User:Nicole6794/sandbox

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Great start on your edits and thank you for making it so easy for me to see what you have added! I caution that you may want to take a step back on the eating and diagnosis sections you would like to add and make sure that they are written in a neutral tone and that you have added appropriate citations (if you have any).

Article Draft of lead copied from Candida (fungus) information that is underlined is what I added

Candida albicans, is a genus of yeasts and is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide.[1] Candida normally lives in either vagina, mouth or gastrointestinal tract.[2] Many species are harmless commensals or endosymbionts of hosts, including humans, when levels are normal[2]; however, when mucosal barriers are disrupted or the immune system is compromised by eating bad, birth control, chemotherapy, stress, alcohol, or overuse of antibiotics, [2] they can invade and cause disease, such as rashes, thrush on your tongue infections, joint pain, common sickness, brain fog, fatigue, increase in anxiety, low sex drive and other common problems[2] known as an opportunistic infection.[3] Candida albicans is the most commonly isolated species and can cause infections (candidiasis or thrush) in humans and other animals. In winemaking, some species of Candida can potentially spoil wines.[4]

Many species are found in gut flora, including C. albicans in mammalian hosts, whereas others live as endosymbionts in insect hosts.[5][6] [7] When food is not digested properly, toxins are released which cause a leak in the intestinal walls creating leaky gut syndrome. [8]Systemic infections of the bloodstream and major organs (candidemia or invasive candidiasis), particularly in patients with an impaired immune system (immunocompromised), affect over 90,000 people a year in the US.[9] Leaky gut will cause the body to be under stress and lower the immune system which later causes disease. [8]

Antibiotics promote yeast (fungal) infections, including gastrointestinal (GI) Candida overgrowth and penetration of the GI mucosa.[10] While women are more susceptible to genital yeast infections, men can also be infected. Certain factors, such as prolonged antibiotic use, increase the risk for both men and women. People with diabetes or the immunocompromised, such as those infected with HIV, are more susceptible to yeast infections.[11][12] When using antibiotics it causes continuous cycle since when you get sick you will have a cold or flu. When you have a cold or flu they are viral infections which cannot be cured by antibiotics since they fight bacterial infections. Doctors will prescribe antibiotics sometimes when they do not know the problem. The antibiotic will kill all bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract except candida albicans. Since the antibiotics killed the good bacteria, candida albicans cannot be kept under control and multiply, causing a never ending cycle. [8]


Biology[edit]

Agar plate culture of C. albicans

When grown in a laboratory, Candida appears as large, round, white or cream (albicans means "whitish" in Latin) colonies, which emit a yeasty odor on agar plates at room temperature.[13] C. albicans ferments glucose and maltose to acid and gas, sucrose to acid, and does not ferment lactose, which helps to distinguish it from other Candida species.[14] Candida albicans affects nerves and muscles but it can affect organs and tissues. Severe cases of candida can cause autoimmune disease and cancer.[8]

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies show that the genus Candida, as currently defined, is extremely polyphyletic (encompassing distantly-related species that do not form a natural group).[15] Before the advent of inexpensive molecular methods, yeasts that were isolated from infected patients were often called Candida without clear evidence of relationship to other Candida species. For example, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, and Candida lusitaniae are clearly misclassified[15] and will be placed in other genera once phylogenetic reorganization is complete (for example, see Khunnamwong et al. 2015).[16]

Some species of Candida use a non-standard genetic code in the translation of their nuclear genes into the amino acid sequences of polypeptides.[17] The difference in the genetic code between species possessing this alternative code is that the codon CUG (normally encoding the amino acid leucine) is translated by the yeast as a different amino acid, serine. The alternative translation of the CUG codon in these species is due to a novel nucleic acid sequence in the serine-tRNA (ser-tRNACAG), which has a guanosine located at position 33, 5' to the anticodon. In all other tRNAs, this position is normally occupied by a pyrimidine (often uridine). This genetic code change is the only such known alteration in cytoplasmic mRNA, in both the prokaryotes, and the eukaryotes, involving the reassignment of a sense codon.[18] This novel genetic code may be a mechanism for more rapid adaptation to the organism's environment, as well as playing an important role in the evolution of the genus Candida by creating genetic barriers that encouraged speciation.[18]


Pathogen[edit]

Main article: Candidiasis

Candida are almost universal in low numbers on healthy adult skin[19] and C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and female genital tracts. The dryness of skin compared to other tissues prevents the growth of the fungus, but damaged skin or skin in intertriginous regions is more amenable to rapid growth.[20]

Overgrowth of several species, including C. albicans, can cause infections ranging from superficial, such as oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) or vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal candidiasis) and subpreputial candidiasis which may cause balanitis; to systemic, such as fungemia and invasive candidiasis. Oral candidiasis is common in elderly denture-wearers.[21] In otherwise healthy individuals, these infections can be cured with topical or systemic antifungal medications[22] (commonly over-the-counter antifungal treatments like miconazole or clotrimazole). In debilitated or immunocompromised patients, or if introduced intravenously (into the bloodstream), candidiasis may become a systemic disease producing abscesses, thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, or infections of the eyes or other organs.[23][19] Typically, relatively severe neutropenia (low neutrophils) is a prerequisite for Candida to pass through the defenses of the skin and cause disease in deeper tissues by leaky gut syndrome; in such cases, mechanical disruption of the infected skin sites is typically a factor in the fungal invasion of the deeper tissues.[20]


Candida Diet (add section)

Having a good diet is important to not just looking good but also to feeling good. Having a bad diet can cause candida overgrowth which creates a yeast overgrowth which causes people to experience insomnia, weight gain, brain fog, anxiety, or depression. An ingredient in food to stay away from is refined sugar, which weakens the immune system. Trans fats, which are found in cookies, chips, processed foods, etc. will cause the body to have an inflammatory response. Carbohydrates do not allow nutrients to absorb in the gastrointestinal tract and eliminating toxins which creates leaky gut syndrome. Dairy products are the main cause of allergies. Lactaid milk will still cause a problem since many people will be allergic to milk and Lactaid. Animal protein that is not antibiotic and free range should be avoided. Caffeine, alcohol, and food allergies should also be avoided. [8] Coconut oil should be consumed, which can help to eliminate thrush. Turmeric is an anti-inflammatory and anti-fungal agent. Garlic is used to stop fungi and bacteria. Ginger, kale, and apple cider vinegar have all been shown to protect against yeast infections. [2] Look into a candida cure diet to help eliminate the yeast. Nutritional Supplements are needed, along with anti-fungals.


Diagnosis (added section )

Two most common species of candida that affect patients are either candida arthritis or oral candidiasis.

Candida arthritis is a concept that is still not very well understood, but is the main type of candida species that affects patients. There are 112 cases of candida arthritis. Patients that were in the study (65%) had no immune problems. Many patients experienced knee (75%) and hip (15%) problems. They found in the study that candida arthritis was shown in patients that did not have an immune systems that was suppressed. The most common way to treat candida arthritis is by the use of amphotericin or flucinazole. Other methods would include surgery. [24]

Oral Candidiasis is another form of candida species that is seen as thrush on the tongue. This is the most common form. Many patients that experience oral candidiasis have no pain or will have burning in the mouth, hard time swallowing, and possibly throat problems. To get diagnosed many can tell by looking at your tongue or swabbing the affected area. Medication that could be used to treat Oral candidiasis is fluconazole.[25] Article Evaluation (2)



In the article Candida (fungus) I plan to discuss and add symptoms. I think it is very important that people know what the fungus can cause because if left un treated it can cause serious health problems. I think this article is more focused on the microbiology of candida instead of what it does to the human body. It has recently become a thing that many people have to deal with because of the foods that we eat. Besides having a section added on symptoms there needs to be another section on how it can come about and what can be done to treat it. Homeopathic care is increasing and the needs to treat disease by vitamins is crucial. Many people do not realize that going to the doctor all the time could be doing more harm since many doctors do not believe in holistic medicine. It is important that this is a big focus on treating candida. It is not written IN A neutral TONE. It aims to talk about the microbiology of the fungus. The whole section of species needs to be taken out. WHY DOES THIS NEED TO BE REMOVED FOR THE ARTICLE? IS IT POSSIBLE THAT IN ADDITION TO THE MEDICAL INFORMATION YOU WOULD LIKE TO ADD THAT THIS IS STILL RELEVANT? It is important to not stray away from the topic. Some of the citations were weird and I would take them out. HOW WERE THEY WEIRD? I think for sure there is a lot more on the topic that is needed. WHAT CITATIONS DO YOU PLAN TO ADD? DO YOU HAVE ANY ALREADY PICKED OUT? 

Article Evaluation

For the facts in the article Language Delay, there were many problems. Each fact that was referenced was referenced but it was not reliable. A lot of the references were from Google and were not primary sources. (ARE WE LOOKING FOR PRIMARY OR SECONDARY SOURCES TO COMPRISE THE MAJORITY OF CITATIONS IN A GOOD ARTICLE?) I think that in the article they should have discussed more in detail the difference between language delay and speech delay. They talked about speech delay a good bit, but you never get if there is a difference. The article felt very informal when it should have felt formal. (HOW COULD THEY MAKE IT SOUND MORE "FORMAL"?) I did not like how they talked about Steven Pinker. I think the information that they talked about him was useless, and just left you more confused. I do think the article is neutral. The information comes from sources on the internet. They are not scholar reports. (SO WEB PAGES OR NEWS ARTICLES AS OPPOSED TO PEER REVIEWED SCHOLARLY ARTICLES?) I do think that the information is biased. (EARLIER IN YOUR EVALUATION YOU STATED THE ARTICLE IS NEUTRAL. HOW CAN IT BE BOTH NEUTRAL AND BIASED?) I think the references do not present hard facts and they just googled a bit of random information and put it into a paper. I think the whole paper needs to be redone since it is underrepresented. (UNDEREPRESENTED FOR WHAT SPECIFICALLY?) The links to the article all work but a lot of them are not relevant. There is close paraphrasing but on some of the sources, I could not find the information that was discussed in the paper within the source. I think there is a lot of information that needs to be added and the tone changed. I also think that new information needs to be added to the new advances in technology that we have. (IS THIS THE ARTICLE YOU PLAN TO EDIT FOR YOUR ASSIGNMENT)?

  1. ^ Manolakaki, D.; Velmahos, G.; Kourkoumpetis, T.; Chang, Y.; Alam, H. B.; De Moya, M. M.; Mylonakis, E. (2010). "Candida infection and colonization among trauma patients". Virulence. 1 (5): 367–75. doi:10.4161/viru.1.5.12796. PMID 21178472. S2CID 207520719.
  2. ^ a b c d e Turner, Lisa (2019-2). "Natural Candida Fighters". Better Nutrition. 81 (2): 44–46. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Kourkoumpetis TK, Velmahos GC, Ziakas PD, Tampakakis E, Manolakaki D, Coleman JJ, Mylonakis E (2011). "The effect of cumulative length of hospital stay on the antifungal resistance of Candida strains isolated from critically ill surgical patients". Mycopathologia. 171 (2): 85–91. doi:10.1007/s11046-010-9369-3. PMC 4093797. PMID 20927595.
  4. ^ Fugelsang, K.; Edwards, C. (2010). Wine Microbiology (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 3–28. ISBN 978-0387333496.
  5. ^ Spanakis EK, Kourkoumpetis TK, Livanis G, Peleg AY, Mylonakis E (2010). "Statin therapy and decreased incidence of positive Candida cultures among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing gastrointestinal surgery". Mayo Clin. Proc. 85 (12): 1073–9. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0447. PMC 2996154. PMID 21123633.
  6. ^ Nguyen NH, Suh SO, Blackwell M (2007). "Five novel Candida species in insect-associated yeast clades isolated from Neuroptera and other insects". Mycologia. 99 (6): 842–858. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.6.842. PMID 18333508.
  7. ^ Suh SO, Nguyen NH, Blackwell M (2008). "Yeasts isolated from plant-associated beetles and other insects: seven novel Candida species near Candida albicans". FEMS Yeast Res. 8 (1): 88–102. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2007.00320.x. PMID 17986254.
  8. ^ a b c d e Boroch, Ann (2009). The Candida Cure. Quintessential Healing Publishing, Inc; 45765th edition. p. 24. ISBN 978-o-9773446-I-I. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  9. ^ Enfert C, Hube B (editors) (2007). Candida: Comparative and Functional Genomics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-13-4. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  10. ^ Kennedy MJ, Volz PA, Edwards CA, Yancey RJ (1987). "Mechanisms of association of Candida albicans with intestinal mucosa". J. Med. Microbiol. 24 (4): 333–41. doi:10.1099/00222615-24-4-333. PMID 3320372.
  11. ^ Steckelberg, James M. (2012-09-18). "Male yeast infection: Can I get it from my girlfriend?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
  12. ^ "Yeast Infections: MedlinePlus". Nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
  13. ^ "Candida species". DoctorFungus.org. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  14. ^ Meyers, Frederick H.; Jawetz, Ernest; Goldfien, Alan (1978). Review of Medical Pharmacology (6th ed.). Lange Medical Publications. ISBN 978-0-87041-151-9.
  15. ^ a b Fitzpatrick, David A; Logue, Mary E; Stajich, Jason E; Butler, Geraldine (2006). "A fungal phylogeny based on 42 complete genomes derived from supertree and combined gene analysis". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6: 99. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-99. PMC 1679813. PMID 17121679.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ Khunnamwong P, Lertwattanasakul N, Jindamorakot S, Limtong S, Lachance MA (2015). "Description of Diutina gen. nov., Diutina siamensis, f.a. sp. nov., and reassignment of Candida catenulata, Candida mesorugosa, Candida neorugosa, Candida pseudorugosa, Candida ranongensis, Candida rugosa and Candida scorzettiae to the genus Diutina". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 65 (12): 4701–9. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000634. PMID 26410375.
  17. ^ "CGD Help: Non-standard Genetic Codes". Candida Genome Database. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  18. ^ a b Santos, MA; Ueda, T; Watanabe, K; Tuite, MF (November 1997). "The non-standard genetic code of Candida spp.: an evolving genetic code or a novel mechanism for adaptation?". Molecular Microbiology. 26 (3): 423–31. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.5891961.x. PMID 9402014. S2CID 13575999.
  19. ^ a b Meyers, Frederick H.; Jawetz, Ernest; Goldfien, Alan (1978). Review of Medical Pharmacology (6th ed.). Lange Medical Publications. ISBN 978-0-87041-151-9.
  20. ^ a b Goehring, Richard V. (2008). Mims' medical microbiology (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier. p. 656. ISBN 9780323044752.
  21. ^ Darwazeh A, Lamey P, Samaranayake L, MacFarlane T, Fisher B, Macrury S, MacCuish A (1990). "The relationship between colonisation, secretor status and in-vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells from diabetics". J Med Microbiol. 33 (1): 43–9. doi:10.1099/00222615-33-1-43. PMID 2231671.
  22. ^ "Yeast Infections (Candidiasis) in Men and Women". WebMD. 2012-11-12. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
  23. ^ Enfert C, Hube B (editors) (2007). Candida: Comparative and Functional Genomics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-13-4. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  24. ^ Gamaletsou, Maria N.; Rammaert, Blandine; Bueno, Marimelle A.; Sipsas, Nikolaos V.; Moriyama, Brad; Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P.; Roilides, Emmanuel; Zeller, Valerie; Taj-Aldeen, Saad J. (2016-1). "Candida Arthritis: Analysis of 112 Pediatric and Adult Cases". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 3 (1): ofv207. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofv207. ISSN 2328-8957. PMC 4742637. PMID 26858961. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ^ Armstrong, April W.; Bukhalo, Michael; Blauvelt, Andrew (2016). "A Clinician's Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Candidiasis in Patients with Psoriasis". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 17 (4): 329–336. doi:10.1007/s40257-016-0206-4. ISSN 1175-0561. PMC 4963441. PMID 27435194.
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