User:Dysfunktion/List of common Indo European roots
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490 roots processed in 0.000050s on 27 January 2006, 20:50:13
Pronouns[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| eg- | I | uk | ik | ih/Ich | iċ/I | ek | egō | aham | õc | azəm | ego | eho | ja | ||||||||||||||||||||
| me- | me | mua | ammuk | amu | mé | mi | mik | mih/mich | mec/me | mik/mér | eme | mam | mam | me | mehe | mi/mię/mnie | menja | ||||||||||||||||
| wei- | we | wēs | vedu/ | wit/weis | wir/wir | wē/we | vit/vér | vayam | vayam/ | ve | wes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| nes- | us | ne | anzās | ni | ni | uns | unsih/uns | uncer/us | oss | no | nas | na | nos | ny | nas | nás | |||||||||||||||||
| tu- | thou | ti | tuk | dun/tun | toū | tu/tu | tū/tú | ti | þu | dū/du | þū/thou | þú | su | tvam | tsū' | tü | tū | dy/ | tuva/to | tū | tuvai | tu/tui | ty | ty | ty | tu/tuwe | |||||||
| te- | thee | dih/dich | þē/thee | þik | tüa | te | te | cię/ci | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| iuh- | ye | jūs/jūs | jus | ir/ihr | gē/you | ykkr/yðr | humeis | yuyam | yuzem | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wos- | you | vas | vos | vos | was | vy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kwo- | who | kush | kuiš | ov-inč' | kas/kas | /cía | hwas | hwer/wer | hwā/who | hverr | tis | ka- | kus | kâča | či | /ki | quis | poei | kto | kto | kus/kŭse | ||||||||||||
| s(w)e | refl. 3rd pers pronoun | sien; sin | savo/sevi | sik | sih/sich; sin/sein | sin/-- | sik; sinn | heos | sva | se; suus | se | sja | ve | ||||||||||||||||||||
Numerals[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| 1- oino- | one | një/nji | aīns | vienas/viens | oinos | óin/aon | un | ains | ein/eins | ān/one | einn | oios | eka | akh | ev | aēuua | iu/jeu | aiva/yak | ūnus | uinus | uns | edinŭ | jeden | odin | |||||||||
| 1- sem- | one | gjithë | san | sñta | mi/mek/meg | sa/ | samhail | hafal | sama | saman/zusammen | sum/some | sami | heis | sa-kr.t | sâ~ | hakeret | hama/hamin | semel | sam | sas/s.e | |||||||||||||
| 2- dwo- | two | dy | dā- | tuwa | erku/yerku/yergu | dwāi | du/divi | vo | dá/dó | dau | twai | zwei | twā/two | tveir | duō | dva | zū' | dü | duua | dyuuæ/duuæ | duva/do | duo | dus | tuf | dŭva | dwa | dva | wu/wi | |||||
| 3- trei- | three | tre | tri- | trei | erek'/yerek' | tri | trys/trīs | treis | treí/trí | tri | þreis | drī/drei | þrēo/three | þrír | treis | tri | tre | tre | θri | ærtæ | çi/se | trēs | tris | trif | trĭje | trzy | tri | tre/trai | tri- | thri- | |||
| 4- kwetwer- | four | katër | teteri | č'ork'/č'ors | keturjāi | keturi/četri | petor | cethir/ceahair | pedwar | fidwor | feor/vier | fēower/four | fjórir | tessares | catur | tsor | što | čaθwar | cyppar/cuppar | /čahār | quattuor | petora | petor | četyri | cztery | četyre | śtwar/śtwer | ketri- | |||||
| 5- penkwe- | five | pesë | hing/hing/hink | pēnkjāi | penki/pieci | pempe | cóic/cúig | pump | fimf | fimf/fünf | fīf/five | fimm | pente | pañca | pā.~tsh | puč | pan.ča | fondz | panča/panj | quinque | pompe | pumpe | pętĭ | pięć | pjat' | päñ/piś | pinke | ||||||
| 6- swek's- | six | gjashtë | vec'/vec' | usjai | šeši/seši | suex | sé | chwech | saihs | sēhs/sechs | siex/six | sex | heks | s.as. | śe | s.u | xš.uuaš | æxsæz | /šeš | sex | sehs | sehs | šestĭ | sześć | šest' | s.äk/s.kas | ses- | ||||||
| 7- septm.- | seven | shtatë | šipta- | evt'n/yot'/yot'ĕ | septīnjai | septyni/septiņi | sextan | secht/seacht | saith | sibun | sibun/sieben | seofon/seven | sjau | hepta | sapta | sath | sut | hapta | avd | /haft | septem | seften | sedmĭ | siedem | sem' | s.äk/s.kas | |||||||
| 8- ok'tōu- | eight | tëte | aitãta- | ut'/ut'/ut'ĕ | astōnjai | aštuoni/astoņi | oxtū | ocht | wyth | ahtau | ahto/acht | eahta/eight | átta | oktō | as.t.a | ā.t.h | us.t. | ašta | ast | ašta/hašt | octō | uhto | osmĭ | osiem | vosem' | okät/okt | |||||||
| 9- newn.- | nine | nëntë/nândë | ñuñtãta- | inn/inn/innĕ | newīnjai | devyni/deviņi | navan | nói/naoi | naw | niun | niun/neun | nigon/nine | níu | ennea | nava | nav | nu | nauua | nava/noh | novem | nuven | nuvim | devętĭ | dziewięć | devjat' | ñu | |||||||
| 10- dek'm.- | ten | dhjetë/dhetë | tasn/tas/dasĕ | desīmtan | dešimt/desmit | decam | deich | deg | taihun | zēhen/zehn | tīen/ten | tíu | deka | daśa | da.h | duc | dasa | dæs | daθa/dah | decem | deken | desem | desętĭ | dziesięć | desjat' | śäk/śak | dece- | ||||||
| 20- wīk'm.tī- | twenty | njëzet/njizet | k'san | vocontio | fiche | ugain | eikosi | vin.śati | vuh | vici | visaiti | /bist | vīgintī | wiki/ikäm. | |||||||||||||||||||
| 100- k'm.tom | hundred | šimtas/simts | cét/cead | cant | hund | hunt/hundert | hundred/hundred | hundrað | hekaton | śata | śath | sata/satem | sædæ | /sad | centum | sŭto | sto | sto | känt/kante | ||||||||||||||
| 1000- teus-k'm.ti | thousand | tukstantis/tūkstots | þusundi | þūsunt/tausend | þusend/thousand | þúsund | tysõšti' | tysiąc | tysjača | tumane/tmām | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| per- | foremost->first | i parë | para | pariy | pirmas/pirmais | príomh | yr | furist/Fürst; fruo/früh | fyrst/first | fyrstr | prōtos | prathama | pürük | paoiriia | fyccag-farast/farast | primus | perum | pert | pierwszy | pervyj | parwät/parwe | ||||||||||||
Directions[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| en | in | in/ | yn | in | in/in | in/in | í | en | in | on- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| eghs | out | ex- | ess-/as/ó | ex | ex | izu | iz | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (s)uper | over | thar | ver- | for/ | ufaro | ubar/über | ofer/over | yfir | hyper | upari | upairi | bar/abar | super | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (s)upo | under | up-zi | iup | uf/auf | upp/up | upp | hypo | upa | zir | sub | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| ambhi | around | ambi- | imb-/ | umbi/um | ymbe/-- | um | aiphi | abhitah | aiwito | ambi | oba | ámpi | |||||||||||||||||||||
| medhyo- | between | mēj/mēč | medis/mežs | medi-os | midjis | mitti/Mitte | ælemidde/middle | meðal | madhyah | pâmüč | mian | medium | mefiaí | między | meždu | metu | |||||||||||||||||
| bhudhmen | bottom | bun/pun | bun | bôn | bodam/Boden | botm/bottom | botn | puthmēn | budhnah | bŭnō | bon | fundus | |||||||||||||||||||||
Kinship[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| manu- | person | žmonės/-- | manna | man/Mann | mann/man | maðr | manus- | mânša | man-us | mozi | muž | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| nō-m.n | name | emër/êmën | lāman | anun | emnes | anm-en | ainm/ | anu | namo | namo/Name | nama/name | nafn | onoma | nāmah | nom | nama | nom | nāma/nām | nōmen | nome | ime | imię | imja | ñom/ñem | |||||||||
| wī-ro- | man | neri | wirs | vyras/vīrs | gwyr | fer/fear | gwr | wair | wer/Werwolf | wer/werewolf | vīra- | vīra- | vir | viru | wir | ||||||||||||||||||
| hner | man | ayr | anēr | nar | ner | anar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gwen- | woman | grua | kin/gin | genno | bean | benyw | qino | quena/-- | cwēn/queen | kona | gunē | gnā/jani- | zanānū' | gənā | /zan | žena | żona | žena | |||||||||||||||
| an- | ancestor | parët | hannas | han | ane | anyta/-- | eontr | ano/Ahn | annis/anōn | nia/niakan | anus | vnuk | ana | ||||||||||||||||||||
| pəter- | father | atë | ātir | athir/athair | gwaladr | fadar | fater/Vater | fæder/father | faðir | patēr | pitā | petū'r | fyd/ | pitar/pedar | pater | patir | pater | pācar/pācer | |||||||||||||||
| māter- | mother | ëma | mayr | mūti | motė/māte | mātir | máthir/máthair | modryb | muoter/Mutter | mōdor/mother | mōðir | mētēr | mātr. | mā.j | motr | mātar- | mad/madæ | mātar/mādar | māter | maatreis | matrer | mati | matka | mat' | mācar/mācer | mater | |||||||
| bhrāter- | brother | vlla | yeġbayr/yeġpayr | brāti | brolis/brālis | brātir | bráthair/dearbhráthair | brawd | brōþar | bruoder/Bruder | brōþor/brother | bróðir | phrātēr | bhrātar | boy | br.o | brātar- | ærvad/ | brātār/barādar | frāter | fratrom | bratru | brat | brat | pracer/procer | bra' | brater | ||||||
| swesor- | sister | motër | k'uyr | sesuo/-- | suiior | deirfiúr | chwaer | swistar | swester/Schwester | sweostor/sister | systir | eor | svasar- | sus | shanhar- | xuæræ | xahar | soror | sestra | siostra | sestra | s.ar/s.er | |||||||||||
| sunu- | son | dielli | ustr | soūns | sūnus/-- | sunus | sunu/Sohn | sunu/son | sonr | nios | sūnu- | hunu- | synu | syn | syn | se/soyä | |||||||||||||||||
| dhugəter- | daughter | bijë | dustr/tusdr | duckti | duktē/ | duxtīr | dauhtar | tohter/Tochter | dohtor/daughter | dóttir | thugatēr | duhitar- | jü | doxtar | dusti | doč' | ckācar/tkacer | ||||||||||||||||
| daiwer- | husband's brother | taigr/daikr | dieveris/dieveris | zeihhur/-- | dāēr | devar- | lēvir | dever' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| swek'rū | mother-in-law | vjehërr | skesur/sgesur | šešuras | chwegr | swaíhrō | swigur/Schwieger | swēor/-- | sväära | ekurā | śvaśrū- | č.uč. | xvasura- | socrus | świekra | svekrov' | |||||||||||||||||
| snus-os | daughter-in-law | nu | snoru/-- | nuos | snushā- | nurus | snŭkha | snecha | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| g'əlōu- | brother's wife | galōs | glōs | zlŭva | zolovka | gelaros | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| yenəter- | brother-in-law's wife | ner | jentė/ietere | einatēr | yātar- | iâri | ianitrīcēs | jatrov' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| awon- | grandfather/mother's brother | hav | awis | avynas | avontīr | aue/ó | ewythr | awó | ōheim/Oheim | ēam/-- | aia | avus/avunculus | uy | wuj | uj | ||||||||||||||||||
| nepōt- | grandson/nephew | nip | nepuotis/ | nei | niath/ | nai | nefo/Neffe | nefa/-- | napāt- | nâvo | napāt- | napā/nave | nepōs | netiy | |||||||||||||||||||
| widhewā- | widow | e ve | widdewu | fedb/ | gweddw | widuwō | wituwa/Witwe | widuwe/widow | eitheos | vidhavā- | viðavā- | /beva | vidua | vidova | wdowa | vdova | |||||||||||||||||
| ghos-ti | stranger/guest | gasts | gast/Gast | gæst/guest | gestr | hostis | gosti | gość | gost' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Body parts[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| k'er- | head | krye | karapen/garaben | kerpetis | ceann | hirni/Hirn | hjarni | kare | karparas | sar | /sar | cerĕbrum | čerep | ||||||||||||||||||||
| kaput- | head | krye | ceann | haubiþ | houbit/Haupt | hēafod/head | hofuð | kaput- | caput | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pilo- | hair | flok | plaukas/plūksnas | pilos | pĭlus | pleš | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pula- | hair | qime | ulach/ | pula | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bhru- | brow | vetull | wubri | bruvis/-- | brú/bruach | brā/Braue | brū/brow | brún | ophrus | bhrus | abru | bruvi | brew | brov' | pärwām./pärwāne | abroutes | |||||||||||||||||
| ous- | ear | vesh | ausis/auss | aus | clúas | auso | ōra/Ohr | ēare/ear | eyra | ous | usi | usi | gaušā/guš | auris | ucho | ucho | uxo | ||||||||||||||||
| okw- | eye | sy | ač'k' | akis/acs | súil | enep | augo | ouga/Auge | ēaġe/eye | auga | ophthalmos | aks.i | âče~ | oculus | oko | oko | oko | ak/ek | |||||||||||||||
| nas- | nose | hun | nazy | nosis/nāss | nasa/Nase | nosu/nose | nös | nasa | nâsur. | nah | nāham/ | nasus | nasu | nos | nos | ||||||||||||||||||
| ōs- | mouth | goj | aish | austo | uosta/osta | oss | ōr/-- | oss | as/osthas | âša | aosta | ōs | usta | usta | |||||||||||||||||||
| leb- | lip | buz | llef | liopa | lefso/Lippe | lippa/lip | /lab | labĭum | lobzat' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dent- | tooth | dhëmbë | dantis/ | dant | dant | tunþus | zand/Zahn | tōþ/tooth | tǫnn | odous/donti | dantam | dãd | dut | /dandān | dēns/dentis | dziąsło | desna | ||||||||||||||||
| dn.g'hū- | tongue | gua | lezu | insuwis | liežuvis/-- | teanga | tafod | tuggo | zunga/Zunge | tunge/tongue | tunga | jihva | dic | huzvan | hazānam/zabān | lingua | językŭ | język | jazyk | ||||||||||||||
| g'enu- | cheek | faqe | cnaut/dznaud | žandas/zods | genou | gin/ | kinnus | kinni/Kinn | cin/chin | kinn | genos | hanus | zanu | chaneh/goune | gena | sanwem | azon | ||||||||||||||||
| g'ebh- | jaw | gial | kiuwa/Kiefer | ċeafl/jowl | keptr | zafana | zob | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| smek- | chin | mjekër | zamakur | mauruk/maurug | smakras/smakrs | smig | smasru | maxilla | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bhardh-ā- | beard | mjekër | barzda/bārda | barf | bards | bart/Bart | beard/beard | barðr | barba | brada | broda | boroda | |||||||||||||||||||||
| moni | neck | qaf | maniakys | muin/muinéal | mwnwgl | mana/Mähne | manu/mane | mǫn | mannon | manya | monīle | monisto | |||||||||||||||||||||
| omesos | shoulder | sup | us | ams | ass | ōmos | amsa | umĕrus | es/āntse | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'ub- | shoulder | sup | gogof | hups | huf/Hüfte | hype/hip | kubos | śupti | supti | /šāne | cubitus | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| arm- | arm | krah | armunk/armung | irmo | lámh | arms | arm/Arm | earm/arm | armr | arthron/ | irmas | arm | armus | ramo | ramię | ||||||||||||||||||
| el- | elbow | brryl | olok/olog | alkūnė/elkonis | elin | uillean | elin | aleina | elina/Elle | eln/ell | aln | alas/oleon | aratnis | ulna | lokot' | ||||||||||||||||||
| dous- | forearm | parakrah | paduse | doe | dos | daos | pazuxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| g'hes- | hand | dorë | kessar | izre | dzer.k'/cer.k' | pažastis/-- | kheir | hastas | düšt | zasta | dasta/dæst | praesto | |||||||||||||||||||||
| men- | hand | dor | munt/Vormund | mund/-- | mane | manus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| onogh | nail | thuni | yeġung/yeġunk | nāgas/nags | eguin | inga/ionga | ewin | nagal/Nagel | næġel/nail | nagl | onohos; onux | anghri | nakhara | /nāxun | unguis | noguti | nogot' | ||||||||||||||||
| psten- | breast | gji | stin/sdin | spenis | spenys/spenis | sine/ | spunni/Spanferkel | spane/-- | speni | stēthos | stana | fštana | pestan/sine | ||||||||||||||||||||
| perk'- | rib | bri | pirsys | parsus | parsum | fars | persi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pog- | lap | prehr | paksis | paksas | pectus | pax | passa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| onbh- | navel | krthiz | nabis | naba | imbliu/imleacán | nabalo/Nabel | nafela/navel | nafli | omphalos | nabhya | naf | naba | naf | umbilīcus | |||||||||||||||||||
| udero- | belly | bark | vedaras/vēders | wanast/Wanst | otheros | udaram | udaras | del | uterus; venter | vedro | bedro | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| pizda | vulva | pith | pizda | pizda | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| put- | vulva | puti | vut/Fotze | futh | pūtĕō | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pes- | penis | kar | faselt/Fasel | fæsl/-- | fösull | peos | pasas | pēnis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| org'hi- | testicle | herdhe | orjik/orčik | arzus | uirghe | orkhis | arazi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ors- | arse | byth | arras | or | err/ | ars/Arsch | ærs/arse | ars | orrhos | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'louni- | buttock | byth | clun | clun | hlaun | sroni | slaunis | sraoni | clūnis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kroksko | leg | krake | karka | cos | kiskum | kraka | okorok | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ped- | foot | sput | pata | ot-/votk'/vodk' | pe'da' | pėda/pēda | fotus | fuoz/Fuß | fōt/foot | fótr | podi | padam | pâdha | fad/ | /pa | pēs/pedis | per'i | pe'š | pieszy | pešij | pem./paiyye | ||||||||||||
| g'enu- | knee | guni | gienu | cungkʿ/çunk | geno | glún/glúin | glin | kniu | kniu/Knie | cnēo/knee | kne | gonu | jānu | znum | zonyg | /zānu | genū | zveno | kanwem/kenī | Genua/Genava | |||||||||||||
| kemək- | kneecup | kenkle/cinksla | hēla/heel | hæll | kañkāla | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| persna | heel | themr | parsina | fairsna | fersana/Ferse | fiersn/-- | ptera | parsni | perna/pernis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Body organs[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| kwrep- | body | shkrep | corp | corff | href/ | hrif/midriff | prapis | krapa | xrafstra | corpus | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| nau- | corpse | nave | nawe | newyn | duine | naus | not/ | néo-/-- | nár | navi | nav'/onava | nut/naut | |||||||||||||||||||||
| pel- | skin | pleinen | fel/Fell | filmen/film | feldr | pelos/pilon | pellis | pelena | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tuakos | skin | tuekkas | craiceann | sakos | tvacas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (k)ost- | bone | asht | hastai | oskr | asgwrn | ostoun | asthi | ât.i | asti | /ostexān | os; costa | kostĭ | kość | kost' | /ásta | ||||||||||||||||||
| g'wiya | sinew | jil/čil | gysla/cīpsla | gewyn | bios | jya | ja | jya | fīlum | žitsa | žila | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| memso | flesh | mish | mis | mensa | mimz | menisk | mamsam | maz | membrum | mjaso | misa | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| kreu- | blood | kraujas/ | /crau/cru/ | crau | rāo/roh | hrēaw/raw | hrár | kreas | kravis | kruva- | cruor | kruvi | krew | krov' | |||||||||||||||||||
| esr- | blood | ešar | esêne- | ariun | --/asinis | eiar | asrak | aser | ysār/yasar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mozgo | brain | muzgeno | marg/Mark | mearg/marrow | mergr | majjas | massunt | mazga | /maġz | mozgu | mózg | mozg | mäs's'unt | ||||||||||||||||||||
| gwheleg'h- | gland | geġdz/keġc | geležuones/dziedzeris | eleza | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| reusmen- | throat | rhumen | romantha | rumen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pleu-mon | lung | plausas | pleumōn | kloman | płuco | pljuče | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'erd- | heart | kir | kride | sird/sirt | seyr | širdis/sirds | craidd | cride/croidhe | craidd | hairto | herza/Herz | heorte/heart | hjarta | kardia | hr.daya | zâra | zərədā | zærdæ | cor | sreda | serce | serdce | kri/käryāñ | ||||||||||
| yēkwr.- | liver | jeknos/aknas | ae | hēpar | yaknas | iâñi | yakar/jigar | /jegar | jecur | ikra | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| spleng'h- | spleen | p'aicaln | blusne | bluznis/ | selg/ | splēn | plihan | pr.u | sparazan | liēn | slezena | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| g'hel- | gall | galla/Galle | galla/gall | gall | khole | fel | żółć | elč | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| lendh- | kidney | /lenden | lendenu/-- | lumbus | ljadvie | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gwelbh- | womb | bhroin | wamba | wamba/Wamme | wamb/womb | vomb | delphus | garbhas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gwrebh- | womb | /brommach | brephos | črevo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| g'her- | bowels | jar/čar | zarna/ | garn/Garn | gearn/yarn | garn | horion | hirah | hernia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| eter- | intestines | anderk/anderg | inathar/ | entera | antram | jatro | wątroba | utroba | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kakka | excrement | kakor/gagor | /cacc | cach | /kacke | kakkao | (isfa.)keke | cacare | kaka | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Human feelings and qualities[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| men- | mind | men | mitk'/midk' | mintis | muns | /Minne | gemynd/mind | minni | menos | manas | manah- | manesh | mens | mineti | mnit' | ||||||||||||||||||
| aiw- | vital force | aye/ever | aiōn | ayuh | ayu | aevum | aym | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| swep- | sleep | gjumë | k'nel | sapnas | súan/són | hun | swefan/-- | svefn | hupnos | svapnas | xvafna | xab/xoft | somnus | son | s.päm./s.pane | ||||||||||||||||||
| an- | spirit | frym | anjn | anal | anam | anysbryd | andi | eðian/-- | anda | anemos | anas | anĭmal | vonja | von' | |||||||||||||||||||
| g'eus- | taste | shije | guss/ | kustus; kiusan | kiosan/kiesen | ċēosan/choose | kjosa | josati | zaoso/zusto | dauš-/ | gustus | gust | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ters- | dry | ter | tsarav | tirim | þaursus | durst/Durst | þurst/thirst | þurr | tersesthai | tarsna | tarsu | terra | |||||||||||||||||||||
| sweid- | sweat | djersë | k'rtink'/k'rdink' | /sviedri | chwys | sweiz/Schweiß; swizzen/schwitzen | swāt/sweat; swætan/sweat | sveiti | hidros | svedate | xvaeda- | xosh | sūdor | ||||||||||||||||||||
| dakru- | tear | lot | arc'unk' | ašara/asara | dēr/deór | deigryn | tagr | zahar/Zähre | tēar/tear | tār | dakru | aśru | asrū-azan | lacrĭma | ākär/akrūna | ||||||||||||||||||
| ghouros | fear | frik | /gure | gaurs | graus | ghoras | žurit' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ghers- | horror | garsim/karsim | grassa | gruam | gersta | grahma | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| trudes- | leprosy | grbult | truneti | trosc/ | trutsfill | truo | trūdō | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Celestial terms[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| sawel- | sun | diell | saulė/saule | haul | suil/ | haul | sauil | sunna/Sonne | sunne/sun | sól | hēlios | suras | su | hvar | xur | xur/xorshid | sōl | slunice | słońce | solnce | swāñce/swāñco | ||||||||||||
| mens- | moon/month | muaj | amis | mėnulis/mēness; mėnuo/mėnesis | mi/ | mis | mēna; menoþs | mano/Mond; mōnād/Monat | mōna/moon; mōnaþ/month | máni; mānaðr | mēn | masas | mos | mahya | /mæj | māha/māh | mensis | měsęcĭ | miesiąc | mesjac | mañ/meñe | ||||||||||||
| ster- | star | yll | šittar | astġ/asdġ | sterenn | seren | stāirno | sterro/Stern | steorra/star | stjarna | astēr | tārā/strebhih/stṛ́ | r.âšto | star- | sthaly/ | /setāre | stēlla | śre/śćirye | |||||||||||||||
| nebh- | sky/cloud | qiel | nepis | debesis/debess | néal | nef | nebul/Nebel | nifol/-- | nephos | nabhas | niru | nebŭlō | nebo | niebo | nebo | ||||||||||||||||||
| leuk- | light/bright | drit | lalukkes | luga | luys | lauxnas | laukas/lauks | leux | loscaim/loiscim | llug | liuhaþ | lioht/Licht | lēoht/light | leygr | leukos | rocate | luka/r.uč | roxan | lūx | Lúvkis | Vuvçis | luci | lug | luk | |||||||||
| telp- | space | hapsir | talpa | /tallaim | talm | talpas | tolpa | --/tälp- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Times of day[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| aus- | dawn | ag | aušra/ausma | fair | gwawr | ōstra/Osten | ēast/east | austr | hēos | us.ās | ušastara | aurōra | utro | ||||||||||||||||||||
| agh- | morn | gdhi | aige | ahem | jug | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| deien- | day | dit | tiv/div | diena/diena | die/dia/denus/ | dydd | sintīns | lengizin/Lenz | lencten/lent | dinam | nundinae | dĭnĭ | dzień | den' | |||||||||||||||||||
| wes-pero- | evening | perndim | gišer/kišer | vakaras/vakars | /fescor | ucher | veig | hesperos | vespera | wieczór | večer | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| nekw-t- | night | natë | nekuz | naktin | naktis/nakts | nocht | innocht/anochd | nos | nahts | naht/Nacht | niht/night | nōtt | nuks | nakti | nox | nosti | noc | noč' | nakcu/nekcīye | ||||||||||||||
Seasons[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| yēr- | year | jer | jar/Jahr | gēar/year | ar | iros | yare | dušiyaram/ | hornus | jaro | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| wet- | year | wiþrus | widar/Widder | weðer/wether | veðr | etos | vatsah | vetus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wes- | spring | garun/karun | vasara/ | var | var | ear | vasantas | vâsut | vanri | /bahār | vēr | vesna | wiosna | vesna | |||||||||||||||||||
| sem- | summer | amar. | sam | sam/ | haf | sumar/Sommer | sumor/summer | sumar | sama | ham | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| osen- | harvest | assanis | asans | aran/Ernte | earnian/earn | önn | onopa | jesień | osen' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| g'hei- | winter | dimër/dimën | gima- | dzmer./cmer. | žiema/ziemas | Giamillus | gheimhridh | gaeaf | gōi | kheima | heman | ze~ | zimo | /zemestān//dai | hiems | zima | zima | śärme/śimpriye | |||||||||||||||
Atmosphere[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| k'ewero- | northwind | c'urt/c'urd | šiaurys/-- | skura | scūr/Schauer | scūr/shower | skūr | caurus | severu | sever | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| sneigh | snow | snaygis | sniegas/sniegs | snigid/ | nyf | snaiws | snēo/Schnee | snāw/snow | snjor | nipha | snihyati | nix | snegu | śnieg | sneg | ||||||||||||||||||
| grad- | hail | karkut/gargut | gruodas/-- | grando | grad | grad | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| yeg- | ice | iža/ieze | aig/oighear | ia | ichil/Gicht | gicel/icicle | jaki | ikra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ei-s- | ice | īs/Eis | īs/ice | íss | isu/aexa | ix | /yax | inej | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sneudh- | mist | nudd | nudd | nuthon | snaoda | nubes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| meldh- | lightning | mealde | milna/-- | molnija | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wholeness[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| solo- | whole | gjallë | olj/olč | oll/ | holl | holos | sarvah | sũdi | haurva- | sōlus | cały | salu/sol | |||||||||||||||||||||
| semi- | half | sami- | sami/-- | sām-/sand-blind | hēmisus | sami | sâmaũ | sēmis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| aiti- | part | aes | aitios-aisa | aeta- | aeteis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Terrain[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| dhg'em- | earth | dhè | tekan | same | žemė/zeme | domhain | dyn | guma | gomo/Bräutigam | guma/bridegroom | gumi | khthōn | ks.a | za.min | zæxx/ | zam/zamin | humus | huntruis | hondomu | zemlja | ziemia | zemlja | tkam/kem. | zemelo/zamelon | semela | ||||||||
| akmon | stone | akmen | hamar/Hammer | hamor/hammer | hamarr | akmōn | acma | asman | kamy | kamień | kamen' | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| g'embh- | ledge->tooth | dhëmb/dhamb | camel/dzamel | žambas/zobs | kamb/Kamm | camb/comb | kambr | gomphos | jambhas | kam/keme | zâmoa | gemma | zǫbŭ | gęba/ząb | zub | kombous | |||||||||||||||||
| gwere | mount | gur | ler | giria | deiras | giris | gairi | gora | góra | gora | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| agras | field | art/ard | akrs | achar/Acker | æcer/acre | akr | agros/agrestis | ajrah | ager | ager | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| lendh- | steppe | lindan | landa- | land/lann | llan | lant/Land | land/land | land | ledina | ljada | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| gues- | forest | gethi | questa/-- | guspita | vespice | xvorost | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| leug- | puddle | legate | liugas | Lugu-dunum | lugaios | luja | lugas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| lat- | swamp | Latuva | Arelate | laith | llaid | /letten | latas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mori- | bog | mary | marios/mare | Aremorici | muir/muir | môr | mari; marei | mari/Meer; mersk/Marsch | mere/mere; mersc/marsh | marr | maryada | mare | morze | more | |||||||||||||||||||
| laku- | pond | lič/lij | Lakajai | loch/loch | lagu/-- | lagu/-- | lakkos | lacus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| eg'hero- | lake | assaran | ežeras/ezers | Akherōn | ezero | jezioro | ozero | oseriates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| akwa- | river | ha | akwanzi | upė/upe | abhainn | aha | aha/Ache | īg/island | á | ap | aqua | Oka | |||||||||||||||||||||
| wedor | water | ujë | watar | get/ked | wundan | vanduo/ūdens | uisce/uisge | dŵr | watō | wazzar/Wasser | wæter/water | vatn | hudōr | udan- | odūr | unda | utur | voda | woda | voda | war | bedu | bedu | udrēnas | |||||||||
| poimno- | foam | spainė/ | veim/Feim | fām/spiúma | phena | fink | pumex | pena | pena | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fire[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| paəwr. | bonfire | pahhur | hur | fiur/Feuer | fyr/fire | furr | pur | pu | afruz/afruxt | pir | požar | por/pūwar | |||||||||||||||||||||
| egni- | fire | agnis | ugnis/uguns | agni | ignis | ogn' | ogień | ogon' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dhu- | smoke | dumis | dūmai/dūmi | dē/dumhach | dub | dauns | toup/toben | dōmian/dusk | daunn | thumos | dhumas | /dud | fumus | Mefit | dym | dym | twe/tweye | ||||||||||||||||
| pers- | dust | pappars | parsla/pīšļi | fors | pr.sati | paršuya- | perst' | pärs- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parts of trees[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| deru- | tree | dru/drû | taru | car./dzar. | drawine | derva/dreve | Dervus | derucc/ | derwen; dâr | triu | trēow/tree | trē | drus; drys | dāru/dāru | dâa | dāuru | /deraxt | durus | drěvo | drzewo | derevo | or | |||||||||||
| g'hasto- | stick | gass | hasta | hostatu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| g'hazdho- | stick | gat | gazds | gart/Gart | gād/goad | gaddr | žedr' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'ak- | branch | thekë | čyuġ/jyuġ | sagnis | šaka/saka | gēc/gēag | hōha | huohili/ | śakha | coa | soxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| dherghen- | thorn | drignės/drigenes | draigen/ | draen | tirnpauma/dirnbaum | drāks.a | deren | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wred- | root | rrënjë | frém/fréamh | gwraidd | vaurts | wirz/Wurz | wyrt/wort | rōt | rhiza | vardhati | rādīx | vred | |||||||||||||||||||||
| gwetw | resin | bedwen | beithe | kuti/Kitt | cudu/cud | kvāða | jatu | bitūmen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kel- | glue | klejai | kolla | klej | klej | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flora[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| bhāgo- | beech | Bāgācon|beith | buohha/Buche | bēce/beech | bōk | phugos | fāgus | buzina | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| perkwu- | oak | perkunas | dair | foraha/Föhre | furh/fir | fura | parkati | quercus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bhereg'- | birch | berse | beržas/bērzs | birihha/Birke | birce/birch | bjǫrk | bhūrjah. | bärz | frāxinus | breza | bereza | berzas | |||||||||||||||||||||
| klen- | maple | klevas/kļava | kelyn | kelyn | hlin/linn | hlynr | klen | klino-trokhon | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ol- | alder | alanzan | aliskande | alksnis/ | alisa | elira/Erle | alor/alder | alr | alnus | olcha | olxa | alixa | |||||||||||||||||||||
| os- | ash | ah | hachi | woasis | uosis/osis | onnen | asc/Esche | æsc/ash | askr | oksua | ornus | osina | |||||||||||||||||||||
| apsa | aspen | opuse/ | aspa/Espe | æspe/aspen | ösp | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| eywo- | yew | aigi/aiki | ieva/īve | iva | eo/ | ywen | iwa/Eibe | īw/yew | yr | iva | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| grabh- | hornbeam/oak | skroblas/skābardis | Graboui | grab | grabion | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wyg'h- | elm | vidh | vinkšna/vilksna | wice/Wych Elm | viz (Kurdish) | vjaz | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| g'heluna | pine | jelun/čelun | giolnar | kheilos | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| elwn- | cedar | addle/egle | odocos | ebulus | el' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| koslo- | hazel | kasulas | coll | coll/ | hasal/Hasel | hæsl/hazel | hasl | corulus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ar- | nut | arrë | arna | orzech | orex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| abl- | apple | woble | obuolys/ābols | avallo | uball/ubhall | afal | apful/Apfel | æppel/apple | eple | abalas | janloko | jabłko | jabloko | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ker- | cherry | keras/kirna | ceiriosen | craf | keradion | čerenok/koren' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| rap- | turnip | rōpē/ | raba/Rübe | rhapus | rapum | repa | repa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| krem- | onion | kermušē/cermauksis | crem/creamh | hramsan/ramson | kremeon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ōg- | berry | uoga | āirne | akran | ēker/Ecker | æcern/acorn | akarn | vinjaga | jagoda | oko | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| mor- | blackberry | muri | mori | merwydden | /smēār | mwyar | moron | mōrum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'alam- | reed | salme | /salms | halm/Halm | healm/haulm | halmr | kalamos | culmus | soloma | kulmãm.ts | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| koino- | grass | xot/xod | šienas/siens | koina | seno | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Insects[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| morwi- | ant | morr | mrjiun/mrčiun | merva | moirb | maurr | murmēs | vamras | maoiri | /mour | formica | mravie | mrówka | muravej | |||||||||||||||||||
| bhei- | bee | bletë | bitte | bitis | becos | bech/bech | begegyr | bīa/Biene | bēo/bee | bǖn/bý | fūcus | pszczoła | pčela | ||||||||||||||||||||
| wopsa | wasp | vapsa/ | guahi | foich/ | wafsa/Wespe | wæps/wasp | gvabz | ušpik | vawzaka | vespa | vosa | osa | |||||||||||||||||||||
| mu- | fly | mizë | mun | muse | mucka/Mücke | mycg/midge | mý | muia | ma.čh | /magas | musca | mucha | muxa | ||||||||||||||||||||
| blousa | flea | plesht | lu | blusa | psulla | plus.i | pulex | bloxa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| knid- | louse | thërijë | anic/anidz | gnida | nedd | gneis | konis | gnida | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kwr.mi- | grub | krimb | kirmis/cērme | cruim/ | pryf | krmi | kalm | /kirm | čermnyi | červ' | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Water animals[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| dhg'hu- | fish | dzuk/cug | žuvis/zivs | ikhthus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| peisk- | fish | /iasc | pysgodyn | fisks | fisc/Fisch | fisc/fish | fiskr | piscis | piskorz | piskar' | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| laks- | salmon | lalasso | lašiša/lasis | lahs/Lachs | leax/-- | lax | losos | losos' | laks/läks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| angwi- | eel | angis/angurgis | ung/ | unc | egkhelus | anguis | už/ugor' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| konkho- | shell | konkhos | sankha | conguius | koncha | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wr.mi- | worm | vord/vort | wormyan | varmas/-- | gwraint | waurms | wurm/Wurm | wyrm/worm | ormr | rhomos | vermis | vermie | |||||||||||||||||||||
Birds[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| awi- | bird | hav | hwyad | aetos | vih | avayas | avis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| eor- | eagle | oror | haras | arciv/ardziv | erēlis/ērglis | er | irar/iolar | eryr | ara | arn/Aar | earn/erne | ǫrn | ornis | orilu | orzeł | orel | |||||||||||||||||
| worn- | raven | varna | brana | bran | vorona | --/wrauña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| qor- | raven | krauklys/ | hraban/Rabe | hræfn/raven | hrafn | koraks | corvus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| trozdos | thrush | strazdas/ | truid | drudwy | droscala/Drossel | þrysce/thrush | þröstr | turdus | drozgu | drozd | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| aneti- | duck | ántis | anut/Ente | ened/-- | ǫnd | atih | anas | utie | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| g'hans- | goose | sansy | žąsis/zoss | geiss/--; géd/gé | gŵydd | gansus | gans/Gans | gōs/goose | gās | khen | haṃsá | zā | x'az | /gaz | ānser | gęś | gus' | ||||||||||||||||
| teter- | grouse | tatrakm | tatarwis | teterva/teteris | tethra/ | þiðurr | tetraōn | tittiras | /tadarv | teterev | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| sperg- | sparrow | spurglis | sparwa | sparo/Sperling | spearwa/sparrow | spörr | sparasion | /parasto | parra | s.pār/s.pāra- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| ger- | crane | kerunk | gerwe | garnis/ | garan | krano/Kranich | cran/crane | trana | geranos | grūs | žuravl' | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| petra- | wings | pittar | eterin | fedara/Feder | feðer/feather | fjǫðr | pteryx/ | patram | /par | penna | pero | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| niz-do | nest | nist | net/net | nyth | nest/Nest | nest/nest | nidas | nīdus | gnezdo | gniazdo | gnezdo | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Beasts[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| g'hwer- | beast | zveris/ | ther | ferus | zveri | zwierzę | zver' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| maghos | young animal | makth | mac | Magu-rix | maug/ | meudwy | magus | magad/Magd | mægð/maid | mær | maghava | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| s-tauro | bison | tauris | tauras/tauriņš | tarbh | tarw | stiur | stior/Stier | steor/steer | stjorr | tauros | staora | taurus | turu | tur | |||||||||||||||||||
| r.tk'o- | bear | ari | arj/arč | art | arth | arktos | rksa | ic | xirs | ars | ursus | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| wl.kwo- | wolf | ujk-ulk | gayl/kayl | wilkis | vilkas/vilks | vail | faol | wulfs | wolf/Wolf | wulf/wolf | ūlfr | lukos | vr.ka | vehrka- | varka/gorg | lupus | vluku | wilk | volk | --/walkwe | |||||||||||||
| epero- | boar | Vepriai/vepris/vepris | ebur/Eber | eofor/-- | vapati | aper/vepres | apruf | vepr' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bhi-bhru | beaver | bebrus | bebras/bebrs | Bibrax | befer | bibar/Biber | beofer/beaver | bjōrr | babhrus | bawra | fiber | bóbr | bobr | ||||||||||||||||||||
| udras | otter | udra/udris | /odar; uydr//odoirne/ | ottar/Otter | oter/otter | otr | hudros | udras | udra | lutra | vydra | wydra | vydra | ||||||||||||||||||||
| wewer- | squirrel | vaveris/vāvere | gwywer | eihhurno/Eichhorn | ācweorna/-- | īkorni | /varvarah | vīverra | wiewiórka | veverica | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| eg'hi- | hedgehog | ozni | ežys/ezis | gráinneóg | igil/Igel | igil/-- | īgul | ekhinos | wyzyn | jeż | ež | eksis/eksis | |||||||||||||||||||||
| netr- | snake | nathir/neidr | nathir/ | neidr | nadrs | natara/Natter | naeddre/adder | naðr | natrix | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mūs- | mouse | mi | muk/mug | muse/ | mūs/Maus | mūs/mouse | mūs | mūs | mūs. | musa | mus | /muš | mūs | mysu | mysz | myš' | |||||||||||||||||
Home animals[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| k'won- | dog | shakë | śuwanis | šun | sunis | šuo/suns | cuna | cū/cú | ci | hunds | hunt/Hund | hund/hound | hundr | kuon/cynic | śvan | hūn | spā | canis | suka | ku | kinu- | kunes | dinu- | ||||||||||
| ek'wo- | horse | aśuwas | esbe- | ēš | ašva/āži | epo | ech | ebol | eoh/-- | hippos | aśva | ušpa | aspa/asb | equus | yuk/yakwe | es' | esvas | ||||||||||||||||
| gwou- | cow/bull | kov/gov | --/guovs | bō/bo | kuo/Kuh | cū/cow | kú | bous | gaus | gāv | go | --/gāv | buv- | bum | govjado | ko/keŭ | |||||||||||||||||
| lōp- | cow | lopë | lāeg | llo | /lops | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| uksin- | ox, bull | auhsa/ych | ohso/Ochse | oxa/ox | oxi | uksa | uxshan- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| su- | swine | thi | --/sivēns | socc/ | hwch | sū/Sau | sū/sow | sú | hus | sukaras | sūs | sif | świnia | svin | --/suwo | ||||||||||||||||||
| pork'o- | farrow | parstian | paršas/-- | orc | farh/Ferkel | fearh/farrow | porkos | purs | porcus | porosja | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| ag'- | goat | ozys | ag/agh | ajah | azak | jazno | koza | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| owi- | sheep | hawi- | hoviv | avis | ōi/ | ewig | ēowu/ewe | ois | avika | ovis | owca | ovca | --/āuw | ||||||||||||||||||||
| agwhno- | lamb | ūan/uan | oen | eanian/yean | amnos | agnus | habina | yagn' | jagnię | agnec | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| kat- | cub | hathna | catulus | katel | vykot | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'er- | horned one | karve | cornach | hiruz/Hirsch | heorot/hart | hjörtr | keraos | cervus | krava | korova | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Animal products[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| owye- | egg | ve-vo | oi | ubh | ŵy | /Ei | ææg/Cockney | egg | oion | aia->aika | avis/ovum | jajco | |||||||||||||||||||||
| melit | honey | mjaltë | milit | meġr | mel | mil/ | mêl | milltou/Mehltau | mildēaw/mildew | melitos | mel/mellis/mulsus | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| medhu- | mead | medus/ | mid/ | medd | Metu/Met | meodu/mead | mjǫðr | methu | madhu | mura | madu | medu | miód | med | mit | ||||||||||||||||||
| alu-d | beer | alus | ealu/ale | öl | aleupon | alumen | ol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| glag- | milk | galank | gala | lac | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ksweid- | milk | sviestas/sviests | ksvidyati | xšvīd | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| selp- | butter | gjalpë | salpa- | salbon | salba/Salbe | sealf/salve | helpos | sarpis | carv/ | /čarbi | s.älyp/s.alype | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| suro- | cheese | hirrë | suras | surr | ser | syr | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| smeru- | grease | smarsas/ | smer- | smiur/ | mer | smero/Schmer | smerian/smear | smyrva | smuris | medulla | /s.mare | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| moisos | hide | maisas | meiss | mesas | maesi->mes | mex | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wlna | wool | hulana | vilna/ | gwlan | wulla | wolla/Wolle | wull/wool | ull | lenos | urna | varena | vellus | vluna | vulna | |||||||||||||||||||
| k'ern- | horn | corn | haurn | horn/Horn | horn/horn | horn | keras | crengam | s.iN | srva | cornus | serna | |||||||||||||||||||||
Vegetable food[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| g'rə-no- | corn | syrne | žirnis/zirnis | grán | grawn | kaurn | korn/Korn | corn/corn | korn | jirnas | xarman | grānum | ziarno | zerno | |||||||||||||||||||
| peluos | flour | pelwo | pelūs/pelus | palavas | palea | polova | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bhares | spelt | bara | barizīns | bærlic/barley | barr | farina | far | far | brašno | brisa | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| puro- | crops | puras/ | fyrs/furze | puros | puras | pyrej | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| yewo- | wheat | ewa- | javas/jauja | eorna/ | zeia | yavas | yavanha | /jav | ovin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| urughya | rye | rugis | rugys/rudzi | roggo/Roggen | ryge/rye | rugr | rož | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gherzdh- | barley | drithë | /Gerste | kri | hordeum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| awig'- | oats | wyse | aviža/auza | āte/oat | aigilops | avasam | avēna | ovës | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bhabha | bean | bathë | babo | ffâen | bona/Bohne | bēan/bean | baun | faba | bob | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| eregwo- | pea | orbaind/ | arawīg/erbse | orobos | ervum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'iker | pea | siser.in | kekē/ | krios | cicer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other products[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| lino- | flax | lini | linas | lin/ | llin | lein | lin/Leinen | lin/linen | lin | linon | linum | len | |||||||||||||||||||||
| sali- | salt | gjelbson | aġ | /sāls | salann/ | halen | salt | /Salz | sealt/salt | salt | als | sāl | salu | soli | sól | sol' | --/salyiye | ||||||||||||||||
| g'hel- | gold | sealtmeno | želta/zelts | geal (bright) | gulþ | gold/Gold | gold/gold | gull | hiran.ya | zaranya- | daraniya-/ | helvus | zlato | złoto | zlato | glunea | |||||||||||||||||
| ayes- | metal | Isarnodori | iarn/iarann | haearn | aiz | er/Erz | ār/ore | eir | ayas | ayaNh | /ahan | aes | ahesnes | ||||||||||||||||||||
Tools[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| aguesi | axe | /Axt | æx/axe | øx | adzi | ascia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| arqu- | bow | ercis | arhuazna | arwe/arrow | örvar | arkeuthos | arkas | arcus | rakita | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| aik- | spear/pike | ayculo/aysmis | aikloi/iktea/aihun | isar | ico/icere | igla | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ke(n)g- | hook | kenge | cheng | /Haken | hoc/hook | haki | kogot' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| skeb- | knife | skabus | /Schaff | skepja | scabere | skoblit' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| skap- | tool | kep | skaplis/kapas | skaft/ | skopelos/kopos | capus | skopit/kopat | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mat- | hack | matog | matog | modela | matyam | mateola | motyka | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mak- | pouch | dantimax | makas/maks | mēn/ | megin | mago/Magen | maga/maw | magi | mosina | mošna | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| tark- | spindle | tarkue | torc | drahsil/ | atraktos | tarkus | torqueo | torok | tark | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gweri- | millstone | yerkan/yergan | breuan | kuerna/ | cweorn/quern | kvern | gravan | girna | ernov | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| yeug- | yoke | jugan | luc/ludz | jungas/jūgs | iou | iau | juk | joh/Joch | geoc/yoke | ok | zugos | yugam | iu | jug | /yoġ | jugum | igo | igo | yuk- | ||||||||||||||
| kwel- | wheel/chariot | sjell | kelan | kelis/celis | cul/-- | hwēol/wheel | hjōl | kuklos | cakram | čaxra | calx/ | čarka/čarx | colus | koło | koleso | kukäl/kokale | |||||||||||||||||
| rot- | wheel | rrath | ratas/rats | Rotomagus | /rath | rhod | rad/Rad | rodur/ | ratha | ratho | rota | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| nau- | ship | anije | nav | nau/ | noe | nōwend/-- | nōr | naus | nāuh. | navāza | nau/ | /nav/nāviyā/ | navis | ||||||||||||||||||||
| bak- | staff | bacc/bac | bach | bakton | baculum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dwelling[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| dem- | house | tun/dun | dimstis/ | tŷ | zimbar/Zimmer | timber/timber | timbr | domos | damas | u dâmoa | dam | domus | dom | ||||||||||||||||||||
| treb- | dwelling | trōba/traba | dīthrub/ | treb/tref | þaúrp | dorf/Dorf | þorp/thorp | ðorp/þorp | teremnon | trabēs | triibum | tremnu | |||||||||||||||||||||
| rebh- | roof | ribba/Rippe | ribb/rib | rif | erepho | rebro | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ghrendh- | beam | grindis/grida | grindil/ | grindel/ | grind | ugr.a | grunda | grzęda | grjada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kantho- | corner | kantem | cant | kanthos | cantus | kąt | -kut- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ank- | angle | hink | anka/āķis | ēcath/ | anghad | ango/ | angi | ogkos | ankas | anku-pəsəmna | ængur | ancus | ugol | ||||||||||||||||||||
| dhwer- | door | derë | dur./tur. | durys/durvis | doro | dorus/doras | dôr | daur | turi/Tür | duru/door | dyrr | thura | dvaras | du | duvar-/dar | fores | furo/foro | drzwi | dver' | --/twere | |||||||||||||
| g'her- | fence | gardh | gardas/aizgalds | gort/ | garth | garto/Garten | geard/yard | garðr | khortos | grahas | hortus | grad | erd' | gordum | |||||||||||||||||||
| pent- | road | hun | pintis | /ēs | findan/finden | findan/find | finna | pontos/patos | panthās | put | fandag/pantā | pōns/pontis | put' | ||||||||||||||||||||
| bherg'h- | fort | parku- | bardzut'iun/partsut'iun | Bergusia | brī/ | bre | baírgahī | burg/Burg; berg/Berg | burg/borough; beorg/barrow | borg/bjarg | brahant | brzant- | /baru | bereg | pärk- | bergas | |||||||||||||||||
Social terms[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| teutā- | tribe | tuzzi- | tuta | toda | tauta/ | teuto | tuath/ | þiuda | diutisc/Deutsch | þeoð/-- | tudeh | tōtus | touta | tota | teuta | ||||||||||||||||||
| leudh- | people | liaudis/ļaudis | luss/ | liut/Leute | lēod/-- | ljóðr | eleutheros | rodhati | raoda- | liber | lud | liud | |||||||||||||||||||||
| weik- | village | vis | viešas/viesis | weihs/ | wic/ | oikos | vic | vis | vicus | wieś | ves' | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| reg- | ruler | rix/recto|rí | raihts | reht/recht | riht/right | réttr | oregein | rajah | rex/regere | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ner- | power | njer | noras/ | neart | neuron | nar | niru | nervus | nrav | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| yewes | law | huisse/ | yoh | yaozda | jus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ala | greeting | aluoti | /Hallo | /hello | alala | alala | ole | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| peku- | wealth/cattle | pilë | pecku | pekus | faihu | fihu/Vieh | feoh/fee | fé | pekto | pasu | pasu | pak | pecus/pecunia | ||||||||||||||||||||
| mizdho- | fee | mizdo | /miete | misthos | midham | mizdam | mozd | mzda | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wesno- | price | ussaniya | gin/kin | honos | vasnam | venum | veno | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'at- | quarrel | catu|cathú | /Hass | hatian/hate | hatr | catrus/satayati | kotora | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| koro- | war | karas | cuire | cath | /Heer | herebeorg/harbour | herr | koiranos | kara | karzar | kara | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| weik'- | victory | veikti/veikt | fichim | wigan/-- | veig | vincere | vek | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| deiw-os | god, i.e. 'shining' | dievas/dievs | deus | Día | duw | Tyz | Ziu/-- | Tiw/Tuesday | Týr | theos-Zeus | devas | di | deus | divo | tios | ||||||||||||||||||
| bal | power, strength | odbal/ | beltión | bala | bâlim | bilis | bolee | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Verbs[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| bheue- | to be | buti/ | bi'u/ | bod | im | bim/bin | bēon/be | phu- | bhū | bu | bi/bud | fui/futuros | byti | być | byt' | ||||||||||||||||||
| es- | to be | është/âsht | asa | ē | esti/ | ist | ist/ist | is/is | es | esti | asti | asti | astiy/ast | est | sent | jesti | jest | est' | s.e/s.ei | ||||||||||||||
| g'enə- | to give birth | gentis/ | geno- | ro-genar/ | geni | kuni | kind/Kind | cyn/kin | kind | genos/genesis | jajana | zut | zanaite | zadan | genus | zjat' | cin | zenis | |||||||||||||||
| gweiə- | to live | me jetu | gyvoti/dzīvot | bitu | bethu/bethu | byd | quec/keck | cwic/quick | kvikr | zoion; bios | jivati | jīvah/ | vivere | žiti | żyć | žit' | |||||||||||||||||
| bheud- | to wake | budeti/ | buide/ | biotan/bieten | bēodan/bid | bod | pepusmai | budhyate/budhas | bidi | buidyeti | bidar | bljudo | budzić | budit' | |||||||||||||||||||
| pneu- | to breathe | fnysa | pneuma | praneu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kwas- | to cough | kollje | koseti | casad | /husten | hósta | kasate | kâsa | kaszleć | kašljat' | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| smei- | to laugh | smaidit | miad/ | smierōn/schmieren | smēarcian/smirk | meidos | smayate | co(s)mis | smejo | śmiać się | smejat' | smi- | |||||||||||||||||||||
| prai- | to like | prieks | rhydd | frijja | friunt/Freund | frēond/friend | frændi | praos | priyas | frya | prijati | przyjaźnić się | prijat' | ||||||||||||||||||||
| leubh- | to love | laps | liaupse/ | liubōn/lieben | lufian/love | ljúfr | lubhyati | libido | l'ubu | lubić | lubit' | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| eibh- | to copulate | eiba/-- | oibu | yabhati | jebać | ebat' | oibalos | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sneubh- | to woo | numphios | nubere | snubiti | snubit' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| g'eme- | to marry | amusnanal | dzamos | jamatar | zamatar | damad | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ed- | to eat | eidmi | utel/udel | ist | ėsti/ēst | esse/ | itan | ezzan/essen | etan/eat | eta | edō | admi/átti | ad | edō | edum | jastĭ | jeść | jest’ | /yesti | esko- | |||||||||||||
| gwreugh- | to bite | me gicë | xajt'el | brwyn | kriustan | grauzti | gryźć | gryzt' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| poi- | to drink | pi | /ibim | pio | payate/pitis | bibo | pić | pit'ë | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| leig'h- | to lick | lëpij | luzel | ligim/ | lecchōn/lecken | liccian/lick | sleikja | leikhein | ledhi | liza | lis | lingere | lizać | lizat' | |||||||||||||||||||
| sp(y)eu- | to spit | spiauti/ | spiewan | spīwan/speien | spīwan/spew | spýja | ptuein | spuere | pljuju | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| reug- | to vomit | vorcam/vordzam | riaugti/raugietis | rouhhan/rauchen; rouh/Rauch | rēocan/reek; rēc/reek | reykja; reykr | ereugomai | /āroġ | rūctāre | rzygać | rygat' | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| wem- | to vomit | vemiu/ | væma | emein | vamati | vam- | vomere | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| perd- | to fart | pjerth-pordh | per(d)sti | ferzan/furzen | fēortan/fart | freta | perdein | pardate | pierdzieć | perdet' | perdomai | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| dhrei- | to defecate | derkti | drita | dardainei | foria | dristat' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| meigh- | to urinate | mizel | mizti | maihstus | māsc/mash | miga | omeihein | mehati | maezati | mezga | --/miśo | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| dre(m)- | to sleep | tartam/dardam | darthanō/-- | drayati | dormiō | drzemać | dremat' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| suergh- | to be ill | sergu | serg/ | saurga | sorgōn/sorgen; sorga/Sorge | sorgian/sorrow; sorg/sorrow | syrgja; sorg | surksati | sraga | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mer- | to die | mer.nil | mirti | marvos | marb/ | marw | maúrþrjan; maurþs | mordan/ermorden; mord/Mord | myrþrian/murder; morþor/murder | myrða; morð | emorten | marati | mr.e | miryeite | maryn/-- | martahyā/mordan | morior; mortuus | mrutvu | umrzeć | meret' | |||||||||||||
| magh- | to be able | magus | mugan/mögen; maht/Macht | magan/may; meaht/might | mega; máttr | magus | mogti | mogę | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| weid- | to see-> to know | gitem/kidem | witan; weis | wizzan/wissen; wīs/weise | witan/wit; wīs/wise | vita; víss | veda | vūčhūn | vaeda | vida/hodeida/peida | videre | widzieć | vedat' | wit | |||||||||||||||||||
| g'en- | to know | njeh | kanes | canot'/dzanot' | žinoti | /gnath | kunnan | kunnan/kennen | cnāwan/know | kenna | gignōmi | jñā- | zānun | adana | zon/ | xšnasatiy/ | cognoscō | znati | znat' | knān-/nān- | |||||||||||||
| werə- | to speak | ueria | vardas | waurd | wort/Wort | word/word | orð | eiro | vrata | urvata | verbum | vrat' | |||||||||||||||||||||
| k'leu- | to hear | slave | clu | hliuþ | hlūt/laut | hlūd/loud | hljóð | kleos/Hēraklēs | cravas | sravah | clarus | slovo | klyos | cleves | |||||||||||||||||||
| nem- | to count | nuoma/ | nem/ | niman | neman/nehmen | niman; nome/numb | nema | nemō | numerus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| med- | to advise | mit/mid | meddu | æmtig/empty | meta | medousa | masti | meditor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gebh- | to have | gabenti | gabi | giban | geban/geben | ġiefan/give | gefa | habere | gobina | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| aug- | to increase | augti/augu | aukan | ouhhon/auch | eacan/eke | auka | auksanō | ugras | augēre | ok-/auk- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| dhe- | to set, put | dai- | deti | dede | gadeths | tuon/tun | dōn/do | dalidun | tithenai/ | dadhati | dadaiti | ada/ | facere | fakust | dziac' | delat' | dak- | ||||||||||||||||
| do- | to give | dhashë | da | da- | tal/dal | dátweí | duoti | doenti | tabur/tabhair | doron | dadati | dī | dadātuv/dādan | dare | dida | dati | dać | dat' | dadón | ||||||||||||||
| lau- | to acquire | luag/ | laun | laia/leia | lotram | lucrum | lovit' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mei-n- | to change | mainas | moin/ | gamains | gimeini/gemein | gemæne/mean | menis | munus | menjat' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kwrei- | to buy | gnel/knel | krienis | crenim/ | prynn | priasthai | krīn.āti | kuryar/käry- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'lep- | to steal | goġnal/koġnal | auklipts | slepti | cluain | hlifan | /klauen | klepto | clepo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| leugh- | to tell a lie | lugoti | liugan | liogan/lügen | lēogan/lie | ljúga | lgat' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mei- | to deceive | mashtrim | maju | mimos | mayate | majat' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dhreugh- | to deceive | troum/Traum | drēam/dream | daumr; draugr | druhyati | druzaiti | dorugh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gang- | to mock | canc | gaggainein | ganjah | gugnja | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ghleu- | to joke | glauda | glēo/glee | gleyma | hleun | glupyj | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (s)tai- | to hide | tajezzi | taid/ | tetao | stayat | tayu- | tait' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dhers- | to dare | dyrsos | giturran/-- | deorran/dare | thrasos | dharsanah | darš-/ | druzate | derzkij | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wedh- | to lead | vjeth | varel | vedu | /fedim | weddian/wed | vadhus | vadu | vedu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| weg'h- | to ride | vjez | wegan/wiegen | wegan/weigh | vega | vahati | vazaiti | veho/vezti | vezti | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bher- | to bear | bie | berel/perel | baras | beirem/berim/brith | bairan | beran/gebären; burdin/Bürde | beran/bear; byrþen/burden | bera | pherō | bharati | bor | baraiti | baratuv/bār; --/bordan | fero | fertu | berati | beru | pär- | ber | |||||||||||||
| stā- | to stand | stoti | sistat | standan | stantan/stehen | standan/stand | standa | staya | ista | sto | stahu | stać | stat' | eistani | |||||||||||||||||||
| k'lei- | to lean | linim | kletis/slieti | cle | linên/lehnen | hleonian/lean | klinē | srayati | srinu- | clino | klet'/sloj | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| sed - | to sit | sedlon | sitan | sezzal/; sizzan/sitzen | sittan/sit | sitja | ella | sella | siedzień | sedlo/selo | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| leg'h- | to lie down | lega' | laigim/lige | ligan | liggan/liegen | licgan/lie | liggja | lexos; lekhesthai | lectus | lego | leżeć | lejat' | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ei- | to go | eiti | eimu | iddja | eode/-- | eimi | eti | ie | aeiti | ai/bia | ire | ier | idti | i- | |||||||||||||||||||
| gwem- | to come | gal/kal | qiman | queman/kommen | cuman/come | gamat | âca | jamaiti | gam | venio | kum-/käm- | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| leikw- | to leave | lkel/lgel | liekas | leicid/ | leihwan | līhan/leihen | leipo | linguo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dra- | to flee | trel/drel | drebeti | trappel | dromos | drati/dramati | drapat' | drava | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'ers- | to run | kark/garg | carros | epikouros/sarsai | curro/cursus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pleu- | to flow | plauti | flowen/fließen | flēogan/fly | pleusis | plavate | pulmo | plavat' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| preu- | to jump | frowen/Freude; frosc/Frosch | frocga/frog | pravate | prygat' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| suep- | to throw | supuoti | svapu/vapati | supare/dissipare | sypat' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| leug'- | to break | lungë | lucanel/ludzanel | lauzti | lucht/ | luke | lugros | rujati | uruxti | lugere | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| tere- | to cross over | shtir | tarhzi | þairh | duruh/durch | þurh/through | terthron-nektar | tarati/avatar | târa | terminus | čerez | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| sekw- | to follow | sekti | sechim/ | secg/-- | seggr | sacate | hacaiti | sequor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ap- | to reach | apanzi | ap/ab | apto | aptah | apayeiti | apex | oppacci | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| au- | to help | aviun | Awo | ewyll | avati/avitar- | aoman/avah- | aukat' | aulare | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pet- | to open arms | pattar | petys | fadam/Faden | fæðm/fathom | petalon | patana | patere | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dhegwh- | to burn | djek | degti/degt | dagis | daig/ | dags | tag/Tag | dæġ/day | dagr | tephra | dahati | dažaiti | žešti | żgę | dëgot'/žget | tsäk/tsäk | |||||||||||||||||
| tau- | to melt | tanam/danam | tawdd | tam/ | tawadd | douwen/tauen | þawian/thaw | þeyja | tēkō | toyam | thayun | tabere | tajati | tayat' | |||||||||||||||||||
| steg- | to cover | stiegti | tech/ | þakjan; þak | decchann/decken; dah/Dach | þeċċean/thatch; þæc/thatch | þekja; þak | stegō | sthagati | tegere/toga/tectum | stog | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| areg- | to lock | hark | argel/arkel | arkan | arka | argella | argala | arcere | --/ārk- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gerbh- | to scratch | gërvish | kerel/gerel | girbin | kerban/kerben | ċeorfan/carve | grapho/grammo; graphein | žrebij | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| orbho- | work | arpa- | orb/orp | orbe | orbe/ | arabeit/Arbeit | earfoð/-- | orphanos | arbha | orbus | rabu | robota | rabota | ||||||||||||||||||||
| se- | to sow | semens/seti | saithe | saian | sāen/säen | sāwan/sow | sa | semen/serere | sejati | seyat'/semja | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| are- | to plow | araur | arti | airim | arddu | arjan | erian/-- | arþr | arou | aro | orja | orać | orat' | are | |||||||||||||||||||
| bhel- | to bloom | blath/ | bloma | bluomo/Blume | blōma/bloom; blōstm/blossom | blómi | phyllon | folium; flōs/flōris | pält/pilta | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kerp- | to pluck | sirpis | herbist/Herbst | hærfest/harvest | haust | karpos/arpagē | carpere/sarpio | serp | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| neik- | to winnow | niekoti | nithio | neiklon | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mele- | to grind | miell | malla- | malem | malu | melim | melim/meilim | malu | malan | malan/mahlen | melo/meal | mala | mulos | molere | kumaltu | melju | malyw-/mely- | ||||||||||||||||
| gwhen- | to press | gjanj | kwen | gan/kan | ginti/dzit | gonim/ | gundfano/-- | gūþ/-- | gunnr | theino/phonos | hanti | jainti | ajanam/ | dēfendō | gnat' | ||||||||||||||||||
| deme- | to tame | damaazzi | damnaim/ | tamjan; tams | zamōn/zähmen; zam/zahm | temian/tame; tam/tame | temja; tamr | damnanai | damyati | dam | domare | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| pas- | to protect | pahhsi | fodjan; fodeins | fuotan/--; fuotar/Futter | fēdan/feed; fōda/food; fōdor/fodder | fǫða; fóðr | apastos | pacyati | pastum | pasti | pask | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| sne- | to spin | snate | snáthe/snáth | neþla | nādala/Nadel | nædl/needle | neo/nema | snayati | nere | snovat'/osnova | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| teks- | to weave | tukstet | duhen/-- | tikos | textile | tkat' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| syu- | to sew | siūti/šūt | siujan | siuwan/-- | seowian/sew | syja | humēn | syutas | suere | szyć | šit' | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| rezg- | to plait | rezgis | rysce/rush | rajju | restis | rozga | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| eu- | to dress | aganum/akanum | auti/aviu | aotra | exuo/induo | obuv' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| neigw- | to rinse | nigid/ | nix | nikr | nidzo | nenekti | noegeum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| loua- | to wash | lauzi | loganam/lokanam | lautro | loathar/ | louga/Lauge | lēag/lye; lēðran/lather; | laug | louein | lavare | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| dheig'h- | to mold | tais | teig/Teig | dāg/dough | teichos | dehah | fingere | testo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pekw- | to cook | pjek | poeth | pepsis | pacati | puk | pech | päk- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kuep- | to boil | kapitem | kupuoti | hvap | kapnos | kupyati | cupere | kipet' | kāp- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ked- | to fume | kadegis | kedros | kadrum | kadit' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ongw- | to anoint | aucanem/audzanem | amenen | ancho | anakti | unguo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wegwh- | to vow | yuzem | eihomai | vaghat | vaganti | vovere | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| prek'- | to ask | prasyti | fraihnan | fragōn/fragen; frāga/Frage | friġnan/--; fræġn/-- | fregna | pracnas | frasa | pursīdan | precor | prositi | prosit' | prak/pärk | ||||||||||||||||||||
| gwer- | to praise | grish | girtwei | girti/dzirt | bard/bárd | bardd | gr.nāti | grātēs | žrec | krant-/krent- | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| ghwen- | to sound | zeh | jain/čain | zvenet' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| swonos- | sound | swan/Schwan | swan/swan | svanr | svanas | sonus | dźwięk | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'wei- | to whistle | svyksti | hvinan/whistle | hvina | svist | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kan- | to sing | canim/ | canu | hana | hano/Hahn; henna/Henne | henn/hen | kanaso | cano | kanyuk | kan | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| leig- | to dance | laigyti | loig/ | laiks | leich/ | lāc/-- | leikr | ligaino | rejati | lizim (Kurdish) | likovat' | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| wes- | to feast | uesi | gwest | wist/ | vastoh | vastra | vescor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| serpe- | to creep | gjarpër | herpō | sr.p | so.rūph | serpō | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gwhen- | to strike, to kill | banja | bana/-- | bana/bane | bani | han | /zahr | dēfendere | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| webh- | to weave | weban/weben | wefan/weave | vefa | huphē | ubhnati | baftan/ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wekw- | to speak | wackis | /erwähnen | ops | vacas | vac- | vōx | vak/vek | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wē- | to blow | huwantis | vejas/ | feth/ | gwynt | waian | wint/Wind; wetar/Wetter; waian/wehen | wind/wind; weder/weather; wāwan/-- | vindr; veðr | aemi | vā- | vata | ventus | vejati | |||||||||||||||||||
| wet- | to blow, inspire | Wōden/Wednesday | Ōðinn | Wuotan/Wotan/atmos | fáith/ | vennus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tong- | to think | thangë | þangkjan | denken/denken | þencan/think | þekkja | tongēo | tanginúd | tunk/tankw | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| srobh- | to gulp | gjerbë | arbi/arpi | srub | rhopeō | sorbēo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bhlē- | to bleat | blegë | /blēt | blætan/bleat | belazō | fleō | blejat' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| saus- | to dry | tha | sausā | sausa/saus | sōrēn/-- | sēar/sear | hauos/ | śus.yati | haoš | uška/xošk | sūdus | suxoj | |||||||||||||||||||||
Adjectives[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| meg'- | great | madh | mekkish | mec/medz | maige | mikils | mihhill/-- | micil/much | mikill | megas | mahas | mazant | magnus | māk/mākā | mag | meka- | |||||||||||||||||
| mei- | small | meiu- | mins | /minder | minsian/-- | minnr | meiōn | minor | men'še | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wesu- | good | wasu | vesels | uesu | vasu | vanhu | vesëlyj | yasi | ves | vasu | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| dus- | bad | tuz- | zur-/-- | dys- | dus- | duš-/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kailo- | sane | coilou/coel | hailags | heilag/heilig | hālig/holy | heilagr | koilu | salvis | tselyĭ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kal- | handsome | hælþ/health | kallos | kalya | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'wen- | holy | sventas | hunsl | spanyah | święty | svatoj | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| upo-s | high | uxello | /uas | uchel | hypsi | uxellus | vysokij | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dheub- | deep | dubos | dubno- | diups | tiof/tief | deop/deep; dyfan/dive | diupr | buthos | duplo | dubris | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| sen- | old | hin | senas | sen | hen | sineigs | sina | enos | sana | hana | senex | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| newo- | new | newa | nor | nauns | naujas/ | Nevio- | nue/ | newydd | niujis | niuwi/neu | nīwe/new | nýr | neos | navas | nōv | nuĩ | nava | nog/ | /now | novus | Nuvellum | novu | nowy | novyj | ñu/ñuwe | ||||||||
| nu- | now | tani | nu | teinu | nu/nu | nu | nū/nun | nū/now | nū | nu/ | nū | nūra/ | nunc | nu | num./nano | ||||||||||||||||||
| yeu- | young | jaunas/jauns | Jovinc- | óac/óg | ieuanc/ieuanc | juggs | jung/jung | ġeong/young | ungr | yunas | yavan | javan | juvenis | iuengar | junu | junyj | |||||||||||||||||
| weg'- | lively | wakan | wahhen/wachen | wacan/wake | vaka | vajayati | vazram | vegeo | wasir | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| las- | eager | loksnus | lustus | lust/Lust | lust/lust | lyst | lilaiomai | lasati | lascivus | laska | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| gal- | naked | gale/galva | kalo/kahl | calu/callow | kaurva | kal/kacal | calvus | glava | goły; głowa | golyj; golova | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| nogw- | naked | nekumant- | nuogas | nocht/ | naqaþs | nackut/nackt | nacod/naked | nakinn | gumnos | nagna | nudus | nagu- | nagi | nagoj | |||||||||||||||||||
| bhosos | barefoot | bok/pog | basas/bass | bar/bar | bær/bare | berr | psilos | boso | bosoj | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| aig- | sick | ingas/angus | eikenn | aeger | jaga | aikare | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kaiko- | one-eyed | keikti | cuic | haihs | kaikias | kekara | caecus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ster- | sterile | shtjerre | sterj/sderč | stero/ | steira | sterilis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dek's- | right | djathtë | desine | dexs | de | zeso/ | dasina | dexter | destrame | desnaya | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| layuo- | left | islaivoti | lyft/left | laios | laevus | lewy | levyj | levo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sewio- | left | aswy | savyas | haoya | shuja | --/saiwai | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dheb- | fat | debīkan | debelyj | tpär/täpr | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pasto- | solid | hast/hasd | fastan | festi/fest | fæst/fast | fastr | pastyam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bheng'h | thick | panku | pinguis | bungo/ | naxos | bahu | bazah | pkante | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tenu- | thin | teneu | dunni/dünn | þynne/thin | þunnr | tanus | tanus | tenuis/tevas | cienki | tonkij | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| dlonghos- | long | gjatë | dalugaes | ilgas | dala/loggos | laggs | lang/lang | lang/long | langr | dolikhos | dirghas | dargam | darga-/dirang | longus | długi | dolgij | |||||||||||||||||
| mreg'hu- | short | mergi/-- | mirige/merry | brahea | muruzu- | brevis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ang'h- | narrow | anjuk/ančug | eang | aggwus | engi/eng | ongr | agho | ahema | azanhe | vjazat' | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| gwerə- | heavy | gursti | cweorn/quern | kvern | baros | guruh | gouruh | gran | gravis | krāmärts/krāmär | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| lengwh- | lightweight | lehtë | lāngiseilingins | lengva/liegs | lugu/lugha | llai | līhts | līht/leicht | lēoht/light | lēttr | elakhistos | laghu | ragu | levis | liguku | lëgkij | lankŭtse | ||||||||||||||||
| ok'us | quick | dioc | okos | āśu- | āsu | ōcior | jastreb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bheres- | lively | bruzgus | brys | festino | borzoj | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| toros | loud | tar- | pardzradzajn/barcracajn | tariu | taran | /torann | toros | taras | taratorit' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kwei- | quiet | hveila | hwila/Weile | hwil/while | hvila | ciram | syata- | šiyatish/ | quies/tranquillus | pokoji | pokoy | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'leu- | clean | šluoti/slaumi | Cluad | clir | hlūttar/lauter | hlūttor/ | kludōn | sareh | cloāca | sleza | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| swād- | sweet | suadu | swuozi/süss | swēte/sweet | sœtr | hēdus | xvaēda | xosh | suavis | słodki | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| kuath- | sour | cos | kusuls | hatho | kvathas | caseus | kwaśny | kvas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| om- | bitter | hum | amuols | /ahm | ampre/ | omos | amlam | amarus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ak'r- | sharp | asrus/akstis | ahs | akros | asrih | acer | ostr/ost' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gel- | cold | saltas | klads | kalt/kalt | ċeald/cold | kaldr | gelandron | sald | sard | gelus | gelan | hlad | chłód | xolodnyj | |||||||||||||||||||
| ghwer- | warm | zjarr | war- | jerm/čerm | goro | garas/gars | fogeir/ | warm/warm | wearm/warm; bearnan/burn | brenna | thermos | ghr.n.a-;gharmi | germi | garəma | garma/garm | furnus; formus; fornāx | varu; variti | požar | germe | germas | |||||||||||||
| g'heu-d | liquid | gijoy/kičoy | giutan | giozan/gießen | ġēotan/--; guttas/gut | gjóta | hota/deisa | hutas/juhoti | židkij | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| melk- | wet->milk | malkas | melg/ | miluks | miluh/Milch | meolc/milk | mjolk | melkion | marjati | mulceo | mleko | moloko | malk-/mälk | ||||||||||||||||||||
| plāk- | flat | /flach | /fluke | plas/pelagos | plancus | płaski | ploskij | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Colours[edit]
| Albanian | Anatolian | Armenian | Baltic | Celtic | Germanic | Hellenic | Indo-Iranian | Italic | Slavic | Tocharian | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Meaning | Albanian | Hittite | Lycian | Armenian | Old Prussian | Lithuanian/Latvian | Gaulish | Irish | Welsh | Gothic | German | English | Old Norse | Greek | Sanskrit | Kashmiri (Dardic) | Kamviri (Nuristani) | Avestan | Ossetian | Persian | Latin | Oscan | Umbrian | Old Church Slavonic | Polish | Russian | Tocharian | Dacian | Old Macedonian | Illyrian | Phrygian | Thracian |
| reudh- | red | raudonas/ruds | roudo- | ruad/ | rhudd | rauþs | rōt/rot | rēad/red | rjōðr | eruthros | rudhiras | raoðita | vard | ruber | Rufriis | rufru | rdet' | rtär/ratre | |||||||||||||||
| albho- | white | alpas | alb- | elfydd | Alpen | ælf/elf | alfr | alphos | albus | alfu | lebed' | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| bhel- | light, bright | ballë | bal/pal | ballo | baltas/balts | Bellenos | beltene/bealtaine | bal | bleich/bleich | blæcan/bleach; blæc/black | bāl | bala/phalos | bhālam | flagrare | biały | bely/belyj | balta | falos | balios | ||||||||||||||
| arg'- | white, shine | harki- | arcath | arganto | arget/airgead | ariant | eorcnan/-- | erchan/--/argos | arjuna | arazata | roxan/roshan | arguō | aragetud | ārki/arkwi | arg | arzas | |||||||||||||||||
| g'hel- | green | dhelpër | žalias/zaļš | gel/gealach | glan | gelo/gelb | geolu/yellow | gulr | khlōros | helvus | zielony | zelënyj | zelkia | ||||||||||||||||||||
| k'as-n | gray->hare | sasins | ceinach | haso/Hase | hara/hare | heri | kasas | cānus | sosna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| k'erbero- | piebald | kirba | corbaim/ | kerberos | sarvarah/cabalas | gur | sobol' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tem- | dark | terr | tamsa | temel/ | demar/ | tamas | tamah | tenebrai | ciemny | temen' | |||||||||||||||||||||||
The following unrecognized language codes were encountered:
| Code | Occurances |
|---|---|
| Af | 1 |
| Blg | 1 |
| Gl | 1 |
| NI | 3 |
| OI | 1 |
| OR | 2 |
| OS | 2 |
| Pe | 1 |
| Sc | 1 |
| Sg | 1 |
| Sk | 2 |
| Sl | 1 |
| Thr | 1 |