User:Donald Trung/List of Chinese cash coins by inscription

Target article: List of Chinese cash coins by inscription.

Original draft[edit]

[[File:Cast Chinese coins (330 B.C. - 1912 A.D.).jpg|thumb|right|Chinese cash coins from [[Imperial China|every major dynasty]] in Chinese history and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].]] '''[[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash coins]]''' were first produced during the [[Warring States period]], they became standardised as the [[Ban Liang]] (半兩) coinage during the [[Qin dynasty]], over the years cash coins have had many different inscriptions and the [[Wu Zhu]] (五銖) inscription which first appeared under the [[Han dynasty]] became the most commonly used inscription and was often used by succeeding dynasties for 700 years until the introduction of the [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寳) during the [[Tang dynasty]] which was also the first time [[regular script]] was used as all earlier cash coins exclusively used [[seal script]]. During the [[Song dynasty]] a large different number of inscriptions was used and many different styles of [[Chinese calligraphy]] were used often on coins with the same inscriptions produced during the same period, these cash coins are known as ''matched coins'' (對錢). After the [[Mongol conquest of China|Mongols conquered China]] the [[Yuan dynasty]] largely deprecated copper coinage in favour of [[Chao (currency)|paper money]], this trend continued under the [[Ming dynasty]] after the Chinese became independent again, during the Ming dynasty cash coins only contained the reign titles of the emperor, due to a [[naming taboo]] the term "Yuanbao" (元寶) was phased out from cash coin inscriptions as the founder of the Ming dynasty, [[Hongwu Emperor|Zhu Yuanzhang]] had the word "Yuan" (元) in his name. Under the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]] the trend of exclusively using the reign title of the Emperor continued and all [[Qing dynasty coinage|cash coins issued during this period]] were written in regular script. Below is a list of inscriptions that were used on Chinese cash coins organized by period and/or dynasty.<ref name="NUMISTA">Numis' Numismatic Encyclopedia. [https://en.numista.com/numisdoc/a-reference-list-of-5000-years-of-chinese-coinage-97.html A reference list of 5000 years of Chinese coinage. (Numista)] Written on December 9, 2012 • Last edit: June 13, 2013. Retrieved: 02 August 2018.</ref><ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 |date=16 November 2016|accessdate=2 August 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Belyaev">Charms.ru [http://www.charm.ru/coins/vn/ch-vn.shtml Coincidences of Vietnam and China cash coins legends]. Francis Ng, [[People's Republic of China]], Thuan D. Luc, [[United States]], and Vladimir A. Belyaev, [[Russia]] March–June, 1999 Retrieved: 17 June 2017.</ref> == Warring states period == {{Main|Zhou dynasty coinage}} During the [[Warring states period]] of the [[Zhou dynasty]] the first precursors of the Chinese cash coins started to appear, these ''early round coins'' (圜錢, ''huánqián'') circulated alongside the [[Knife money|knife]] and [[spade money]]. As most of these early round coins had round holes the first "true" cash coins were the Yi Hua (一化) produced by the [[State of Yan]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china1.htm|title= Chinese Cast Coins - ANCIENT CHINESE COINAGE - 700 BC TO 255 BC.|date=2018|accessdate=22 August 2018|work= By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins).|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url= http://chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/huanqian.html|title= huanqian 圜錢, round coins of the Warring States and the Qin Periods.|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=4 September 2018|encyclopedia= By Ulrich Theobald ([[Chinaknowledge]] - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art).|language=en}}</ref> Apart from two small and presumably late coins from the State of Qin, coins from the spade money area have a round hole and refer to the ''jin'' and ''[[Tael|liang]]'' units. Those from the knife money area have a square hole and are denominated in ''hua''.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=80}} === Round hole, no rims, reverses plain and flat === List of early round coins produced between 350 BC and 220 BC:<ref>Cao Guicen (曹桂岑) (1998). "Huanqian (圜錢)", in Tang Jiahong (唐嘉弘), ed. Zhongguo gudai dianzhang zhidu cidian (中國古代典章制度大辭典) ([[Zhengzhou]]: Zhongzhou guji chubanshe), 324. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref><ref>Chen Dewei (陳德維), ed. (1992). Shichang da cidian (市場大辭典) ([[Beijing]]: Zhongguo kexue jishu chubanshe), Vol. 2, 977. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref><ref>Guo Tiexuan (郭鐵宣) (1993). "Huanqian (圜錢)", in Shi Quanchang (石泉長), ed. Zhonghua baike yaolan 中華百科要覽 ([[Shenyang]]: Liaoning renmin chubanshe), 137. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref><ref>Li Zhaochao (李召朝) (1997). "Huanqian (圜錢)", in Men Kui (門巋), Zhang Yanjin (張燕瑾), ed. Zhonghua guocui da cidian (中華國粹大辭典) ([[Hong Kong|Xianggang]]: Guoji wenhua chuban gongsi), 103. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref><ref>Zhou Fazeng (周發增), Chen Longtao (陳隆濤), Qi Jixiang (齊吉祥), ed. (1988). Zhongguo gudai zhengzhi zhidu shi cidian (中國古代政治制度史辭典) ([[Beijing]]: Shoudu shifan daxue chubanshe), 345. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu pinyin]] !! Meaning !! Alternative reading(s) !! Image |- | Gong || 共 || gòng || A city in the [[state of Liang]] || None || [[File:Circular Coin with Character "Gong".jpg|75px]] |- | Gong Tun Chi Jin || 共屯赤金 || gòng tún chì jīn || "Gong Pure Red Metal" || 共純赤金 (Gong Chun Chi Jin) || [[File:Gong Tun Chi Jin.jpg|75px]] |- | Gong Ban Jin || 共半釿 || gòng bàn jīn || "Gong, half jin" || None || |- | Yuan{{efn|A version of this coin exists with the inscription reversed.}} || 垣 || yuán || A city in the state of Liang || None || [[File:Circular Coin with Character "Yuan".jpg|75px]] |- | Gu || 古 || gǔ || "Old" || None || |- | An Zang || 安臧 || ān zāng || A city in the [[state of Zhou]] || None || |- | Qi Yuan Yi Jin || 漆垣一釿 || qī yuán yì jīn || "Qiyuan, one Jin", State of Liang || 長垣 (Chang Yuan) || |- | Xiang Yin{{efn|A version of this coin exists with the inscription reversed.}} || 襄陰 || xiāng yīn || A city in the state of Liang || 濟陰 (Ji Yin) 畢陰 (Bi Yin) || |- | Shu Huan Yi Jin || 黍圜一釿 || shǔ huán yì jīn || "Shuhuan, one jin" || 黍睘一釿 (Shu Yuan Yi Yin) || |- | Li Shi || 離石 || lí shí || A city in the [[state of Zhao]] || None || |- | Feng Ping || 封坪 || fēng píng || Unknown || 陰坪 (Yin Ping) 武坪 (Wu Ping) || |- | Hou Jin || 侯釿 || hóu jīn || "Hou, (one) Jin" || None || |- | Hun || 焛 || hǔn || Unknown || None || |- | Lin || 藺 || lìn || A city in the state of Zhao || 閵 (Lin) || |- | Wu'an || 武安 || wǔ ān || "Martial peace" || None || |- | Pishi || 皮氏 || pí shì || || None || |- | Pingbei || 平備 || píng bèi || "Perfect peace" || None || |- | Xi Zhou || 西周 || xī zhōu || State of [[Western Zhou]] || None || |- | Dong Zhou || 東周 || dōng zhōu || State of [[Eastern Zhou]] || None || |- | Ban Yuan || 半睘 || bàn qióng || "Half Coin"{{efn|"Yuan Fa" (圜法) was a contemporary term for early round coinage.}} || None || |} === State of Yan === List of early round coins produced by the [[State of Yan]] between 300 BC and 220 BC: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu pinyin]] !! Image |- | Yi Hua{{efn|As this was the first coin with a square hole this could be considered to be the first "true" Chinese cash coin. This inscription was formerly read as "Yi Dao" (一刀, "one [[Knife money|knife]]"). A version exists where the inscription is reversed, and one where the character "吉" (''jí'', "auspicious") is on its reverse side.}} || 一化 || yī huà || [[File:S464 Yan YiHua (6986331180).jpg|75px]] |- | Ming Hua || 明化 || míng huà || |- | Ming Si || 明四 || míng sì || |} === State of Qi === List of early round coins produced by the [[State of Qi]] between 300 BC and 220 BC: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu pinyin]] !! Alternative reading(s) !! Image |- | Yi Hua || 益化 || yì huà || 賹化 (Ai Hua) || |- | Yi Si Hua || 益四化 || yì sì huà || 賹四化 (Ai Si Hua) || |- | Yi Liu Hua{{efn|The "Liu" (六) was formerly read as "Bao" (寶, "treasure").}} || 益六化 || yì liù huà || 賹六化 (Ai Liu Hua) || [[File:Yiliuhuo Coins.jpg|75px]] |} === State of Qin === List of early round coins produced by the [[State of Qin]] between 250 BC and 220 BC: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu pinyin]] !! Meaning !! Image |- | Zhong Yi Liang Shi Er Yi Zhu || 重一兩十二一珠 || zhòng yī liǎng shí èr yī zhū || "Weight of 1 Liang and 12 times 1 Zhu" || |- | Zhong Yi Liang Shi Si Yi Zhu || 重一兩十四一珠 || zhòng yī liǎng shí sì yī zhū || "Weight of 1 Liang and 14 times 1 Zhu" || |- | Chang'an || 長安 || cháng'ān || Said to have been cast by [[Zhao Chengjiao]], [[Lord]] of [[Chang'an]]. || [[File:Changan Coin.jpg|75px]] |- | Wenxin || 文信 || wén xìn || Said to have been cast by [[Lü Buwei]], the [[Chinese nobility#Peer ranks of the Zhou dynasty|Marquis]] of Wenxin. || [[File:Wenxin Coin.jpg|75px]] |- | Liang Zi || 兩甾{{efn|Could alternatively be read as "兩錙".}} || liǎng zī || "Two Zi" (12 Zhu) || |- | [[Ban Liang]] || 半兩 || bàn liǎng || "Half [[tael]]" || [[File:S561 banliang Qin 1 (8213170667).jpg|75px]] |} == Qin dynasty == {{Main|Ban Liang}} During the [[Qin dynasty]] production of the Ban Liang cash coins continued and its weight was standardised.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china2.htm|title= Chinese Cast Coins - ANCIENT CHINESE COINAGE - 255 BC TO AD 221.|date=2018|accessdate=22 August 2018|work= By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins).|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu pinyin]] !! Literal translation !! Years of production !! [[Qin dynasty#Sovereigns of Qin dynasty|Emperors]] !! Image |- | [[Ban Liang]] || 半兩 || bàn liǎng || "Half [[tael]]" || 221 BC–206 BC || [[Qin Shi Huang]] [[Qin Er Shi]] || [[File:S443 banliang (6996317362).jpg|75px]] |} == Western Han dynasty == {{Main|Ancient Chinese coinage#Western Han and the Wu Zhu coins}} Under the [[Western Han dynasty]] the [[Ban Liang]] cash coins of the earlier Qin dynasty were retained until a series of monetary reforms replaced them first with the San Zhu and then the [[Wu Zhu#Western Han dynasty|Wu Zhu]], the latter would be continued to be manufactured for around 700 years. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu pinyin]] !! Literal translation !! Years of production !! Image |- | [[Ban Liang]] || 半兩 || bàn liǎng || "Half [[tael]]" || 206 BC–119 BC || [[File:S-88 or 82, W Han banliang, Empress Gao, 187-180, 34mm.jpg|75px]] |- | San Zhu || 三銖 || sān zhū || "Three Zhu" || 119 BC–118 BC{{efn|Some historical records state that San Zhu cash coins were produced between 140 BC until 136 BC.}} || [[File:San Zhu - Scott Semans 02.jpg|75px]] |- | [[Wu Zhu#Western Han dynasty|Wu Zhu]] || 五銖 || wǔ zhū || "Five Zhu" || 118 BC–9 AD || [[File:Shang Lin San Guan Wu Zhu.jpg|75px]] |} == Xin dynasty == {{Main|Ancient Chinese coinage#Wang Mang}} After [[Wang Mang]] usurped the throne he instituted various monetary reforms, in AD 9 he retained the [[Wu Zhu#Xin dynasty|Wu Zhu]] cash coins but introduced two new types of [[Knife money]], between AD 9 and 10 he introduced an impossibly complex system involving [[tortoiseshell material|tortoise shell]], [[cowrie]]s, gold, silver, six round copper coins, and a reintroduction of the [[spade money]] in ten denominations. In AD 14, all these tokens were abolished, and replaced by another type of spade coin and new round coins.<ref>The Numismatic Legacy of Wang Mang, AD 9 - 23 (Ancient Cast Chinese Coins Series - Lidai Guqian) by Heinz Gratzer and A.M. Fishman. Published: 20 March 2017. {{ISBN|1540437299}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://kongming.net/novel/coins/xin_normal/|title= Ancient Chinese Coins: Xin Dynasty Normal Coins.|date=2006|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= Content and photographs by Adrian Loder, archives hosted by James Peirce (Kongming's Archives).|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://kongming.net/novel/coins/xin_shuiyingu/|title= Ancient Chinese Coins: Xin Dynasty Shuiyin Gu.|date=2006|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= Content and photographs by Adrian Loder, archives hosted by James Peirce (Kongming's Archives).|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} List of cash coins issued by the [[Xin dynasty]]: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu pinyin]] !! Literal translation !! Years of production !! [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] !! Image |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''The Six Round Coins (series 9–14)''' |- | Xiao Quan Zhi Yi || 小泉直一 || xiǎoquán zhí yī || "Small Coin, Value One" || 9–14 || [[Wang Mang]] || [[File:Xiao Quan Zhi Yi - Scott Semans (Cropped).png|75px]] |- | Yao Quan Yi Shi || 么泉一十 || yǎo quán yīshí || "Baby Coin, Ten" || 9–14 || Wang Mang || |- | You Quan Er Shi || 幼泉二十 || yòu quán èrshí || "Juvenile Coin, Twenty" || 9–14 || Wang Mang || |- | Zhong Quan San Shi || 中泉三十 || zhōng quán sānshí || "Middle Coin, Thirty" || 9–14 || Wang Mang || |- | Zhuang Quan Si Shi || 壯泉四十 || zhuàng quán sìshí || "Adult Coin, Forty" || 9–14 || Wang Mang || |- | Da Quan Wu Shi || 大泉五十 || dàquán wǔshí || "Large coin with a nominal value of fifty (Wu Zhu cash coins)" || 9–14 || Wang Mang || [[File:Da Quan Wu Shi, flat top Da.jpg|75px]] |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''Later issues''' |- | Huo Quan || 貨泉 || huòquán || "Wealth/Money Coin" || 14–23 || Wang Mang || [[File:S-150 Xin Wang Mang, 9-23, 20mm.jpg|75px]] |- | Bu Quan || 布泉 || bù quán || "Spade Coin" || 14–23 || Wang Mang || [[File:Bu Quan - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |} == Eastern Han dynasty == {{Main|Wu Zhu#Eastern Han dynasty}} The [[Eastern Han dynasty]] only cast Wu Zhu (五銖) cash coins.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pcgs.com/News/Wu-Zhu-One-Of-The-Longest-Lived-Coin-Types|title= Wu Zhu – One of the longest lived coin types.|date=17 July 2000|accessdate=2 September 2018|work= by Bob Reis ([[Professional Coin Grading Service]] - [[Collectors Universe]]).|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Image |- | [[Wu Zhu#Eastern Han dynasty|Wu Zhu]] || 五銖 || wǔ zhū || [[File:Wu Zhu (East Han Dynasty) - Scott Semans 04.jpg|75px]] |} == Kingdom of Khotan == List of cash coins produced by the [[Kingdom of Khotan]]:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.charm.ru/coins/misc/hotanleadcoin.shtml|title= Khotan lead coin.|date=3 December 1999|accessdate=2 September 2018|work= Vladimir Belyaev (Chinese Coinage Web Site).|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Khotan_Vol._1_by_Stein,_M._Aurel_(1907).pdf|title= Ancient Khotan.|date=1907|accessdate=2 September 2018|work= by [[Stein Márk Aurél]] (hosted on [[Wikimedia Commons]]).|language=en}}</ref><ref>[[Joe Cribb|Cribb, Joe]], [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42667383 "The Sino-Kharosthi Coins of Khotan: Their Attribution and Relevance to Kushan Chronology: Part 1"], ''Numismatic Chronicle'' Vol. 144 (1984), pp. 128–152; and Cribb, Joe, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42667535 "The Sino-Kharosthi Coins of Khotan: Their Attribution and Relevance to Kushan Chronology: Part 2"], ''Numismatic Chronicle'' Vol. 145 (1985), pp. 136–149.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Approximate years of production !! [[Kingdom of Khotan#Rulers|King]] !! Illustration (from [[Aurel Stein|A. Stein]]) !! Image |- | Yu Fang || 于方 || yú fāng || 129–130 || [[Fang Qian]] || [[File:Ancient-Khotan-XXXIX-5 (Sir Mar Aurel Stein).jpg|75px]] || |} == The Three Kingdoms == {{Main|Ancient Chinese coinage#The Three Kingdoms}} List of Chinese cash coins issued during [[Three Kingdoms]] period:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|95–97}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu pinyin]] !! Literal translation !! Approximate years of production !! King !! Image |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Cao Wei|Cao Wei (222–265)]]''' |- | [[Wu Zhu#The Three Kingdoms|Wu Zhu]] || 五銖 || wǔ zhū || "Five Zhu" || 227–265 || [[Cao Wei#List of sovereigns|All]] (except for [[Cao Pi]]) || |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Shu Han|Shu Han (221–265)]]''' |- | Zhi Bai Wu Zhu || 直百五銖 || zhí bǎi wǔ zhū || "Value One Hundred Wu Zhu" || 214 || [[Liu Bei]] || [[File:Zhi Bai Wu Zhu (Rosette) - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |- | Zhi Bai || 直百 || zhí bǎi || "Value One Hundred" || 214 || Liu Bei || [[File:Zhi Bai (Kingdom of Shu) - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |- | Tai Ping Bai Qian || 太平百錢 || tàipíng bǎi qián || "Taiping One Hundred Cash" || Unknown || Liu Bei || [[File:Tai Ping Bai Qian (Rosette) - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |- | Zhi Yi || 直一 || zhí yī || "Value One" || Unknown || Liu Bei || |- | Ding Ping Yi Bai || 定平一百 || dìngpíng yībǎi || "Ding Ping One Hundred" || Unknown || Liu Bei || [[File:S542 (7901036552).jpg|75px]] |- | [[Wu Zhu#The Three Kingdoms|Wu Zhu]] || 五銖 || wǔ zhū || "Five Zhu" || Unknown || Liu Bei || [[File:Wu Zhu (East Han Dynasty) - Scott Semans 01.jpg|75px]] |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Eastern Wu|Eastern Wu (222–280)]]''' |- | Da Quan Wu Bai || 大泉五百 || dàquán wǔbǎi || "Large Coin Five Hundred" || 236 || [[Sun Quan]] || [[File:S534 (7881112924).jpg|75px]] |- | Da Quan Dang Qian || 大泉當千 || dàquán dāng qiān || "Large Coin Worth a Thousand" || 238 || Sun Quan || [[File:Daquan dangqian bronze coins, Three Kingdoms period, from the construction site of Guangbai Xinyi, Xihu Lu, Guangzhou - Hong Kong Museum of History - DSC00851.JPG|75px]] |- | Da Quan Er Qian || 大泉二千 || dàquán èrqiān || "Large Coin, Two Thousand" || Unknown || Sun Quan || |- | Da Quan Wu Qian || 大泉五千 || dàquán wǔqiān || "Large Coin, Five Thousand" || Unknown || Sun Quan || |} == Kingdom of Kucha == {{Main|Kucha coinage}} List of cash coins produced by the Kingdom of [[Kucha]]:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.charm.ru/coins/misc/xinjiang-qiuqi.shtml|title= Xinjiang, Qiuzi Kingdom - Bilingual Cash Coins.|date=11 February 2002|accessdate=25 August 2018|work= By Vladimir Belyaev (Chinese Coinage Website - Charm.ru).|language=en}}</ref><ref>Jen, David Chinese Cash: Identification and Price Guide, 340 p, 2000.</ref><ref name="primaltrek"/>{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=94}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription (Obverse) !! Inscription (Reverse) !! Approximate years of production !! Differentiating features !! Image |- | Blank || Blank || 265–589 || These have a rim around the square centre hole on one side while the other side is rimless, they tend to thin on the outside while they’re thick on the inside. || |- | Blank || Blank || 265–589 || Similar to the first type but these cash coins have no inner rim. || |- | Blank || Blank || 265–589 || These cash coins are completely without rim but are square in shape and have a square centre hole, they tend to be very thin. || |- | Blank || Blank || 265–589 || These cash coins are irregularly shaped, diminutive in size, thin, and are cast of poor workmanship. Some are merely five millimeters in diameter and weigh as little as 0.2 grams. || |- | 五銖 ([[Wu Zhu#Kingdom of Kucha|Wu Zhu]]) || An [[Undeciphered writing systems|undeciphered]] [[Kucha#Tocharian languages|Kuśiññe language]] inscription. || Unknown || These are the only known cash coins produced by Kucha with an inscription. || [[File:A114 Koutcha TIV 1ar (8627360241).jpg|75px]] |} == Jin Dynasty and the 16 Kingdoms == {{Main|Ancient Chinese coinage#The Jin Dynasty and the 16 Kingdoms}} List of Chinese cash coins produced during the [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin dynasty]] and [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] period:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=98}}<ref name="primaltrek"/> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu pinyin]] !! Literal translation !! Approximate years of production !! Monarch !! Image |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Jin dynasty (265–420)]]''' |- | [[Wu Zhu#Jin dynasty and the 16 Kingdoms|Wu Zhu]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://kongming.net/novel/coins/later_wuzhu/|title= Ancient Chinese Coins: Later Wu Zhu.|date=2006|accessdate=1 September 2018|work= Content and photographs by Adrian Loder, archives hosted by James Peirce (Kongming's Archives).|language=en}}</ref> || 五銖 || wǔ zhū || "Five Zhu" || Unknown || Unknown || |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Former Liang|Former Liang Kingdom (301–376)]]''' |- | Liang Zao Xin Quan || 涼造新泉 || liáng zào xīnquán || "Liang Made New Coin" || 317–376 || King [[Zhang Gui]] || |- | | [[Wu Zhu#Former Liang Kingdom|Wu Zhu]] || 五銖 || wǔ zhū || "Five Zhu" || Unknown || King Zhang Gui{{efn|This is presumed based on archeological evidence.}} || |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Later Zhao|Later Zhao Kingdom (319–352)]]''' |- | Feng Huo || 豐貨 || fēng huò || "The Coin of Abundance" || 319 || [[Shi Le]] || |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Cheng Han|Cheng Han Kingdom (303–347)]]''' |- | Han Xing || 漢興 || hàn xìng || "the period title of [Han Xing]"{{efn|This is the first recorded use of a period title on a Chinese cash coin.}} || 337–343 || [[Li Shou]] || [[File:S532 (7881115854).jpg|75px]] |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Xia Kingdom (407–431)]]''' |- | Tai Xia Zhen Xing || 太夏眞興 || tài xià zhēnxìng || "Great Xia, Zhenxing [period]" || 419–424 || [[Helian Bobo]] || |} == The North and South dynasties == {{Main|Ancient Chinese coinage#The North and South Dynasties (420–581)}} List of cash coins produced by the [[Northern and Southern dynasties]]:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=99–101}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china3.htm|title= Chinese Cast Coins - A TIME OF DISUNITY.|date=2018|accessdate=22 August 2018|work= By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins).|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Literal translation !! Years of production !! Emperor ([[List of Emperors of China's Southern Dynasties|South]] / [[List of Emperors of China's Northern Dynasties|North]]) !! Image |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Northern and Southern dynasties#Southern dynasties|Southern dynasties]]''' |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Liu Song dynasty|Song dynasty (420–479)]]''' |- | Si Zhu || 四銖 || sì zhū || "Four Zhu" || 430 || [[Emperor Wen of Liu Song|Emperor Wen]] || |- | Xiao Jian (obverse) Si Zhu || 孝建 (obverse) 四銖 (reverse) || xiào jiàn (obverse) sì zhū (reverse) || "Xiaojian period" (obverse) "Four Zhu" (reverse) || 454–467 || [[Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song|Emperor Xiaowu]] || |- | Jing He || 景和 || jǐng hé || "[Jing He period title]" || 465 || [[Liu Ziye|Emperor Fei]] || |- | Yong Guang || 永光 || yǒng guāng || "[Yong Guang period title]" || 465 || Emperor Fei || |- | Liang Zhu || 兩銖 || liǎng zhū || "Two Zhu" "A pair of Zhu's" || 465 || Emperor Fei || |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Liang dynasty|Liang dynasty (502–556)]]''' |- | [[Wu Zhu#Liang dynasty|Wu Zhu]] || 五銖 || wǔ zhū || "Five Zhu" || 502–556 || [[Liang dynasty#Emperors|All]] || [[File:S470 Liang (7165781598).jpg|75px]] |- | Taiqing Fengle || 太清豐樂 || tài qīng fēng lè || "Tai Qing, Prosperous and Happy" || 547–549 || [[Emperor Wu of Liang|Emperor Wu]] || |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Chen dynasty|Chen dynasty (557–589)]]''' |- | [[Wu Zhu#Chen dynasty|Wu Zhu]] || 五銖 || wǔ zhū || "Five Zhu" || 560–566 || [[Emperor Wen of Chen|Emperor Wen]] || [[File:S529 Chen Wendi (7180620619).jpg|75px]] |- | Taihuo Liuzhu || 太貨六銖 || tài huò liù zhū || "The Large Coin Six Zhu" || 579 || [[Emperor Xuan of Chen|Emperor Xuan]] || |- | Liu Zhu<ref name="primaltrek"/>{{efn|Only one specimen of this cash coin is known to exist.}} || 六銖 || liù zhū || "Six Zhu" || 579 || Emperor Xuan || |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Northern and Southern dynasties#Northern dynasties|Northern dynasties]]''' |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Northern Wei|Northern Wei dynasty (386–534)]]''' |- | Taihe Wuzhu || 太和五銖 || tài hé wǔ zhū || "Taihe [period] Wu Zhu" || 495 || [[Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei|Emperor Xiaowen]] || |- | [[Wu Zhu#Northern Wei dynasty|Wu Zhu]]<ref name="primaltrek"/> || 五銖 || wǔ zhū || "Five Zhu" || 510 || [[Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei|Emperor Xuanwu]] || |- | Yongan Wuzhu || 永安五銖 || yǒng'ān wǔ zhū || "Yong An [period] Wu Zhu" || 529–543 || [[Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei|Emperor Xiaozhuang]] || [[File:S277 Wei Nord Yonganwuzhu (7157283864).jpg|75px]] |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Western Wei|Western Wei dynasty (535–557)]]''' |- | [[Wu Zhu#Western Wei dynasty|Wu Zhu]] || 五銖 || wǔ zhū || "Five Zhu" || 546 || [[Emperor Wen of Western Wei|Emperor Wen]] || [[File:S444 WeiOuest 546 (7165775416).jpg|75px]] |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Northern Qi|Northern Qi dynasty (550–77)]]''' |- | Chang Ping Wu Zhu || 常平五銖 || chángpíng wǔ zhū || "The Constant and Regular Wu Zhu" || 553 || [[Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi|Emperor Wenxuan]] || [[File:S95 Qi-Nord (7157280020).jpg|75px]] |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Northern Zhou|Northern Zhou dynasty (557–581)]]''' |- | Bu Quan || 布泉 || bù quán || "Spade Coin" || 561 || [[Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou|Emperor Wu]] || [[File:S526 ZhouNord Wudi buquan (7274255398).jpg|75px]] |- | Wuxing Dabu || 五行大布 || wǔháng dà bù || "The Large Coin of the Five Elements [metal, wood, water, fire, and earth]" || 574 || Emperor Wu || [[File:S527 ZhouNord Wudi Wuwingdabu (7274251850).jpg|75px]] |- | Yongtong Wanguo || 永通萬國 || yǒng tōng wànguó || "Everlasting Circulation in Ten Thousand Kingdoms" || 579 || [[Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou|Emperor Xuan]] || |} === 3 and 4 Zhu cash coins attributed to this period === 3 and 4 Zhu cash coins are a small group of square and round coins which do not always have a hole in the middle. They are usually attributed to the time of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. This was an unsettled period which produced some very poor coinage. The obverse inscriptions give a weight of 3 or 4 zhu. The reverse inscriptions appear to be place names.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=102}} Square shape: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Obverse inscription !! Reverse inscription !! Image |- | 三朱 (San Zhu) || Blank || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || Blank || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || 四朱 (Si Zhu) || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || Unknown, [[Peng Xinwei]] proposes that this inscription reads "Yan Xiang". || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || 吕 (Lü) || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || 東阿 (Dong A) || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || 姑幕 (Gu Mu) || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || 定襄 (Ding Xiang) || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || 高柳 (Gao Liu) || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || 陽丘 (Yang Qiu) || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || 菑 (Zi) || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || 騶 (Zou) || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || 濮陽 (Pu Yang) || |- | 淳于四朱 (Chun Yu Si Zhu) || Blank || |- | 臨菑四朱 (Lin Zi Si Zhu) || Blank || |} Round coins with a round hole: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Obverse inscription !! Reverse inscription !! Image |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || Blank || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || 四朱 (Si Zhu) || |- | 四朱 (Si Zhu) || 安平 (An Ping) || |- | 下菜四朱 (Xia Cai Si Zhu) || Blank || |- | 宜陽四朱 (Yi Yang Si Zhu) || Blank || |- | 臨朐四朱 (Lin Qu Si Zhu) || Blank || |} == Sui dynasty == The [[Sui dynasty]] only cast Wu Zhu (五銖) cash coins.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=101}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china4.htm|title= Chinese Cast Coins - MEDIEVAL CHINESE COINS - THE SUI, T'ANG AND POST TANG DYNASTIES.|date=2018|accessdate=22 August 2018|work= By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins).|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Image |- | [[Wu Zhu#Sui dynasty|Wu Zhu]] || 五銖 || wǔ zhū || [[File:S483 Sui (7165772954).jpg|75px]] |} == Tang dynasty == {{Main|Ancient Chinese coinage#The Tang Dynasty}} List of cash coins issued by the [[Tang dynasty]]:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=103–110}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Years of production !! [[List of emperors of the Tang dynasty|Emperor]] !! Image |- | [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] || 開元通寶 || kāiyuán tōng bǎo || 621–846 || Various || [[File:S406 Kaiyuan TIIIA3 croissant (7243228908).jpg|75px]] |- | Qianfeng Quanbao || 乾封泉寶 || qián fēng quán bǎo || 666 || [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang|Gaozong]] || |- | Qianyuan Zhongbao || 乾元重寶 || qián yuán zhòng bǎo || 758–762 || [[Emperor Suzong of Tang|Suzong]] || [[File:50cash SuZong Tang H14105 S570 1ar85 (8667716203).jpg|75px]] |} === Local issues === List of local issue cash coins of the Tang dynasty:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|P=111}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Approximate years of production !! Place of mintage !! [[List of emperors of the Tang dynasty|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Dali Yuanbao || 大曆元寶 || dà lì yuánbǎo || 766–779 || [[Kucha County|Kucha area]], [[Protectorate General to Pacify the West]] || [[Emperor Daizong of Tang|Daizong]] || [[File:S531 Tang DaLi Anxi (7180622611).jpg|75px]] |- | Da || 大 || dà || 766–779 || Kucha area, Protectorate General to Pacify the West || Daizong || |- | Yuan || 元 || yuán || 766–779 || Kucha area, Protectorate General to Pacify the West || Daizong || |- | Jianzhong Tongbao || 建中通寶 || jiàn zhōng tōng bǎo || 780–783 || Kucha area, Protectorate General to Pacify the West || [[Emperor Dezong of Tang|Dezong]] || |- | Zhong || 中 || zhōng || 780–783 || Kucha area, Protectorate General to Pacify the West || Dezong || |- | Xiantong Xuanbao || 咸通玄寶 || xián tōng xuán bǎo || 860–874 || [[Guiyang]] Inspectorate || [[Emperor Yizong of Tang|Yizong]] || |- | Gaochang Jili || 高昌吉利 || Gāochāng jí lì || 860–874 || [[Gaochang]] || Yizong || |} == Yan dynasty == List of cash coins issued by the [[Yan (An–Shi)|Great Yan dynasty]] during the [[An Lushan Rebellion]]:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=111}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Years of production !! [[Yan (An–Shi)#Rulers of Yan|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Deyi Yuanbao || 得壹元寶 || de yī yuánbǎo || 758 || [[Shi Siming]] || |- | Shuntian Yuanbao || 順天元寶 || shùn tiān yuánbǎo || 759–761 || Shi Siming || |} == Uyghur Khaganate == The [[Uyghur Khaganate]] manufactured a cash coin with an [[Old Uyghur alphabet|Old Uyghur]] inscription under the reign of Boquq Khagan.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://charm.ru/coins/misc/boquq.shtml|title= A Cash-like Coin of Uyghur Qaghan Boquq.|date=5 September 2000|accessdate=1 September 2018|work= Vladimir Belyaev, François Thierry de Crussol, and Dr. V.N. Nastich (Chinese Coinage Web Site).|language=en}}</ref><ref>iCollector.com – [http://www.icollector.com/UYGHUR-KHAGANATE-Boquq-khaqan-795-808-AE-cash-2-53g_i20303985 UYGHUR KHAGANATE: Boquq khaqan, 795-808, AE cash (2.53g), written in Uyghur script, words reading from right to left: KWYL PYLK' - TNKRY -PWXWX `WYXWR - X'X'N (Kol bilga Tangri Boquq Uigur qagan) / `YL TWTMYS - YRLXYNK', nice patination, VF, RRR, ex Nicholas Rhodes Collection]. Retrieved: 01 September 2018.</ref><ref>Les Monnies de Boquq Qaghan des Ouighours (795-808) by François Thierry de Crussol. (in [[French language|French]])</ref> A later cash coin is known to have been cast by the [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] but it is not known when it was manufactured.<ref>Dong Qingxuan, Jiang Qixiang Xinjiang Numismatics, Hong Kong, 1991, p.25. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.charm.ru/coins/misc/xizhou-huihu.shtml|title= Xinjiang - Western Uyghur Kaganat - "Xizhou Huihu" Cash Coin.|date=5 September 2000|accessdate=9 February 2002|work= Vladimir Belyaev and François Thierry de Crussol (Chinese Coinage Web Site).|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription (obverse) !! Inscription (reverse) !! Approximate years of production !! [[Uyghur Khaganate#List of Uyghur Khagans|Khagan]] !! Image |- | Köl bilgä Tängri Boquq Uiğur qağan || Il tutmiš yarliğinga || 795–808 || [[Boquq Khagan]] || |- | Iduq yarliq yurisun || || Unknown || Unknown || |} == The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms == {{Main|Ancient Chinese coinage#The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms}} === Later Liang dynasty === List of cash coins produced by the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]] dynasty (907–923):{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=113.}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Years of production !! [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Kaiping Tongbao || 開平通寶 || kāipíng tōng bǎo || 907 || [[Zhu Wen]] || |} === Later Tang dynasty === List of cash coins produced by the [[Later Tang]] dynasty (923–936):{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=113.}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Years of production !! [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Tiancheng Yuanbao || 天成元寶 || tiānchéng yuánbǎo || 926–929 || [[Li Siyuan|Ming]] || [[File:天成元寶 (Tian Cheng Yuan Bao) - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.png|75px]] |} === Later Jin dynasty (936–947) === List of cash coins produced by the [[Later Jin (Five Dynasties)|Later Jin]] dynasty (936–947):{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=113.}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Years of production !! [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Tianfu Yuanbao || 天福元寶 || tiānfú yuánbǎo || 938 || Gao Zong || [[File:Tianfu Yuanbao. Coin of the Tianfu era.jpg|75px]] |} === Later Han dynasty === List of cash coins produced by the [[Later Han (Five Dynasties)|Later Han]] dynasty (948–951):{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=113.}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Years of production !! [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Hanyuan Tongbao || 漢元通寶 || hàn yuán tōng bǎo || 948 || [[Liu Zhiyuan|Gao Zu]] || |} === Later Zhou dynasty === List of cash coins produced by the [[Later Zhou]] dynasty (951–960):{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=113–114.}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Years of production !! [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Zhouyuan Tongbao || 周元通寶 || zhōuyuán tōng bǎo || 955–960 || [[Chai Rong|Shi Zong]] || [[File:Zhou Yuan Tong Bao - Scott Semans 01.jpg|75px]] |} === Former Shu === List of cash coins attributed to the [[Former Shu]] Kingdom (907–925):{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=115.}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Years of production !! King !! Image |- | Yongping Yuanbao || 永平元寶 || yǒng píng yuánbǎo ||911–915 || [[Wang Jian (Former Shu)|Wang Jian]] || |- | Tongzheng Yuanbao || 通正元寶 || tōng zhèng yuánbǎo || 916 || Wang Jian || |- | Tianhan Yuanbao || 天漢元寶 || tiānhàn yuánbǎo || 917 || Wang Jian || |- | Guangtian Yuanbao || 光天元寶 || guāng tiān yuánbǎo || 918 || Wang Jian || [[File:Guang Tian Yuan Bao.jpg|75px]] |- | Qiande Yuanbao || 乾德元寶 || qián dé yuánbǎo || 919–924 || [[Wang Zongyan]] || [[File:S563 Shuanterieur WangYan 1 (8213184679).jpg|75px]] |- | Xiankang Yuanbao || 咸康元寶 || xián kāng yuánbǎo || 925 || Wang Zongyan || [[File:Xian Kang Yuan Bao - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |} === Kingdom of Min === List of cash coins attributed to the [[Kingdom of Min]] (909–945):{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=116-117.}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Differentiating features and notes !! Years of production !! Monarch !! Image |- | Kaiyuan Tongbao || 開元通寶 || kāiyuán tōng bǎo || A small lead Kai Yuan coin was minted in Ninghua County of Dingzhou Prefecture in [[Fujian]] Province, where deposits of lead had been discovered. The lead coins circulated together with copper coins. || 916 || [[Wang Shenzhi]] || |- | Kaiyuan Tongbao || 開元通寶 || kāiyuán tōng bǎo || These cash coins have a large dot above on the reverse side. They are made of iron and the same coin cast in bronze is extremely rare. || 922 || Wang Shenzhi || |- | Kaiyuan Tongbao || 開元通寶 || kāiyuán tōng bǎo || These cash coins have the character Min (Chinese: 閩; pinyin: ''mǐn'') on the reverse. They are from the Fujian region and made of lead. || || Wang Shenzhi || |- | Kaiyuan Tongbao || 開元通寶 || kāiyuán tōng bǎo || These cash coins have the character Fu (Chinese: 福; pinyin: ''fú'') on the reverse in reference to [[Fuzhou]]. They are made of lead. || || Wang Shenzhi || |- | Yonglong Tongbao || 永隆通寶 || yǒnglóng tōng bǎo || These iron cash coins have the character Min (Chinese: 閩; pinyin: ''mǐn'') on the reverse and comes from the Fujian region. There is a crescent below. One of these large Yonglong Tongbao coins was worth 10 small coins and 100 lead coins. A string of 500 of these poorly made Min iron coins were popularly called a kao ("a manacle"). || 942 || [[Wang Yanxi]] || |- | Tiande Tongbao || 天德通寶 || tiān dé tōng bǎo || These cash coins are made of iron. || 944 || [[Wang Yanzheng]] || |} === Kingdom of Chu === List of cash coins attributed to the [[Ma Chu|Kingdom of Chu]] (907–951):{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=117.}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Differentiating features and notes !! Years of production !! Monarch !! Image |- | Tiance Fubao || 天策府寶 || tiān cè fǔ bǎo || These cash coins are made of iron. || 911 || Supreme Commander [[Ma Yin]] || [[File:天策府宝.jpg|75px]] |- | Qianfeng Quanbao || 乾封泉寶 || qiān fēng quán bǎo || These cash coins are made of iron. According to the histories, because there was much lead and iron in Hunan, Ma Yin took the advice of his minister Gao Yu to cast lead and iron coins at [[Changsha]] in 925. Extremely rare bronze specimens are also known. || 925 || King Wumu of Chu || [[File:S588 Chu MaYin H1562 1ar854000 (9111151934).jpg|75px]] |- | Qianyuan Zhongbao || 乾元重寶 || qiān yuán zhòng bǎo || These cash coins bear an inscription that is also found on Tang coins. This small lead coin is thought to have been issued by the Chu kingdom. Similar bronze coins are sometimes attributed to Ma Yin, but could be funerary items. || Unknown || Ma Yin || |} === Later Shu === Cash coins produced by the [[Later Shu]] (926–965) include:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=118.}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Differentiating features !! Years of production !! Monarch !! Image |- | Dashu Tongbao || 大蜀通寶 || dà shǔ tōng bǎo || are attributed to Meng Zhixiang when he became Emperor Gao Zu of Shu in [[Chengdu]] in 934. He died three months later. Despite its rarity, some say this coin continued to be cast by his son, Meng Chang, until 937. || 934(–937) || [[Meng Zhixiang|Gao Zu]] || |- | Guangzheng Tongbao || 廣政通寶 || guǎng zhèng tōng bǎo || These cash coins are either made of bronze or iron. The bronze coins were cast by Meng Chang from the beginning of this period, 938. In 956, iron coins began to be cast to cover additional military expenses. || 938–963 || [[Meng Chang]] || |} === Southern Tang Kingdom === Cash coins manufactured by the [[Southern Tang]] Kingdom (937–975) include:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=119–120.}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Differentiating features !! Years of production !! Monarch !! Image |- | Daqi Tongbao || 大齊通寶 || dà qí tōng bǎo || These cash coins were said to have been cast by the Prince of Qi or by the founder of the Southern Tang with the original name of the Tang kingdom. Only two specimens were known, and these have now disappeared. || 937 || Unknown || |- | Baoda Yuanbao || 保大元寶 || bǎo dà yuán bǎo || This cash coin has on its reverse the character Tian (天) above. They are made of iron and date between. There is also an extremely rare bronze example of this coin. || 943–957 || [[Li Jing (Southern Tang)|Yuan Zong]] || |- | Yongtong Quanhuo || 永通泉貨 || yǒng tōng quán huò || || 959–964 || Yuan Zong || |- | Tangguo Tongbao || 唐國通寶 || tang guó tōng bǎo || The inscriptions of these cash coins could be written in [[Seal script|seal]], li, and [[regular script]]. || 959 || Yuan Zong || [[File:S619 YuanZu H1593 1ar85 (10312127253).jpg|75px]] |- | Datang Tongbao || 大唐通寶 || dà táng tōng bǎo || These coins are all written in li script. || 959 || Yuan Zong || |- | Kaiyuan Tongbao || 開元通寶 || kāiyuán tōng bǎo || These versions of the [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] are written in li script and have broader rims. || 961 || [[Li Yu (Southern Tang)|Li Yu]] || [[File:1cash Kaiyuan LiYU H1599 1ar85 (8721918475).jpg|75px]] |} === Southern Han Kingdom === The cash coins produced by the [[Southern Han]] dynasty were:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=121-123.}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Differentiating features !! Years of production !! Monarch !! Image |- | Kai Ping yuan bao || 開平元寶 || kāipíng yuánbǎo || These cash coins were made from lead. || 907–910 || [[Liu Yin]] || |- | Qianheng Tongbao || 乾亨通寶 || gān hēng tōng bǎo || || 917–942 || [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Lie Zu]] || |- | Qianheng Zhongbao || 乾亨重寶 || gān hēng zhòng bǎo || These cash coins were made from bronze and lead. || 917–942 || Lie Zu || [[File:S523 HanSud LiuYan (7210437712).jpg|75px]] |} === Crude lead coins === Crude lead cash coins attributed to the Southern Han/Chu area (900–971): {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Differentiating features !! Image |- | Kaiyuan Tongbao || 開元通寶 || kāiyuán tōng bǎo || These cash coins are based on Tang Dynasty coins. They have a local style with numerous reverse inscriptions which are apparently series numbers. || |} There is a very great variety of such coins; some have crescents on the reverse. The Kai character sometimes looks like yong (Chinese: 永; pinyin: ''yǒng''). Characters and legends often reversed because the incompetent workmen had not mastered the art of engraving in negative to make the moulds. Some specimens have meaningless characters. Cash coins with hybrid inscriptions from this same area: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Image |- | Wu Wu || 五五 || wǔ wǔ || |- | Wu Wu Wu || 五五五 || wǔ wǔ wǔ || |- | Wu Wu Wu Wu || 五五五五 || wǔ wǔ wǔ wǔ || |- | Wu Zhu || 五朱 || wǔ zhū || |- | Kai Yuan Wu Wu || 開元五五 || kāiyuán wǔ wǔ || |} These cash coins are typical of the hybrid inscriptions formed by combinations of inappropriate characters. They also have series numbers on the reverse. Note that the radical "{{linktext|釒}}" is missing from this Wu Zhu (五朱) coin. One variant of the Wu Wu (五五) coin has the Xin dynasty inscription Huo Quan (貨泉) on its reverse.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=122}} === You Zhou Autonomous Region === The following cash coins were produced in the You Zhou Autonomous region (which enjoyed virtual independence from the rest of the empire) between 900 and 914:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=123–124.}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Differentiating features !! Image |- | Yong An Yi Shi || 永安一十 || yǒng'ān yīshí || || |- | Yong An Yi Bai || 永安一百 || yǒng'ān yībǎi || || [[File:Yong An Yi Bai (You Zhou Autonomous Region) - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |- | Yong An Wu Bai || 永安五百 || yǒng'ān wǔbǎi || || |- | Yong An Yi Qian || 永安一千 || yǒng'ān yīqiān || These cash coins are found in either bronze or iron. || |- | Wu Zhu || 五銖 || wǔ zhū || These Wu Zhu cash coins are made from iron. || |- | Huo Bu (obverse) San Bai (reverse) || 貨布 (Obverse) 三百 (reverse) || huò bù (obverse) sānbǎi (reverse) || || |- | Shuntian Yuanbao || 順天元寶 || shùn tiān yuánbǎo || Are made from iron. These poorly made coins are imitations of coins of previous regimes and are attributed to the You Zhou. || |} == Liao dynasty == {{Main|Liao dynasty coinage}} [[Liao dynasty]] coins (like some contemporary Song dynasty coins) can be read top-right-bottom-left (clockwise), but unlike the Song’s coinage never appeared top-bottom-right-left. Liao dynasty era cash coins have appeared in both [[Traditional Chinese characters|Chinese]] and [[Khitan script]]s, but the latter can more accurately be described as [[Chinese numismatic charm#Liao dynasty charms|a type of Chinese numismatic charms]] as they weren't meant for circulation.<ref>Gao Han-ming "Jianming Guqian Cidian" ("Short Dictionary of Ancient Cash Coins"), in Chinese.</ref><ref>Wan Young-Jun, Li Guohui "New gold coin with Kidan inscription found", [[Inner Mongolia]] Ancient Financial Research Journal, 1992, issue No.1, p.46. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref><ref>Chinese Coinage Website (Charms.ru) [http://www.charm.ru/coins/misc/kidanscriptcash.shtml The Liao Dynasty Cash Coin with Kidan Inscription] by Vladimir A. Belyaev, Published: Last updated: 18 June 2002 Retrieved: 18 June 2017.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | author=Sun Jimin (孫繼民) | title=內蒙古剋什剋騰旗發現契丹大字金銀錢 | journal=Kaogu 考古 | issn=0453-2899 | year=1994 | issue=2 | page=179 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china7.htm#ming_rebels|title= Chinese Cast Coins - MEDIEVAL CHINESE COINS - TARTAR, MONGOL, MING DYNASTIES - (A.D. 960 to 1644).|date=2018|accessdate=22 August 2018|work= By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins).|language=en}}</ref> List of cash coins produced by the [[Khitan people|Khitans]] under the Liao dynasty:<ref>Charms.ru [http://www.charm.ru/library/liao.htm Coins of the Liao Dynasty (Ch'i-tan, Tartar) a.d.907-1125] by Vladimir A. Belyaev ([[Moscow]]), [[Russia]] Retrieved: 24 June 2017.</ref><ref>Pei Yuan-Bo [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-1793-3_7?no-access=true The Liao Dynasty Coins Inscribed ‘Ten Thousand Years’.] Published: 10 December 2016. Retrieved: 19 June 2017.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Years of minting !! [[List of emperors of the Liao dynasty|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Tian Xian Tong Bao || 天顯通寶 || 天显通宝 || 927–937 || [[Emperor Taizong of Liao|Taizong]] || |- | Qian Qiu Wan Sui || 千秋萬歲 || 千秋万岁 || 938 || Taizong || |- | Hui Tong Tong Bao || 會同通寶 || 会同通宝 || 938–947 || Taizong || |- | Tian Lu Tong Bao || 天祿通寶 || 天禄通宝 || 947–951 || [[Emperor Shizong of Liao|Shizong]] || |- | Ying Li Tong Bao || 應曆通寶 || 应历通宝 || 951–969 || [[Emperor Muzong of Liao|Muzong]] || |- | Bao Ning Tong Bao || 保寧通寶 || 保宁通宝 || 969–982 || [[Emperor Jingzong of Liao|Jingzong]] || |- | Tong He Yuan Bao || 統和元寶 || 統和元宝 || 983–1011 || [[Emperor Shengzong of Liao|Shengzong]] || |- | Chong Xi Tong Bao || 重熙通寶 || 重熙通宝 || 1032–1055 || [[Emperor Xingzong of Liao|Xingzong]] || |- | Qing Ning Tong Bao || 清寧通寶 || 清宁通宝 || 1055–1064 || [[Emperor Daozong of Liao|Daozong]] || [[File:Qingning Tongbao.jpg|75px]] |- | Xian Yong Tong Bao || 咸雍通寶 || 咸雍通宝 || 1065–1074 || Daozong || [[File:Xian Yong Tong Bao - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |- | Da Kang Tong Bao || 大康通寶 || 大康通宝 || 1074–1084 || Daozong || [[File:S508 Liao (8000209791).jpg|75px]] |- | Da Kang Yuan Bao || 大康元寶 || 大康元宝 || 1074–1084 || Daozong || |- | Da An Yuan Bao || 大安元寶 || 大安元宝 || 1085–1094 || Daozong || [[File:S507 Liao DaoZong DaAn 1085 1094 (6966386872).jpg|75px]] |- | Shou Chang Yuan Bao || 壽昌元寶 || 寿昌元宝 || 1095–1101 || Daozong || [[File:S539 (7901029368).jpg|75px]] |- | Qian Tong Yuan Bao || 乾統元寶 || 乾统元宝 || 1101–1110 || [[Emperor Tianzuo of Liao|Tianzuo]] || [[File:S583 TianZuo QianTong H1821 1ar85 (8805324799).jpg|75px]] |- | Tian Qing Yuan Bao || 天慶元寶 || 天庆元宝 || 1111–1120 || Tianzuo || |} == Northern Song dynasty == {{See also|Ancient Chinese coinage#The Northern Song Dynasty}} The cash coins of the Song dynasty are unique in the aspect that many cash coins of the same era that use the same inscription and have the same nominale value has multiple Chinese calligraphic fonts. Many Emperors of the Song dynasty personally wrote the calligraphy to be inscribed on the cash coin. There are generally three scripts used on Song dynasty era cash coins which include [[Regular script]], [[Seal script]], and Running hand script/Grass script. The reading order of Song dynasty era cash coins exist in top-bottom-right-left and top-right-bottom-left orders.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china5.htm#north_sung|title= Chinese Cast Coins - MEDIEVAL CHINESE COINS - THE NORTHERN SUNG DYNASTY.|date=2018|accessdate=22 August 2018|work= By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins).|language=en}}</ref> List of cash coins produced by the Northern Song dynasty:<ref>Northern Song Dynasty Cash Variety Guide, Volume 1 Fugo Senshi - Norman F. Gorny, 2001.</ref><ref name="NUMISTA"/><ref name="Belyaev"/> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! [[Chinese script styles|Scripts]] !! Period minted !! [[List of emperors of the Song dynasty#Northern Song, 960–1127|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Song Yuan Tong Bao || 宋元通寶 || 宋元通宝 || [[Regular script]] || 960–976 || [[Emperor Taizu of Song|Taizu]] || [[File:S170 Taizu SongNord (7930295452).jpg|75px]] |- | Tai Ping Tong Bao || 太平通寶 || 太平通宝 || Regular script || 976–989 || [[Emperor Taizong of Song|Taizong]] || [[File:S171 SongNord TaiZong TaiPing 976 994 (7112437651).jpg|75px]] |- | Chun Hua Yuan Bao || 淳化元寶 || 淳化元宝 || Regular script, [[Seal script]], [[Semi-cursive script|Running script]] || 990–994 || Taizong || [[File:S173 Taizong ZhiDao cursive (7930329252).jpg|75px]] |- | Zhi Dao Yuan Bao || 至道元寶 || 至道元宝 || Regular script, Seal script, Running script || 995–997 || Taizong || [[File:S97 SongNord ZhenZong (7992567567).jpg|75px]] |- | Xian Ping Yuan Bao || 咸平元寶 || 咸平元宝 || Regular script || 998–1003 || [[Emperor Zhenzong of Song|Zhenzong]] || [[File:S97 SongNord ZhenZong (7992567567).jpg|75px]] |- | Jing De Yuan Bao || 景德元寶 || 景德元宝 || Regular script || 1004–1007 || Zhenzong || [[File:S255 SongNord ZhenZong (7992563301).jpg|75px]] |- | Xiang Fu Tong Bao || 祥符通寶 || 祥符通宝 || Regular script, Running script || 1008–1016 || Zhenzong || [[File:S234 SongNord ZhenZong (7992578802).jpg|75px]] |- | Tian Xi Tong Bao || 天禧通寶 || 天禧通宝 || Regular script || 1017–1022 || Zhenzong || [[File:S289 SongNord ZhenZong (7992565541).jpg|75px]] |- | Tian Sheng Yuan Bao || 天聖元寶 || 天圣元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1023–1031 || [[Emperor Renzong of Song|Renzong]] || [[File:S177 SongNord RenZong (8014838014).jpg|75px]] |- | Ming Dao Tong Bao || 明道元寶 || 明道元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1032–1033 || Renzong || [[File:S177 SongNord RenZong (8014838014).jpg|75px]] |- | Jing You Yuan Bao || 景佑元寶 || 景佑元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1034–1038 || Renzong || [[File:S178 SongNord RenZong (8014834217).jpg|75px]] |- | Huang Song Yuan Bao || 皇宋元寶 || 皇宋元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1039–1054 || Renzong || [[File:S181 SongNord RenZong (8014829975).jpg|75px]] |- | Kang Ding Yuan Bao || 康定元寶 || 康定元宝 || Regular script || 1040 || Renzong || |- | Qing Li Zhong Bao || 慶歷重寶 || 庆历重宝 || Regular script || 1041–1048 || Renzong || [[File:2cash SongNord RenZong QingLi H16128 1ar85 (8721146228).jpg|75px]] |- | Zhi he Tong Bao || 至和通寶 || 至和通宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1054–1055 || Renzong || [[File:S186 RenZong ZhiHe 1 (8020144883).jpg|75px]] |- | Zhi he Yuan Bao || 至和元寶 || 至和元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1054–1055 || Renzong || [[File:S269 RenZong ZhiHe 1 (8020151732).jpg|75px]] |- | Jia You Tong Bao || 嘉佑通寶 || 嘉佑通宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1056–1063 || Renzong || [[File:S222 RenZong JiaYou 1 (8020155670).jpg|75px]] |- | Jia You Yuan Bao || 嘉佑元寶 || 嘉佑元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1056–1063 || Renzong || [[File:S223 RenZong JiaYou 1 (8020155116).jpg|75px]] |- | Zhi Ping Tong Bao || 治平通寶 || 治平通宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1064–1067 || [[Emperor Yingzong of Song|Yingzong]] || [[File:S99 YingZong ZhiPing 1 (8074415656).jpg|75px]] |- | Zhi Ping Yuan Bao || 治平元寶 || 治平元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1064–1067 || Yingzong || [[File:S188 YingZong ZhiPing 1 (8074418009).jpg|75px]] |- | Xi Ning Tong Bao || 熙寧通寶 || 熙宁通宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1068–1077 || [[Emperor Shenzong of Song|Shenzong]] || |- | Xi Ning Yuan Bao || 熙寧元寶 || 熙宁元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1068–1077 || Shenzong || [[File:S189 ShenZong XiNing 2 (8104956094).jpg|75px]] |- | Xi Ning Zhong Bao || 熙寧重寶 || 熙宁重宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1068–1077 || Shenzong || [[File:S481 ShenZong XiNing 1 (8094688402).jpg|75px]] |- | Yuan Feng Tong Bao || 元豐通寶 || 元丰通宝 || Regular script, Seal script, Running script || 1078–1085 || Shenzong || [[File:S194 ShenZong YuanFeng 2 (8175903407).jpg|75px]] |- | Yuan You Tong Bao || 元佑通寶 || 元佑通宝 || Seal script || 1086–1094 || [[Emperor Zhezong of Song|Zhezong]] || [[File:S487 ZheZong YuanYou 1 (8198426609).jpg|75px]] |- | Shao Sheng Tong Bao || 紹聖通寶 || 绍圣通宝 || Regular script, Seal script, Running script || 1094–1098 || Zhezong || [[File:Shao Sheng Tong Bao 1094-1097 - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.jpg|75px]] |- | Shao Sheng Yuan Bao || 紹聖元寶 || 绍圣元宝 || Regular script, Seal script, Running script || 1094–1098 || Zhezong || [[File:S202 SongNord ZheZong ShaoSheng H16308 1ar85 (8729169272).jpg|75px]] |- | Yuan Fu Tong Bao || 元符通寶 || 元符通宝 || Regular script, Seal script, Running script || 1098–1100 || Zhezong || [[File:1cash SongNord ZheZong YuanFu H16342 S245 1ar85 (8723958974).jpg|75px]] |- | Sheng Song Tong Bao || 聖宋通寶 || 圣宋通宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1101 || [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Huizong]] || |- | Sheng Song Yuan Bao || 聖宋元寶 || 圣宋元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1101 || Huizong || [[File:S411 SongNord HuiZong ShengSung 1ar85 (8903949946).jpg|75px]] |- | Chong Ning Tong Bao || 崇寧通寶 || 崇宁通宝 || Regular script || 1102–1106 || Huizong || [[File:Chong Ning Tongbao 1.JPG|75px]] |- | Chong Ning Zhong Bao || 崇寧重寶 || 崇宁重宝 || Regular script || 1102–1106 || Huizong || [[File:S254 SongNord HuiZong ChongNing fer H16416 1ar85 (8751213634).jpg|75px]] |- | Da Guan Tong Bao || 大觀通寶 || 大观通宝 || Regular script || 1107–1110 || Huizong || [[File:S472 SongNord HuiZong DaGuan (7256117202).jpg|75px]] |- | Zheng He Tong Bao || 政和通寶 || 政和通宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1111–1117 || Huizong || [[File:S598 SongNord HuiZong ZhengHe H16454 1ar85 (9165912246).jpg|75px]] |- | Chong He Tong Bao || 重和通寶 || 重和通宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1118–1119 || Huizong || |- | Xuan He Tong Bao || 宣和通寶 || 宣和通宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1119–1125 || Huizong || [[File:S284 SongNord HuiZong XuanHe H16486 1ar85 (8988949678).jpg|75px]] |- | Xuan He Yuan Bao || 宣和元寶 || 宣和元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1119–1125 || Huizong || [[File:Xuan He Yuan Bao 1119 - Dr. Luke Roberts.jpg|75px]] |- | Jing Kang Tong Bao || 靖康通寶 || 靖康通宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1126–1127 || [[Emperor Qinzong of Song|Qinzong]] || |- | Jing Kang Yuan Bao || 靖康元寶 || 靖康元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1126–1127 || Qinzong || |} === Sui ethnic minority during the Northern Song dynasty === {{See also|Chinese numismatic charm#Charms of the Sui people}} In 2004 a coin produced by the [[Sui people]] of [[Guizhou]] was discovered dating to the Northern Song dynasty most likely produced between 1008 and 1016, this coin had the inscription ''dà zhōng xiáng fú'' (大中祥符) on one side and the word "wealth" written in [[Sui script]] on the other side, as this is the only known coin produced by the Sui people it established that they don't have a numismatic tradition like the [[Han Chinese]] have.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/06/01/coins-and-charms-of-the-shui-nationality/|title= Coins and Charms of the Shui Nationality.|date=1 June 2013|accessdate=14 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref>Pan Chaolin (潘朝霖) - Guizhou University for Nationalities (贵州民族学院).</ref><ref>Qi Geng [http://qigeng.blog.sohu.com/112428613.html 贵州水族的古老文字和待解之迷]。2009-03-17 11:20. Retrieved: 14 May 2018. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! Years of production !! [[List of emperors of the Song dynasty#Northern Song, 960–1127|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Dazhong Xiangfu || 大中祥符 || 1008–1016 || [[Emperor Zhenzong of Song|Zhenzong]] || |} == Southern Song dynasty == {{Main|Southern Song dynasty coinage}} Under the [[Southern Song dynasty]] it became customary to add the date of issue on the reverse of the coin and as copper shortages and phenomena known as "currency famines" (錢荒) plagued the land both [[iron]] cash coins and paper money (in the form of [[Jiaozi (currency)|Jiaozi]], [[Guanzi (currency)|Guanzi]], and [[Huizi (currency)|Huizi]] notes) became more common leading to a decline of the production of bronze coinage. List of cash coins produced by the Southern Song dynasty:<ref name="NUMISTA"/><ref name="Belyaev"/> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! [[Chinese script styles|Scripts]] !! Period minted !! [[List of emperors of the Song dynasty#Southern Song, 1127–1279|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Jian Yan Tong Bao || 建炎通寶 || 建炎通宝 || [[Regular script]], [[Seal script]] || 1127–1130 || [[Emperor Gaozong of Song|Gaozong]] || [[File:S585 SongSud GaoZong JianYan H1726 1ar85 (8823182282).jpg|75px]] |- | Jian Yan Yuan Bao || 建炎元寶 || 建炎元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1127–1130 || Gaozong || |- | Jian Yan Zhong Bao || 建炎重寶 || 建炎重宝 || Seal script || 1127–1130 || Gaozong || |- | Shao Xing Tong Bao || 紹興通寶 || 绍兴通宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1131–1162 || Gaozong || [[File:Shao Hsing T'ung Pao - John Ferguson.jpg|75px]] |- | Shao Xing Yuan Bao || 紹興元寶 || 绍兴元宝 || Regular script || 1131–1162 || Gaozong || [[File:S494 SongSud GaoZong ShaoXing H1745 1ar85 (9016774601).jpg|75px]] |- | Long Xing Tong Bao || 隆興通寶 || 隆兴通宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1163–1164 || [[Emperor Xiaozong of Song|Xiaozong]] || |- | Long Xing Yuan Bao || 隆興元寶 || 隆兴元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1163–1164 || Xiaozong || |- | Qian Dao Tong Bao || 乾道通寶 || 干道通宝 || Regular script || 1165–1173 || Xiaozong || |- | Qian Dao Yuan Bao || 乾道元寶 || 干道元宝 || Regular script || 1165–1173 || Xiaozong || |- | Chun Xi Tong Bao || 淳熙通寶 || 淳熙通宝 || Regular script || 1174–1189 || Xiaozong || |- | Chun Xi Yuan Bao || 淳熙元寶 || 淳熙元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1174–1189 || Xiaozong || [[File:S500 SongSud XiaoZong Chunxi H17198 1ar85 (9024890827).jpg|75px]] |- | Shao Xi Tong Bao || 紹熙通寶 || 绍熙通宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1190–1194 || [[Emperor Guangzong of Song|Guangzong]] || |- | Shao Xi Yuan Bao || 紹熙元寶 || 绍熙元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || 1190–1194 || Guangzong || [[File:S502 SongSud GuangZong ShaoXi 1190 1194 (6966389284).jpg|75px]] |- | Qing Yuan Tong Bao || 慶元通寶 || 庆元通宝 || Regular script || 1195–1200 || [[Emperor Ningzong of Song|Ningzong]] || [[File:S594 SongSud NingZong Qingyuan H17395 1ar85 (9182388551).jpg|75px]] |- | Qing Yuan Yuan Bao || 慶元元寶 || 庆元元宝 || Regular script || 1195–1200 || Ningzong || |- | Jia Tai Tong Bao || 嘉泰通寶 || 嘉泰通宝 || Regular script || 1201–1204 || Ningzong || [[File:S504 SongSud NingZong JiaTai H17485 1ar85 (9046944101).jpg|75px]] |- | Jia Tai Yuan Bao || 嘉泰元寶 || 嘉泰元宝 || Regular script || 1201–1204 || Ningzong || |- | Kai Xi Tong Bao || 開禧通寶 || 开禧通宝 || Regular script || 1205–1207 || Ningzong || |- | Kai Xi Yuan Bao || 開禧元寶 || 开禧元宝 || Regular script || 1205–1207 || Ningzong || |- | Jia Ding Tong Bao || 嘉定通寶 || 嘉定通宝 || Regular script || 1208–1224 || Ningzong || |- | Jia Ding Yuan Bao || 嘉定元寶 || 嘉定元宝 || Regular script || 1208–1224 || Ningzong || [[File:Jingding Yuanbao.jpg|75px]] |- | Sheng Song Zhong Bao || 聖宋重寶 || 圣宋重宝 || Regular script || 1210 || Ningzong || |- | Bao Qing Yuan Bao || 寶慶元寶 || 宝庆元宝 || Regular script ||1225–1227 || [[Emperor Lizong of Song|Lizong]] || |- | Da Song Tong Bao || 大宋通寶 || 大宋通宝 || Regular script || 1225 || Lizong || |- | Da Song Yuan Bao || 大宋元寶 || 大宋元宝 || Regular script || 1225–1227 || Lizong || |- | Shao Ding Tong Bao || 紹定通寶 || 绍定通宝 || Regular script || 1228–1233 || Lizong || [[File:S501 SongSud LiZong ShaoDing H17700 1ar85 (9049358032).jpg|75px]] |- | Duan Ping Tong Bao || 端平通寶 || 端平通宝 || Regular script || 1234–1236 || Lizong || [[File:S620 DuanPing H17741 1ar85 (10246361604).jpg|75px]] |- | Duan Ping Yuan Bao || 端平元寶 || 端平元宝 || Regular script || 1234–1236 || Lizong || |- | Duan Ping Zhong Bao || 端平重寶 || 端平重宝 || Regular script || 1234–1236 || Lizong || |- | Jia Xi Tong Bao || 嘉熙通寶 || 嘉熙通宝 || Regular script || 1237–1240 || Lizong || [[File:S258 SongSud LiZong JiaXi H17756 1ar85 (8996837238).jpg|75px]] |- | Jia Xi Zhong Bao || 嘉熙重寶 || 嘉熙重宝 || Regular script || 1237–1240 || Lizong || |- | Chun You Tong Bao || 淳佑通寶 || 淳佑通宝 || Regular script || 1241–1252 || Lizong || |- | Chun You Yuan Bao || 淳佑元寶 || 淳佑元宝 || Regular script || 1241–1252 || Lizong || |- | Huang Song Yuan Bao || 皇宋元寶 || 皇宋元宝 || Regular script || 1253–1258 || Lizong || [[File:S538 SongSud LiZong BaoYou H17817 1ar85 (9160561738).jpg|75px]] |- | Kai Qing Tong Bao || 開慶通寶 || 开庆通宝 || Regular script || 1259 || Lizong || |- | Jing Ding Yuan Bao || 景定元寶 || 景定元宝 || Regular script || 1260–1264 || Lizong || [[File:Jingding Yuanbao.jpg|75px]] |- | Xian Chun Yuan Bao || 咸淳元寶 || 咸淳元宝 || Regular script || 1265–1274 || [[Emperor Duzong of Song|Duzong]] || [[File:Xianchun Yuanbao.jpg|75px]] |} == Western Xia dynasty == {{Main|Western Xia coinage}} The [[Tangut people|Tangut]] [[Western Xia dynasty]] produced both cash coins with Chinese and Tangut inscriptions.<ref>1994. “西夏的衡制與幣制 Xixia de hengzhi yu bizhi (The weight and coin systems of the West Xia)” 《中國錢幣》 Zhongguo qianbi / China Numanistics 1994.1: 3-8,17, 81 (in [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]])</ref><ref>2002. “西夏货币制度概述 (The Outline of monetary system of West Xia dynasty).” 《中國錢幣》 Zhongguo qianbi / China Numanistics 2002.3:43-46 (in [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]])</ref><ref>Niú Dáshēng (牛达生) ''Research into Western Xia Coins.'' (2013).</ref> Despite issuing coins the economy of the Tangut Empire mostly relied on barter which is why Western Xia era coins today are rare. === With Tangut inscriptions === Coins with Tangut inscriptions:<ref>BabelStone ([[Andrew West (linguist)|Andrew West]]) [http://babelstone.blogspot.com/2007/01/tangut-coins.html Tangut Coins]. Monday, 29 January 2007. Retrieved: 18 June 2017. </ref><ref> in [[Li Fanwen]] (李範文), Xia-Han Zidian (夏漢字典) [A Tangut-Chinese Dictionary] ([[Beijing]]: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, 1997). </ref>{{efn|The transliterations are those from [[Tangutology|Tangutologist]] [[Li Fanwen]], as opposed to David Hartill's usage "Lee Ndzen" and similar phonetics which are common in the numismatics community.}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription ([[Tangut language|Tangut]]) !! Inscription ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]) !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Years of casting !! [[Chinese emperors family tree (middle)#Western Xia and Dingnan Jiedushi|Emperor]] !! Image |- | śjɨj ljo ljɨ̣ dzjɨj ({{Tangut|𗼃𗼕𘏨𘔭|2shen3 1lo3 1lyq3 1dzen4}}) || Fu Sheng Bao Qian || 福聖寶錢 || 福圣宝钱 || 1053–1056 || [[Emperor Yizong of Western Xia|Yizong]] || |- | tha nej ljɨ̣ dzjɨj ({{Tangut|𘜶𗵐𘏨𘔭|2tha1 2ne1 1lyq3 1dzen4}}) || Da An Bao Qian || 大安寶錢 || 大安宝钱 || 1074–1084 || [[Emperor Huizong of Western Xia|Huizong]] || [[File:Tangut Da'an Baoqian coin.jpg|75px]] |- | tśhja bio̲ ljɨ̣ dzjɨj ({{Tangut|𗣼𘝯𘏨𘔭|2chha3 1bo'2 1lyq3 1dzen4}}) || Zhen Guan Bao Qian || 貞觀寶錢 || 贞观宝钱 || 1101–1113 || [[Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia|Chongzong]] || |- | tśhja mji̲ ljɨ̣ dzjɨj ({{Tangut|𗣼𘇚𘏨𘔭|2chha3 2mi'4 1lyq3 1dzen4}}) || Zheng De Bao Qian ||正德寶錢 || 正德宝钱 || 1127–1134 || Chongzong || |- | tshjwu ꞏwu ljɨ̣ dzjɨj ({{Tangut|𘀗𘑨𘏨𘔭|1tshwu4 2wuq1 1lyq3 1dzen4}}) || Qian You Bao Qian || 乾佑寶錢|| 乾佑宝钱 || 1170–1193 || [[Emperor Renzong of Western Xia|Renzong]] || [[File:Tangut Qianyou Baoqian coin 2.jpg|75px]] |- | ŋwər ljwu ljɨ̣ dzjɨj ({{Tangut|𘓺𘅝𘏨𘔭|1ngwyr1 2lwu4 1lyq3 1dzen4}}) || Tian Qing Bao Qian || 天慶寶錢 || 天庆宝钱 || 1194–1206 || [[Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia|Huanzong]] || |} === With Chinese inscriptions === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! [[Chinese script styles|Script]] !! Years of casting !! [[Chinese emperors family tree (middle)#Western Xia and Dingnan Jiedushi|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Da An Tong Bao || 大安通寶 || 大安通宝 || [[Clerical script]] || 1074–1084 || [[Emperor Huizong of Western Xia|Huizong]] || |- | Yuan De Tong Bao || 元德通寶 || 元德通宝 || Clerical script || 1119–1126 || [[Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia|Chongzong]] || |- | Da De Tong Bao || 大德通寶 || 大德通宝 || [[Regular script]] || 1135–1139 || Chongzong || |- | Tian Sheng Yuan Bao || 天盛元寶 || 天盛元宝 || Regular script || 1149–1169 || [[Emperor Renzong of Western Xia|Renzong]] || [[File:1cash XiXia RenZong TianSheng H1897 1ar85 (8723443024).jpg|75px]] |- | Qian You Yuan Bao || 乾佑元寶 || 乾佑元宝 || Regular script, [[Semi-cursive script]], [[Seal script]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/10/04/unique-western-xia-coin-written-in-seal-script-unearthed-in-ningxia/|title=Unique Western Xia Coin Written in Seal Script Unearthed in Ningxia.|date=4 October 2016|accessdate=20 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>“China Numismatics” (2016年1期). [http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI3MzI0MzM1MQ==&mid=2247483721&idx=1&sn=41d3af74460f9a03c5de1b0725a3c293&3rd=MzA3MDU4NTYzMw==&scene=6#rd 宁夏首次出土篆书乾祐元宝。] 朱浒盛世隆泉 Published 25 April 2016 by Dr. Zhu Hu (朱浒) of the Art Research Institute of [[East China Normal University]] (华东师范大学艺术研究所) Retrieved: 20 June 2017. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> || 1170–1193 || Renzong || [[File:S540 (7901023548).jpg|75px]] |- | Tian Qing Yuan Bao || 天慶元寶 || 天庆元宝 || Regular script || 1194–1206 || [[Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia|Huanzong]] || |- | Huang Jian Yuan Bao || 皇建元寶 || 皇建元宝 || Regular script || 1210–1211 || [[Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia|Xiangzong]] || |- | Guang Ding Yuan Bao || 光定元寶 || 光定元宝 || Semi-cursive script, Seal script || 1211–1223 || [[Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia|Shenzong]] || |} == Jin dynasty (1115–1234) == {{Main|Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)}} Cash coins produced by the Jurchen Jin dynasty compared to earlier [[Liao dynasty coinage]] are both of higher quality, and quantity; this is because the Jurchens chose to model their coins more closely after the [[Southern Song dynasty coinage|Song's]] both in production as superficially in its calligraphic style. List of cash coins produced by the Jurchen Jin dynasty:<ref name="NUMISTA"/><ref name="Belyaev"/> {|class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! [[Chinese script styles|Scripts]] !! Years of minting !! [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)#List of emperors|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Zheng Long Yuan Bao || 正隆元寶 || 正隆元宝 || [[Regular script]] || 1158–1161 || [[Wanyan Liang]] || [[File:S431 Jin (8000211405).jpg|75px]] |- | Da Ding Tong Bao || 大定通寶 || 大定通宝 || Regular script || 1178–1189 || [[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Shizong]] || [[File:S430 Jin ShiZong DaDing 1178 1189 (6966384718).jpg|75px]] |- | Tai He Tong Bao || 泰和通寶 || 泰和通宝 || Regular script || 1204–1209 || [[Emperor Zhangzong of Jin|Zhangzong]] || |- | Tai He Zhong Bao || 泰和重寶 || 泰和重宝 || Regular script, [[Seal script]] || 1204–1209 || Zhangzong || |- | Chong Qing Tong Bao || 崇慶通寶 || 崇庆通宝 || Regular script || 1212–1213 || [[Wanyan Yongji]] || |- | Chong Qing Yuan Bao || 崇慶元寶 || 崇庆元宝 || Regular script || 1212–1213 || Wanyan Yongji || |- | Zhi Ning Yuan Bao || 至寧元寶 || 至宁元宝 || Regular script || 1213 || Wanyan Yongji || |- | Zhen You Tong Bao || 貞祐通寶 || 贞佑通宝 || Regular script || 1213–1216 || [[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuanzong]] || |- | Zhen You Yuan Bao || 貞祐元寶 || 贞佑元宝 || Regular script || 1213–1216 || Xuanzong || |} == Great Qi dynasty == In 1130 during the [[Jin–Song Wars]] the Jin dynasty had set up a second puppet state called “Da Qi” (after the failed first puppet state, [[Da Chu]]), this puppet state briefly produced its own coins until it was defeated by the Song in 1137.<ref>Hartill, 221. ''State of Qi''</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Franke|first1=Herbert|first2=Denis|last2=Twitchett|authorlink1=Herbert Franke (sinologist)|authorlink2=Denis C. Twitchett|chapter=Introduction|editor=[[Denis C. Twitchett]], Herbert Franke, and [[John K. Fairbank]] (eds.)|title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368|year=1994|pages=2–42|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24331-5}}</ref> Coins produced by the brief Jurchen vassal state include: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! [[Chinese script styles|Script]] !! Emperor !! Image |- | Fu Chang Tong Bao || 阜昌通寶 || 阜昌通宝 || [[Regular script]], [[Seal script]] || Liu Yu || |- | Fu Chang Yuan Bao ||阜昌元寶 || 阜昌元宝 || Regular script, Seal script || Liu Yu || |- | Fu Chang Zhong Bao || 阜昌重寶 || 阜昌重宝 || Regular script, Seal script || Liu Yu || |} == Mongol Empire (prior to the establishment of the Yuan dynasty) == Cash coins issued by the [[Mongol people|Mongols]] before 1230:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=224}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Obverse inscription (Romanisation) !! Reverse !! Notes !! Image |- | 大朝通寶 (Dachao Tongbao) || Blank || This coins was possibly cast between 1206 and 1227 in [[Karakorum]] by [[Genghis Khan]] as "大朝" was a name the Mongols gave themselves. The coin is mostly found made from silver. || |- | 大朝金合 (Dachao Jinhe) || Blank || The attribution of this coins to the Mongols is doubtful as the name "大朝" was used by various countries that bordered China. This coin was first mentioned in the ''Record of Coins'' which was published around 1094. [[Peng Xinwei]] attributes this coin to the Liao dynasty. || |- | 支鈔半分 (Zhichao Banfen) || Blank || ''Zhichao Banfen'' (支鈔半分) could be translated as "Exchange for paper money half a [[Chinese units of measurement|fen]] [of silver]". The inscription could alternatively read ''Jiaochao Banfen'' (交鈔半分). || |} Cash coins issued by the [[Mongol Empire]] while it occupied Jin dynasty territory (circa 1230–1280):{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=224}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Obverse inscription (Romanisation) !! Reverse !! Notes !! Image |- | 大觀通寶 (Daguan Tongbao) || Blank || This cash coins has rather broad rims. || |- | 大觀通寶 (Daguan Tongbao) || 中 (Zhong) || The "中" is written in seal script and is above the square center hole on the reverse. || |- | 大觀通寶 (Daguan Tongbao) || 半錢 (Ban Qian) || The reverse inscription indicates that this cash coin had a nominal value of half a ''qián'' of silver. || |- | 大觀通寶 (Daguan Tongbao) || Blank || This is a cash coin of diminutive size with the Chinese character "觀" written in an imperfect way. || |- | 大觀通寶 (Daguan Tongbao) || Dot pattern || The reverse of this coin is completely covered with dots. || |- | 大觀通寶 (Daguan Tongbao) || Blank || The inscription is written in a very barbarous manner. || |} == Yuan dynasty == {{Main|Yuan dynasty coinage}} Under [[Yuan dynasty|Mongol rule]] paper money such as the [[Chao (currency)|Chao banknotes]] completely replaced copper coinage, during times of inflation [[Temple coins]] issued by [[Buddhist temple]]s became the ''de facto'' currency. Under [[Külüg Khan]] a large number of cash coins were issued to pay for the state's expenditures but these got phased out in favour of paper currency, it wasn't until the reign of [[Toghon Temür]] that the Mongols attempted to produce cash coins at a large scale again. List of cash coins issued by the Mongols during Yuan dynasty:<ref> Mongolian Coins [http://www.mongoliancoins.com/coins_of_mongol_empire_yuan.php Yuan State] Retrieved: 14 June 2017. </ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://charm.ru/library/yuancoins.htm|title= Yuan Dynasty coins|date=2 August 1998|accessdate=14 June 2017|work= Vladimir A. Belyaev (Charms.ru) |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|Chinese, and 'Phags-pa scripts would generally appear on the obverse of these coins, while Mongol script would appear on the reverse and would serve as a [[mint mark]] (and in one instance the Jurchen, Uighur, and Tangut scripts); Kublai Khan's Zhong Tong Yuan Bao (中統元寶) was the only coin that contained Seal script, all other Chinese inscriptions during the Mongol period were written in regular script}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! Script !! Khagan ([[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] name) !! [[List of Yuan emperors|Emperor]] ([[Mandarin Chinese]] name) !! Image |- | Zhongtong Yuanbao || 中統元寶 || Chinese script ([[Regular script]] and [[Seal script]]), [[Mongol script]] || [[Kublai Khan]] || Shìzǔ ({{linktext|世|祖}}) || |- | Zhiyuan Tongbao || 至元通寶 || Chinese script, [['Phags-pa script]] || Kublai Khan || Shìzǔ (世祖) || |- | Yuanzhen Tongbao || 元貞通寶 || Chinese script, 'Phags-pa script || [[Temür Khan]] || Chéngzōng ({{linktext|成|宗}}) || |- | Yuanzhen Yuanbao || 元貞元寶 || Chinese script, Mongol script || Temür Khan || Chéngzōng (成宗) || |- | Dade Tongbao || 大德通寶 || Chinese script, 'Phags-pa script, Mongol script || Temür Khan || Chéngzōng (成宗) || |- | Zhida Tongbao || 至大通寶 || Chinese script, 'Phags-pa script, Mongol script || [[Külüg Khan]] || Wǔzōng ({{linktext|武|宗}}) || [[File:S564 Yuan WuZong H1939 1ar85 (8594666069).jpg|75px]] |- | Zhida Yuanbao || 至大元寶 || Chinese script || Külüg Khan || Wǔzōng (武宗) || |- | Dayuan Tongbao || 大元通寶 || Chinese script, 'Phags-pa script, Mongol script || Külüg Khan || Wǔzōng (武宗) || [[File:S496 Yuan WuZong 1 (8118859266).jpg|75px]] |- | Huangqing Yuanbao || 皇慶元寶 || Chinese script || [[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan]] || Rénzōng ({{linktext|仁|宗}}) || |- | Yanyou Tongbao || 延祐通寶 || Chinese script || Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan || Rénzōng (仁宗) || |- | Yanyou Yuanbao || 延祐元寶 || Chinese script || Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan || Rénzōng (仁宗) || |- | Zhizhi Tongbao || 至治通寶 || Chinese script || [[Gegeen Khan]] || Yīngzōng ({{linktext|英|宗}}) || |- | Zhizhi Yuanbao || 至治元寶 || Chinese script || Gegeen Khan || Yīngzōng (英宗) || |- | Taiding Tongbao || 泰定通寶 || Chinese script || [[Yesün Temür]] || Jìnzōng ({{linktext|晉|宗}}) || |- | Taiding Yuanbao || 泰定元寶 || Chinese script || Yesün Temür || Jìnzōng (晉宗) || |- | Zhihe Yuanbao || 致和元寶 || Chinese script || Yesün Temür || Jìnzōng (晉宗) || |- |Tianli Yuanbao || 天曆元寶 || Chinese script || [[Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür]] || Wénzōng ({{linktext|文|宗}}) || |- | Zhishun Yuanbao || 至順元寶 || Chinese script || Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür || Wénzōng (文宗) || |- | Yuantong Yuanbao || 元統元寶 || Chinese script || [[Toghon Temür]] || Huìzōng ({{linktext|惠|宗}}) || |- | Zhiyuan Tongbao || 至元通寶 || Chinese script, Mongol script, [[Old Uighur alphabet|Uighur script]], [[Jurchen script]], [[Tangut script]]<ref>BabelStone by [[Andrew West (linguist)|Andrew West]] (魏安) [http://babelstone.blogspot.com/2007/01/zhida-tongbao.html?m=1 Zhida Tongbao]. Wednesday, 10 January 2007. Retrieved: 20 June 2017. </ref> || Toghon Temür || Huìzōng (惠宗) || |- | Zhiyuan Yuanbao || 至元元寶 || Chinese script || Toghon Temür || Huìzōng (惠宗) || |- | Muqing Tongbao || 穆清通寶 || Chinese script || Toghon Temür || Huìzōng (惠宗) || |- | Zhizheng Tongbao || 至正通寶 || Chinese script, 'Phags-pa script, Mongol script || Toghon Temür || Huìzōng (惠宗) || |- | Zhizheng Zhibao || 至正之寶 || Chinese script || Toghon Temür || Huìzōng (惠宗) || [[File:91619 SMVK EM objekt 1015960.jpg|75px]] |} == Rebels of the Yuan dynasty == During the [[Red Turban rebellion]] organised by the [[White Lotus]] society; many of its leaders proclaimed their own kingdoms and empires that ruled over different regions of China, the most successful of these was [[Hongwu Emperor|Zhu Yuanzhang’s]] [[Ming dynasty]] which would unify China. Though the majority of these countries were short-lived some did produce their own coinage.<ref>Tamar Lan Walker, Class of 2010 [http://rbsc.princeton.edu/collections/wu-collection-chinese-coinage Wu Collection of Chinese Coinage.] The Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, [[Princeton University]] Library. Retrieved: 20 June 2017.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Denominations !! Years of mintage !! Monarch !! Rebel faction !! Image |- | Longfeng Tongbao || 龍鳳通寶 || 龙凤通宝 || 1[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|文]], 2文, 3文, 5文 || 1355–1366 || Han Lin’er (韓林兒) || [[Han Shantong#The son and legacy|Early Red Turban rebellion]] || [[File:Longfeng Tongbao (龍鳳通寶).png|75px]] |- | Tianyou Tongbao || 天佑通寶 || 天佑通宝 || 1文, 2文, 3文, 5文 || 1354–1357 || [[Zhang Shicheng]] (張士誠) || [[Zhou (Zhang Shicheng's kingdom)|Kingdom of Great(er) Zhou]] (大周) || |- | Tianqi Tongbao || 天啟通寶 || 天启通宝 || 1文, 2文, 3文 || 1358 || [[Xu Shouhui]] (徐壽輝) || Tianwan (天完) || |- | Tianding Tongbao || 天定通寶 || 天定通宝 || 1文, 2文, 3文 || 1359–1360 || Xu Shouhui (徐壽輝) || Tianwan (天完) || |- | Dayi Tongbao || 大義通寶 || 大义通宝 || 1文, 2文, 3文 || 1360–1361 || [[Chen Youliang]] (陳友諒) || Kingdom of Dahan (大漢) || |} == Ming dynasty == {{Main|Ming dynasty coinage}} Under the [[Ming dynasty]] the policy of predominantly using paper money (such as the [[Da Ming Baochao]] banknotes) which was started under the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] would continue until 1505 when [[Spanish dollar]]s and other silver coins became the dominant currency. Native production of cash coins had ceased between 1375 to 1376, from 1387 until 1379, from 1393 (as paper money superseded cast coinage completely) until 1433, and finally from 1435 until 1503.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=237}} [[Yongle Tongbao]] cash coins were mostly cast for [[Foreign relations of imperial China#Ming dynasty|foreign trade]].<ref>[[Baidu Baike]] - [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E9%80%9A%E5%AE%9D 永乐通宝]。Retrieved: 30 July 2018. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> From the Ming dynasty onwards only period titles were used for coin inscriptions and these period titles would (usually) remain constant throughout the reign of an Emperor.<ref name="primaltrek"/><ref name="NUMISTA"/> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Years of production !! [[List of emperors of the Ming dynasty|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Dazhong Tongbao || 大中通寶 || 大中通宝 || 1361–1393 || [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] || [[File:3cash Ming ZhuYuangzhang H2033 1ar85 (8720972112).jpg|75px]] |- | [[Hongwu Tongbao]] || 洪武通寶 || 洪武通宝 || 1367–1393 || Hongwu Emperor || [[File:S402 Ming Taizu HongWu 1ar85 (8856412198).jpg|75px]] |- | [[Yongle Tongbao]] || 永樂通寶 || 永乐通宝 || 1408–1424 || [[Yongle Emperor]] || [[File:Yong Le Tong Bao - Dr. Luke Roberts.jpg|75px]] |- | Xuande Tongbao || 宣德通寶 || 宣德通宝 || 1426–1435 || [[Xuande Emperor]] || [[File:S537 (7881120610).jpg|75px]] |- | Hongzhi Tongbao || 弘治通寶 || 弘治通宝 || 1488–1505 || [[Hongzhi Emperor]] || [[File:S585 Ming Xiaozong HongZhi H20125 1ar85 (8812355691).jpg|75px]] |- | Jiajing Tongbao || 嘉靖通寶 || 嘉靖通宝 || 1527–1567 || [[Jiajing Emperor]] || [[File:S590 Ming Shizong JiaJing H20129 1ar85 (9124968494).jpg|75px]] |- | Jiajing Anbao || 嘉靖安寶 || 嘉靖安宝 || 1527–1567 || Jiajing Emperor || |- | Longqing Tongbao || 隆慶通寶 || 隆庆通宝 || 1567–1572 || [[Longqing Emperor]] || |- | Wanli Tongbao || 萬曆通寶 || 万历通宝 || 1572–1620 || [[Wanli Emperor]] || [[File:Wan Li Tong Bao - Dr. Luke Roberts.jpg|75px]] |- | Wanli Nianzao<ref>{{cite web|url= http://mypaper.m.pchome.com.tw/rich_coin/post/1321665613 |title= 萬曆年造背一錢銀錢。|date=19 November 2010|accessdate=5 August 2018|work=古錢天地 (PChome)|language=zh-tw}}</ref> || 萬曆年造 || 万历年造 || 1572–1620 || Wanli Emperor || [[File:Silver coins of Wanli.JPG|75px]] |- | Taichang Tongbao || 泰昌通寶 || 泰昌通宝 || 1620 || [[Taichang Emperor]] || [[File:S408 Ming GuangZong TaiChang H201168 1ar85 (8869232074).jpg|75px]] |- | Tianqi Tongbao || 天啟通寶 || 天启通宝 || 1620–1627 || [[Tianqi Emperor]] || [[File:Une monnaie de 10 liang, ère Tian Qi de Xizong des Ming (34635644202).jpg|75px]] |- | Chongzhen Tongbao || 崇禎通寶 || 崇祯通宝 || 1628–1644 || [[Chongzhen Emperor]] || [[File:S536 (7881126154).jpg|75px]] |} Note that under the reign of the [[Zhengde Emperor]] no copper-alloy cash coins were minted however a very large number of [[Zhengde Tongbao]] (正德通寶) [[Chinese numismatic charm|coin amulets]] exist, the production of these coin-like amulets started from the late Ming dynasty period and these amulets are still being produced today. === Guizhou local issues === During the Hongzhi period from 1488 until 1505 some Tribal Commissioners in the province of [[Guizhou]] issued their own cash coins, rather than being bases on reign titles the inscriptions were based on place names.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=247}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://kknews.cc/culture/pgx8g8.html|title= 大明古泉賞析之大理國珍泉水官通寶銀質母錢。|date=28 August 2018|accessdate=4 August 2018|work= KKNews.cc|language=zh-tw}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! [[List of emperors of the Ming dynasty|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Shuiguan Tongbao || 水官通寶 || 水官通宝 || [[Hongzhi Emperor]] || [[File:Shuiguan Tongbao - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |- | Taiguan Tongbao || 太官通寶 || 太官通宝 || Hongzhi Emperor || [[File:Taiguan Tongbao (太官通寶) - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |- | Huoguan Tongbao || 火官通寶 || 火官通宝 || Hongzhi Emperor || |- | Dading Tongbao || 大定通寶 || 大定通宝 || Hongzhi Emperor || [[File:Dading Tongbao (Guizhou local issue) - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |- | Taiding Tongbao || 太定通寶 || 太定通宝 || Hongzhi Emperor || [[File:S559 HongZhi Ming Dali 1 (8188627066).jpg|75px]] |- | Taizi Tongbao || 太子通寶 || 太子通宝 || Hongzhi Emperor || |} === Yunnan local issues === These cash coins were issued in the province of [[Yunnan]] under the reign of the Hongzhi Emperor: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Place of issue !! [[List of emperors of the Ming dynasty|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Huoping Xinbao || 火平新寶 || 火平新宝 || [[Dali City|Dali]] || [[Hongzhi Emperor]] || [[File:S553 Ming Dali HuoPing 1 (8112001575).jpg|75px]] |} == Ming-Qing transitional period == This is a list of cash coins produced during the [[transition from Ming to Qing]]. === Southern Ming dynasty === List of cash coins produced by the [[Southern Ming dynasty]]:<ref> Auburn Tripod [http://hauburn.tripod.com/MRebels.html Ming dynasty rebel coinage]. Retrieved: 13 June 2017</ref><ref> Chinazeug.de [http://www.chinazeug.de/mingqing.htm Während des chaotischen Übergangs von der Ming zur Qing Dynastie versuchten verschiedene lokale Herrscher die Macht in China zu erobern. Einige ließen eigene Münzen produzieren] by Yi and Ralf Thomann (in [[German language|German]]) Coins of the rebels during the transition from the Ming>Qing period. Retrieved: 04 August 2018.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Years of production !! [[List of emperors of the Ming dynasty#Emperors of the Southern Ming dynasty|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Hongguang Tongbao || 弘光通寶 || 弘光通宝 || 1644–1645 || [[Zhu Yousong|Hongguang Emperor]] || [[File:Chinese coin Hongguang Tongbao (flickr 8719045207).jpg|75px]] |- | Daming Tongbao || 大明通寶 || 大明通宝 || 1644–1646 || [[Zhu Changfang]] || |- | Longwu Tongbao|| 隆武通寶 || 隆武通宝 || 1645–1646 || [[Zhu Yujian|Longwu Emperor]] || [[File:Longwu Tongbao.jpg|75px]] |- | Yongli Tongbao || 永曆通寶 || 永历通宝 || 1646–1659 || [[Zhu Youlang|Yongli Emperor]] || [[File:Yongli Tongbao. 10cash.jpg|75px]] |} === Kingdom of Tungning (Taiwan) === Under [[Koxinga]] the [[Kingdom of Tungning]] (which was a state loyal to the Southern Ming dynasty) had ordered Yongli Tongbao cash coins to be produced (presumably) in [[Nagasaki]], these coins circulated exclusively in [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]]. The production of these coins lasted until 1682.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=270}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Years of production !! [[List of rulers of Taiwan#Kingdom of Tungning (1662–1683)|King]]s !! Image |- | Yongli Tongbao || 永曆通寶 || 永历通宝 || 1651–1682 || [[Kingdom of Tungning#Rulers|All]] || [[File:永曆通寶.jpg|75px]] |} === Rebels === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Years of production !! Monarch !! Image |- | Yongchang Tongbao || 永昌通寶 || 永昌通宝 || 1644–1645 || [[Li Zicheng]] || [[File:S365 Rebelle LiZicheng 5 1644 45 (7112445541).jpg|75px]] |- | Dashun Tongbao<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soniu.net/view-5805921859.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-12-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042957/http://www.soniu.net/view-5805921859.html |archivedate=2012-04-26 }}</ref><ref>Yale University Art Gallery - [http://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/202503 Da Shun Tong Bao from the Shun Dynasty]. [[Yale University]] Art Gallery. Retrieved: 13 June 2017.</ref> || 大順通寶 || 大顺通宝 || 1644–1647 || [[Zhang Xianzhong]] || [[File:Da Shun Tong Bao - Scott Semans 02.jpg|75px]] |- | Xiwang Shanggong<ref>Coin Quest [http://coinquest.com/cgi-bin/cq/coins?main_coin=6310&main_ss_id=809841 China Xi Wang Shang Gong 1644] Retrieved: 13 June 2017.</ref> || 西王賞功 || 西王赏功 || 1644–1647 || Zhang Xianzhong || [[File:Xi Wang Shao Gong 2.jpg|75px]] |- | Xingchao Tongbao<ref>http://finance.sina.com.cn/money/collection/qbyp/20100803/16408414992.shtml</ref> || 興朝通寶 || 兴朝通宝 || 1648–1657 || [[Sun Kewang]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sxsdq.cn/dqzlk/sxsz/rwzsc/200903/t20090317_4794.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-12-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425122304/http://www.sxsdq.cn/dqzlk/sxsz/rwzsc/200903/t20090317_4794.htm |archivedate=2012-04-25 }}</ref> || [[File:5cash SunKewang H2112 S434 1ar85 (8668625532).jpg|75px]] |- | Yumin Tongbao || 裕民通寶 || 裕民通宝 || 1674–1676 || [[Geng Jingzhong]] || [[File:1cash GengJinzhong Yifen H21123 S367 1ar85 (8717023406).jpg|75px]] |- | Liyong Tongbao|| 利用通寶 || 利用通宝 || 1674–1678 || [[Wu Sangui]] || [[File:1cash WuSangui LiYong H21 85 1ar85 (8664123651).jpg|75px]] |- | Zhaowu Tongbao || 昭武通寶 || 昭武通宝 || 1678 || Wu Sangui || [[File:Chao Wu T'ung Pao - John Ferguson 02.jpg|75px]] |- | Honghua Tongbao|| 洪化通寶 || 洪化通宝 || 1679–1681 || [[Wu Shifan]] || [[File:1cash WuShifan H22116 S437 1ar85 (8717110465).jpg|75px]] |} == Later Jin dynasty (1616–1636) == {{Main|Qing dynasty coinage#Later Jin dynasty coinage (1616–1636)}} The following coins were issued by the Jurchens (later Manchus) before the establishment of the Qing dynasty, these coins were cast when the Jurchen state was known as the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]]:<ref>[[Chinaknowledge|ChinaKnowledge.de]] - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art [http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/cash-qing.html Qing Period Money.] Retrieved: 03 July 2017.</ref><ref>China Ancient Coins Collection Blog (中國古錢集藏網誌). To share my collection and what I have know related to the Chinese Ancient Coins to global coins collectors. [https://china-ancientcoin.blogspot.com/2009/05/tian-ming-tong-bao.html?showComment=1499006292382&m=1#c2833598015604267143 Tian Ming Tong Bao (天命通寶).] By Learner (檢視我的完整簡介) 於下午11:28. Published: 2009年5月10日星期日。Retrieved: 02 July 2017.</ref><ref>Ma Feihai (馬飛海), Wang Yuxuan (王裕巽), Zou Zhiliang (鄒誌諒) (ed. 2004), Zhongguo lidai huobi daxi 中國歷代貨幣大系, Vol. 6, Qingdai bi (清代幣) (Shanghai: Shanghai shiji chuban jituan/Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe), here nos. 4, 33. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Latin script]] !! Denominations !! Years of mintage !! [[List of emperors of the Qing dynasty|Khan]] !! Image |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ ᡥᠠᠨ ᠵᡳᡴᠠ}} || Abkai fulingga han jiha || 1 [[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]] || 1616–1626 || [[Nurhaci|Abkai fulingga Khan]] || [[File:Nurhachi Coin, Aphai fulingga han chiha.jpg|75px]] |- | 天命通寳 || Tiān Mìng Tōng Bǎo || 1 wén || 1616–1626 || Abkai fulingga Khan || [[File:Nurhachi Coin. Tianming Tongbao.jpg|75px]] |- | {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠰᡠᡵᡝ ᡥᠠᠨ ᠨᡳ ᠵᡳᡴᠠ}} || Sure han ni jiha || 10 wén || 1627–1643 || [[Hong Taiji|Sure Khan]] || [[File:Huangtaiji Coin.jpg|75px]] |} A cash coin with the inscription "Tiancong Tongbao" (天聰通寳) reported to be in the denominations of 1 wén and 10 wén has also been attributed to Hong Taiji, however the authenticity of this coin is doubtful.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=280}} == Qing dynasty == {{Main|Qing dynasty coinage}} Qing dynasty era cash coins generally bear the reign title of the Emperor in Chinese characters, with only a single change of reign title occurring with the Qixiang Emperor becoming the [[Tongzhi Emperor]] by decision of his mother, [[Empress Dowager Cixi]].<ref name="NUMISTA"/><ref>The Collection Museum [https://www.thecollectionmuseum.com/assets/downloads/An_introduction_and_identification_guide_to_Chinese_Qing_dynasty_coins.pdf An introduction and identification guide to Chinese Qing-dynasty coins.] by Qin Cao. Retrieved: 02 July 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china8.htm|title= Chinese Cast Coins - THE CH'ING DYNASTY.|date=2018|accessdate=22 August 2018|work= By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins).|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription ([[Hànyǔ Pīnyīn]]) !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Denominations !! Years of mintage !! Image !! [[List of emperors of the Qing dynasty|Emperor]] |- | Shùn Zhì Tōng Bǎo || 順治通寶 || 顺治通宝 || 1 [[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]] || 1643–1661 || [[File:Coin. Qing Dynasty. Shunzhi Tongbao. Bao Yuan. obv.jpg|75px|Coin. Qing Dynasty. Shunzhi Tongbao. Bao Yuan. obv]] || [[Shunzhi Emperor]] |- | Kāng Xī Tōng Bǎo || 康熙通寶 || 康熙通宝 || 1 wén || 1661–1722 || [[File:Coin. Qing Dynasty. Kangxi Tongbao. Bao Quan. obv.jpg|75px|Coin. Qing Dynasty. Kangxi Tongbao. Bao Quan. obv]] || [[Kangxi Emperor]] |- | Yōng Zhèng Tōng Bǎo || 雍正通寶 || 雍正通宝 || 1 wén || 1722–1735 || [[File:S597 ShiZong YongZheng TP H22159 1ar85 (9125482270).jpg|75px|S597 ShiZong YongZheng TP H22159 1ar85 (9125482270)]] || [[Yongzheng Emperor]] |- | Qián Lóng Tōng Bǎo || 乾隆通寶 || 乾隆通宝 || 1 wén, 10 wén || 1735–1796 (1912){{efn|In [[Xinjiang under Qing rule|Xinjiang]] coins bearing the inscription ''Qián Lóng Tōng Bǎo'' (乾隆通寶) continued to be produced until the fall of the Qing dynasty to commemorate the regions annexation under the Qianlong Emperor, 1 in every 5 coins cast in Xinjiang bear this inscription regardless of era.}} || [[File:Coin. Qing Dynasty. Qianlong Tongbao. Bao Quan. obv.jpg|75px|Coin. Qing Dynasty. Qianlong Tongbao. Bao Quan. obv]] || [[Qianlong Emperor]] |- | Jiā Qìng Tōng Bǎo || 嘉慶通寶 || 嘉庆通宝 || 1 wén || 1796–1820 |||| [[Jiaqing Emperor]] || [[File:Chia Ch'ing T'ung Pao (24 mm) - John Ferguson.png|75px]] |- | Dào Guāng Tōng Bǎo || 道光通寶 || 道光通宝 || 1 wén, 5 wén, 10 wén || 1820–1850 || [[File:Coin. Qing Dynasty. Daoguang Tongbao. Bao Quan. obv.jpg|75px|Coin. Qing Dynasty. Daoguang Tongbao. Bao Quan. obv]] || [[Daoguang Emperor]] |- | Xián Fēng Tōng Bǎo || 咸豐通寶 || 咸丰通宝 || 1 wén, 5 wén, 10 wén, 50 wén, 100 wén || 1850–1861 || [[File:Xián Fēng Tōng Bǎo (咸豐通寶) 1850–1861 Qing Dynasty cash coin.png|75px]] || [[Xianfeng Emperor]] |- | Xián Fēng Zhòng Bǎo || 咸豐重寶 || 咸丰重宝 || 4 wén, 5 wén, 8 wén, 10 wén, 20 wén, 30 wén, 40 wén, 50 wén, 100 wén || 1850–1861 || [[File:10cash WenZong XianFeng Zhejiang H221031 1ar85 (8506370671).jpg|75px|10cash WenZong XianFeng Zhejiang H221031 1ar85 (8506370671)]] || Xianfeng Emperor |- | Xián Fēng Yuán Bǎo || 咸豐元寶 || 咸丰元宝 || 80 wén, 100 wén, 200 wén, 300 wén, 500 wén, 1000 wén || 1850–1861 || [[File:Qing Dynasty 500 Cash.jpg|75px|Qing Dynasty 500 Cash]] || Xianfeng Emperor |- | Qí Xiáng Tōng Bǎo || 祺祥通寶 || 祺祥通宝 || 1 wén || 1861 || || [[Tongzhi Emperor]] |- | Qí Xiáng Zhòng Bǎo || 祺祥重寶 || 祺祥重宝 || 10 wén || 1861 || [[File:Qí Xiáng Zhòng Bǎo (祺祥重寶) Early Tóng Zhì cash coin (1861).png|75px]] || Tongzhi Emperor |- | Tóng Zhì Tōng Bǎo || 同治通寶 || 同治通宝 || 1 wén, 5 wén, 10 wén || 1862–1875 || [[File:MuZong HangzhouZhejiang H221219 1ar85 (8550612599).jpg|75px]] || Tongzhi Emperor |- | Tóng Zhì Zhòng Bǎo || 同治重寶 || 同治重宝 || 4 wén, 10 wén || 1862–1875 || [[File:Tongzhi Zhongbao. 10cash. Bao Yuan.jpg|75px]] || Tongzhi Emperor |- | Guāng Xù Tōng Bǎo || 光緒通寶 || 光绪通宝 || 1 wén, 10 wén || 1875–1908 || [[File:1cash DeZong Zhili trait H221458 1ar85 (8581385185).jpg|75px|1cash DeZong Zhili trait H221458 1ar85 (8581385185)]] || [[Guangxu Emperor]] |- | Guāng Xù Zhòng Bǎo || 光緒重寶 || 光绪重宝 || 5 wén, 10 wén || 1875–1908 || [[File:10cash DeZong Finances H221292 1ar85 (8574498847).jpg|75px]] || Guangxu Emperor |- | Xuān Tǒng Tōng Bǎo || 宣統通寶 || 宣传通宝 || 1 wén, 10 wén || 1909–1911 || [[File:Last Qing Emperor 1 Wén coin Xuān Tǒng Tōng Bǎo (宣統通寳) from 1908-1912 under Pǔyí.jpg|75px]] || [[Xuantong Emperor]] |} === Xinjiang issues === Certain parts of [[Xinjiang under Qing rule]] had a monetary system separate from that was separate from that of [[China proper]], this was largely due to the fact that the area which formerly belonged to [[Dzungaria]] paid with [[Pūl (coin)#Dzungar pūls under Manchu rule|pūl coins]] which were made from almost pure copper, when some these pūl coins were melted down to make "red cash coins" the pūl-system was essentially continued and 1 "red cash coin" had a value of 10 regular cash coins. Another differentiating feature of Xinjiang as a whole was that under the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] it was ordered that 1 in 5 coins produced in Xinjiang should bear the inscription Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) to honour the Qianlong Emperor, and celebrate his conquest of the region. New obverse inscriptions were introduced by the Kucha mint during the early twentieth century however the production of "red cash coins" with these new inscriptions didn't last very long as they featured only two different dates from the Chinese cyclical calendar during the Guangxu era and the Kucha mint closed in 1909. The following "red cash coins" with new inscriptions were produced by the Kucha mint in Xinjiang:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=423}}<ref>Anything Anywhere - [http://www.anythinganywhere.com/commerce/coins/coinpics/chin-xinjiang.htm CHINA, coins of that western region called Xinjiang/Sinkiang. - Xinjiang means "new land." Formerly known to westerners as "Chinese Turkestan." Approximately 5000 years of history, not particularly well written up in English and perhaps some of the Chinese studies are somewhat politically/ethnically biased]. By Bob Reis. Retrieved: 25 August 2018.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! Denominations !! Years of mintage !! [[List of emperors of the Qing dynasty|Emperor]] !! Image |- | Guangxu Dingwei || 光緒丁未 || 光绪丁未 || 10 [[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]] || 1907 || [[Guangxu Emperor]] || |- | Guangxu Wushen || 光緒戊申 || 光绪戊申 || 10 wén || 1908 || Guangxu Emperor || |} == Rashidin Khan Khoja == {{See also|Xinjiang coins}} During the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–77)|Dungan revolt]] from 1862 to 1877, [[Sultan]] Rashidin Khan Khoja proclaimed a [[Jihad]] against the Qing dynasty in 1862, he issued Chinese-style cash coins minted at the Aksu and Kucha mints with exclusive [[Arabic language|Arabic]] inscriptions.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=404}}<ref>ChinaZeug.de [http://www.chinazeug.de/c011.htm Qing Rebellen - Rashidin Khan - XinJiang Rebell] by Yi and Ralf Thomann. Retrieved: 04 August 2018. (in [[German language|German]])</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Obverse inscription (Romanised) !! Reverse inscription (Romanised) !! Sultan !! Mint !! Years of production !! Image |- | سيد غازي راشدين خان ([[Sayyid]] Ghazi Rashidin Khan) || زرب دار السلطانات كوجا (Zarb dar al-Sultanat Kuqa) || [[Rashidin Khan Khoja]] || [[Kucha]] || 1864–1865 || |- | سيد غازي راشدين خان (Sayyid Ghazi Rashidin Khan){{efn|The characters on this series are larger than the previous one which featured rather small Arabic writing.}} || زرب دار السلطانات كوجا (Zarb dar al-Sultanat Kuqa) || Rashidin Khan Khoja || Kucha || 1865–1867 || |- | سيد غازي راشدين خان (Sayyid Ghazi Rashidin Khan) || زرب دار السلطانات أقسو (Zarb dar al-Sultanat Aqsu) || Rashidin Khan Khoja || [[Aksu City|Aksu]] || 1864–1867 || |} == Taiping Heavenly Kingdom == {{Main|Shengbao (currency)}} In 1850 the [[Taiping Rebellion]] was started by the head of the [[God worshippers]] [[Hong Xiuquan]] who founded the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]], this rebellion lasted until 1864. Although very little documentation exists about the coinage manufactured by the Taiping rebels, it is known that in June 1853 the occupying Taiping rebels ordered copper workers in [[Tianjing]] (present day [[Nanjing]]) with the skills to cast coins to open new furnaces for the production of cash coins with the inscription Tianguo Shengbao that were reported to be "the size of foreign coins" ([[Mexican peso]]s), these coins were reported to be of very poor workmanship and their production was quickly discontinued and although no coins fitting this description are extend it is known that Taiping rebels in other areas and provinces did cast coinage. The following cash coins are known to have been cast by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=425-428}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Obverse inscription (Romanised) !! Reverse inscription (Romanised) !! Denominations !! Years of production !! Image |- | 天囯 (Tianguo) || 通寳 (Tongbao) || 10 [[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]] || 1853–1855 || |- | 天囯 (Tianguo) || 聖寶 (Shengbao) || 10 wén || 1856–1860 || |- | 天囯聖寶 (Tianguo Shengbao) || 太平 (Taiping) || 1 wén || 1858–1864 || |- | 天囯聖寶 (Tianguo Shengbao) || || 5 wén || 1850s || |- | 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) || 聖寶 (Shengbao) || 1 wén, 5 wén, 10 wén, 50 wén || 1860–1862 || |- | 天囯太平 (Tianguo Taiping) || 聖寶 (Shengbao) || 1 wén || 1861–1864 || |- | 太平聖寶 (Taiping Shengbao) || 天囯 (Tianguo) || 1 wén, 5 wén || 1861–1864 || |- | 太平聖宝 (Taiping Shengbao)<ref name="primaltrek"/> || 天囯 (Tianguo) || || 1860s || |- | 太平 (Taiping)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thecurrencycollector.com/|title=Money of the Kingdom of Heavenly Peace |author= |date= |website=The Currency Collector |publisher= |access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref>{{efn|These are perhaps the rarest of all cash coins issued by the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]].}} || 聖寶 (Shengbao) || || 1860s || |} == Heaven and Earth Society, Shanghai Small Swords Society, and other secret societies during the Taiping rebellion == At the time of the Taiping rebellion a large number of secret societies such as the [[Heaven and Earth Society]] took advantage of the chaos and started to flourish, these secret societies all claimed to want to overthrow the Qing dynasty and restore the Ming dynasty, for this reason many of the coins cast by these secret societies contain hidden messages such as some of them containing characters from the reign titles of Ming dynasty emperors.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=428}} === Shanghai Small Swords Society === The Shanghai [[Small Swords Society]] under the leadership of [[Liu Lichuan]] seized control of the city of [[Shanghai]] in September 1853 and awarded themselves the period title of "Tianyun" (天運), as Shanghai had a lot of gold and silver but not much cash coins the rebels confiscated all scrap copper they could find and this was all cast into cash coins with the inscription "Taiping Tongbao" (太平通寶) on the obverse and a sun and a crescent on the reverse, the sun (日) and moon (月) symbolised their intent on restoring the Ming (明). As merchants who traded with Shanghai entered the Qing those found carrying cash coins issued by rebels were arrested and put on trial and after a few were executed the Shanghai Small Swords society decided that these coins were essentially useless and decided to cast coins based on the Xianfeng reign title.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=429}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Obverse inscription (Romanised) !! Reverse inscription (Romanised) !! [[Chinese calligraphy|Calligraphic style]] !! Years of production !! Image |- | 太平通寶 (Taiping Tongbao) || || Northern Song era Li script || 1854–1855 || |- | 太平通寶 (Taiping Tongbao) || Crescent (moon) above. 明 (Ming) below. || Northern Song era Li script || 1854–1855 || |- | | 太平通寶 (Taiping Tongbao) || Sun (circle) above, Crescent (moon) below. || Contemporary [[regular script]] || 1854–1855 || |- | | 太平通寶 (Taiping Tongbao) || {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᡡᠨ}} (Boo Yūn) || Contemporary regular script || 1854–1855 || |} === Other secret societies === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Obverse inscription (Romanised) !! Reverse inscription (Romanised) !! Years of production !! Secret society !! Image |- | 太平通寶 (Taiping Tongbao) || 文 (Wen) above. || 1858–1864 || Small Sword and [[Heaven and Earth Society|Heaven and Earth Societies]] (天地會) || |- | 太平通寶 (Taiping Tongbao) || 文 (Wen) sideways right. || 1858–1864 || Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會) || |- | 開元通寶 (Kaiyuan Tongbao) || 武 (Wu) above. || 1858–1864 || Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會) || |- | 開元通寶 (Kaiyuan Tongbao) || 武 (Wu) sideways right. || 1858–1864 || Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會) || |- | 天朝通寶 (Tianchao Tongbao) || 永 (Yong) above. || 1858–1864 || Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會) || |- | 天朝通寶 (Tianchao Tongbao) || 永 (Yong) upside down below. || 1858–1864 || Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會) || |- | 黃帝通寶 (Huangdi Tongbao) || 聖 (Sheng) above. || 1858–1864 || Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會) || |- | 黃帝通寶 (Huangdi Tongbao) || 聖 (Sheng) sideways right. || 1858–1864 || Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會) || |- | 黃帝通寶 (Huangdi Tongbao) || {{Lang-mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ}} 浙 (Boo Zhe) || 1858–1864 || Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會) || |- | 義記金錢 (Yiji Jinqian)<ref>888 Auctions - [http://bid.888auctions.com/lot/63965-135157-42062/1858-1863-chinese-qing-rebel-yiji-jijian-coin/ Lot 254: 1858-1863 Chinese Qing Rebel Yiji Jijian Coin]. Retrieved: 27 August 2018.</ref><ref>Invaluable - [https://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/1858-1863-chinese-qing-rebel-yiji-jijian-coin-254-c-80c4048857 Lot 254: 1858-1863 Chinese Qing Rebel Yiji Jijian Coin - 888 Auctions - July 5, 2018 - Richmond Hill, ON, CA]. Retrieved: 27 August 2018.</ref> || Two intertwined [[lozenge]]s on the right and left side. || 1858–1863 || Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會) || |- | 義記金錢 (Yiji Jinqian)<ref>My.So-Net.net.tw - [http://my.so-net.net.tw/taiwannote/newpage22a.htm 太平天國]. Retrieved: 27 August 2018.</ref> || 震忠團練 (Zhenzhong Tuanlian) || 1858–1863 || Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會) || |- | 明道通寶 (Mingdao Tongbao) || 天 (Tian) || 1850s || [[Triad (organized crime)|The Triad Society]] (三合會) || |} === Other contemporary rebellions === Other than secret societies several other rebellions cast their own coinages contemporary to the Taiping rebellion, in [[Guizhou]] the rebel [[Zhang Baoshan]] who claimed decent from the [[Hongwu Emperor]] is said by David Hartill to have cast the Sitong Tongbao (嗣統通寶) cash coins according to two references. [[Li Wenmao]] who was the leader of the Triad Society in the province of [[Guangdong]] proclaimed half to be "the King who shall restore peace" (平靖王) in March of 1857 but his rebellion got suppressed by the Qing in 1858. The coinage cast by Li Wenmao often contains the character "勝" (''victory'' or ''to vanquish'') which is often found in lodges of Tiandihui groups creating the inscription "勝寶" (''victorious treasure'' or ''vanquishing treasure''), meanwhile as the [[guerilla]] tactics of the Guangdong Triad relied on having their forces be divided into a "left flank", "right flank", "middle flank", "front flank", and "rear flank" this is reflected in the reverse inscriptions of the coins cast by this rebellion as "营" (''garrison'' or ''camp'') is accompanied by which flank the garrison belonged to.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=430}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Obverse inscription (Romanised) !! Reverse inscription (Romanised) !! Years of production !! Rebel leader !! Image |- | 平靖通寶 (Pingjing Tongbao) || 中 (Zhong) in [[seal script]] on the right. || 1857–1858 || [[Li Wenmao]] (李文茂) || |- | 平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao) || 中营 (Zhongying) || 1857–1858 || Li Wenmao (李文茂) || |- | 平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao) || 前营 (Qianying) || 1857–1858 || Li Wenmao (李文茂) || |- | 平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao) || 後营 (Houying) || 1857–1858 || Li Wenmao (李文茂) || |- | 平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao) || 左营 (Zuoying) || 1857–1858 || Li Wenmao (李文茂) || |- | 平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao) || 右营 (Youying) || 1857–1858 || Li Wenmao (李文茂) || |- | 平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao) || 御林軍 (Yulinjun) || 1857–1858 || Li Wenmao (李文茂) || |- | 平靖勝寶 (Pingjing Shengbao) || 長勝軍 (Changshengjun) || 1857–1858 || Li Wenmao (李文茂) || |- | 嗣統通寶 (Sitong Tongbao) || || 1860–1863 || [[Zhang Baoshan]] (張保山) || |} == Republic of China == Chinese cash coins continued to be produced into the first year of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] until their production was completely phased out in 1912. A large number of trial coins were also cast, however these weren't ever officially issued. The following cash coins were cast during the Republic of China in 1912:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=431}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription (Obverse, Reverse) !! [[Traditional Chinese]] (Obverse, Reverse) !! [[Simplified Chinese]] (Obverse, Reverse) !! Issuing office !! Image |- | Fujian Tongbao, 1 cash || 福建通寶， 一文 || 福建通宝， 一文 || [[Fujian province]] || |- | Fujian Tongbao, 2 cash || 福建通寶， 二文 || 福建通宝， 二文 || Fujian province || [[File:Fujian Tongbao - Scott Semans 01.jpg|75px]] |- | Minguo Tongbao, Dongchuan || 民國通寶， 東川 || 民国通宝， 东川 || [[Dongchuan]], [[Yunnan]] || [[File:Minkuo Tungpao (David Hartill 431.23.7).png|75px]] |- | | Minguo Tongbao, 10 cash || 民國通寶， 當十 || 民国通宝， 当十 || Dongchuan, Yunnan || |} == See also == * [[Japanese mon (currency)]] * [[Korean mun]] * [[Ryukyuan mon]] * [[Vietnamese cash]] * [[Economic history of China (pre-1911)]] == Notes == {{Notes}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. {{Chinese cash coin}} {{Chinese currency and coinage}} [[:Category:Coins of China]] [[:Category:Economy of China]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] .

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