- Miyul kalku-rnu
- likeness keep-NFUT
- s/he remembers it.
- Janparr karri-nyi
- hungry STAT-NFUT
- s/he is hungry
Some nominals are bound, and have no meaning independent of their use in complex verbs
- Wurang karri-nyi
- ? STAT-NFUT
- duck out of sight
Nyangumarta uses a split ergative system of alignment: while case marking is done on an ergative-absolutive basis, pronouns (including pronominal marking on verbs) use a nominative-accusative system[3]: 120–124, 140, 322
- Ngaju-lu kampa-rna-rna mayi
- 1SG-ERG cook-NFUT-1SG.SUB vegetable.food
- I cooked the food
- Mirtawa-jirri puliny-ju kalku-rnu pulu pulinyi
- woman-DU 3DU-ERG keep-NFUT 3DU.SUB 3Dub.OBJ
- Those two took care of the tow women
- Puliny mirti jarri-nyi pulu
- 3DU run INCH-NFUT 3DU.SUB
- Those two ran
Simple verbs mostly fall into two major classes, NY-class and RN-class. The NY class is intransitive and the RN class is (mostly) transitive. There are also a few verb roots that encode a semantic distinction by alternating between the classes (eg. jupa-NY, "diminish" and jupa-RN, "extinguish").[3]: 162–163
Most Nyangumarta verbs are complex verbs, or verbs formed from derivation or compounding. Nyangumarta has a causative -ma-RN, an affective -ji-RN, and a verbalizer -pi-RN which adds no particular meaning to the verb. Of these, -ma-RN and -pi-RN can only be used with a nominal.[3]: 192–211
- Japirr-ma-rna
- lips-CAUS-NFUT
- S/he asked him
- Jarlin-pi-rni
- tongue-VB-NFUT
- S/he poked out her/his tongue
- Lalypa-ji-rni
- flat-AFF-NFUT
- S/he flattened it
References
[edit]- ^ a b A61 Nyangumarta at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Wangka Maya Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sharp, Janet Catherine (2004). Nyangumarta, a language of the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- ^ Blake, Barry J. (1977). Case marking in Australian languages. Canberra. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies
- Janet Catherine Sharp. (2004). Nyangumarta, A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics