User:Panyd/Rogation
Rogation Days are Christian celebrations spanning over five days. Processions are held from Monday through Wednesday on the dates preceding Ascension Thursday, with a final celebration held on the 25 April. [1] These have historically been known as the Minor and Major Rogations. The word "Rogation" comes from the Latin verb rogare, meaning "to ask", which reflects the beseeching of God for protection.[2]
The beginnings of the tradition can be traced to the Roman holiday of Robigalia, where a goat was sacrificed and crops were blessed in the name of the God Robigus.[3][2] The practitioners asked the God for protection of their crops from mildew.[2]
The early Christian church adopted the yearly tradition by simply changing who the supplications were to, and it was later officially adopted as a Catholic holiday.[4]
Christian Beginnings[edit]
Rogation Days were introduced around AD 470 by Bishop Mamertus of Vienne and eventually adopted elsewhere. The adoption of the festivities was ordered by the Council of Orleans in 511, and though Catholic ministers were spreading the Gallic tradition during missions in the 7th century, it wasn't officially adopted into the Catholic church until the reign of Pope Leo III.[5]
There are three Rogation days (Rogation Monday, Rogation Tuesday and Rogation Wednesday) immediately before Ascension Thursday in the Christian liturgical calendar. The term, most frequently encountered in Roman Catholic and Anglican circles, is rarely used today. Though the 25 April is no longer on the official Catholic calendar as a holiday, but Rogation Monday to Wednesday is still part of the official calendar.[2]
The faithful typically observed the Rogation days by fasting and participating in sexual abstinence in preparation to celebrate the Ascension, and farmers often had their crops blessed by a priest at this time.[6] Violet vestments are worn at the rogation litany and its associated Mass, regardless of what colour was worn at the ordinary liturgies of the day.[2]
A common feature of Rogation days in former times was the ceremony of "beating the bounds", in which a procession of parishioners, led by the minister, churchwarden, and choirboys, would proceed around the boundary of their parish and pray for its protection in the forthcoming year. This was also known as 'Gang-day', after the old British name for going or walking.[7] This was also a feature of the original Roman festival, where revelers would walk to a grove 5 miles from the city to perform their rites.[3]
The reform of the Liturgical Calendar for Latin Roman Catholics in 1969 delegated the establishment of Rogation Days, along with Ember Days, to the episcopal conferences.[8] Their observance in the Latin Church subsequently declined, but the observance has revived somewhat since 1988 (when Pope John Paul II issued his decree Ecclesia Dei Adflicta) and especially since 2007 (when Pope Benedict XVI issued his motu proprio called Summorum Pontificum) when the use of older rites was encouraged.[9]
In Montier-en-Der, Rogation Day processions were said to be events where miracles occurred. Miracles books reported a blind woman being healed and the lame being able to walk.[10] In Germany it was traditional for the local schoolmaster, rather than priest, to lead the procession.[11]
Rogation Days in the British Isles[edit]
The Rogation Day ceremonies are thought to have arrived in the British Isles in the 7th century.
The oldest known Sarum text regarding Rogation Days is dated from around 1173 to 1220.[7] In it, it describes celebrations in the south of England, where these processions were led by members of the congregation carrying banners which represented various biblical characters. At the head of the procession was the dragon, representing Pontius Pilate, which would be followed by a lion, representing Christ. After this there would be images of saints carried by the rest of the congregation.[12] There were many torches present at each procession, weighing between 42lb and 27lbs, which were bought by the church and parishioners jointly.[13]
Sarum texts from the 13th and 15th century show that the dragon was eventually moved to the rear of the procession on the vigil of the Ascension, with the lion taking place at the front. When wood-cuttings of the procession became prominent in the 16th century, the arrangements had been moved yet again, this time also showing bearers of reliquaries and incense.[12]
During the reign of King Henry VIII, Rogation processions were used as a way to assist crop yields, with a notable number of the celebrations taking place in 1543 when there were prolonged rains. Even before religious sensibilities turned towards the puritanical, there were concerns about the lack of piety at such events.[4] Robert Herrick, penned a piece to capture the mood of the celebrations before their repression:
Dearest, bury me
Under that Holy-oak, or Gospel Tree
Where (though thou see'st not) thou may'st think upon
Me, when you yearly go'st Procession
During the reign of King Edward VI, having sacked the Catholic Church's holdings within the country, liturgical ceremonies were not officially condoned nor recognized as an official part of worship. However, under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I the celebrations were explicitly mentioned in the royal reformation, allowing them to resume as public processions.[14]
Rogation processions were adopted by the recently formed Church of England, and Protestant ministers were encouraged to bring their congregations together for an inter-parish procession. At specific intervals, clerics were to remind the congregation to be thankful for their harvests. Psalms 103 and 104 were sung and people were reminded of the curses the Bible ascribed to those who violated agricultural boundaries. The processions were not mandatory, but were at the discretion of the local minister, and also ascribed more importance when a public right of way needed to be protected from agricultural or other expansion.[14]
The marches would follow prescribed routes, with York and Coventry being unique in their following royal entries.[15] On other routes, altars were erected at certain locations where antiphons were sung.[16]
Any Catholic imagery or icons were banned from the processions. The then Archdeacon of Essex, Grindal of London, beseeched the church to explicitly label the tradition as a perambulation, so as to further distance itself from the Catholic liturgy. In the book Second Tome of Homelys, a volume containing officially sanctioned homilies of the Elizabethan church, it was made clear that the British Rogation was to remember town and other communal boundaries in a social and historical context, with extra emphasis on the stability gained from lawful boundary lines.[14]
Four years after Rogation Days were recognized, the manner in which they were observed was practically much different from the official decree. Whilst it was officially ordered that the entire congregation attend, bishops began urging their priests to invite only older and more pious men. This, they believed, would stop the drunken revelry in diocese where Protestantism had yet to take a firm hold. Royal Injunctions concerning the practice were reinterpreted to restrict and regulate participants of the festivities.[14]
In London, Rogation Days, just like Easter or Hocktide, were times when begging was "legitimate" for the period of celebration.[17]
The new, Protestant version, of Rogation days became such a fixture in church life that the tradition was even carried over to the Americas by British slave holders.[18] Though not widely celebrated in the modern Church of England, the holiday is still observed in some areas.[9]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Reff, Daniel T. (2005). Plagues, Priests, and Demons: Sacred Narratives and the Rise of Christianity in the Old World and the New. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 9781139442787.
- ^ a b c d e Dues, Greg (1993). Catholic Customs & Traditions: A Popular Guide. Twenty-Third Publications. p. 39.
- ^ a b Burriss, Eli Edward (1928). "Some Survivals of Magic in Roman Religion". The Classical Journal. 24 (2). The Classical Association of the Middle West and South: 112–123. JSTOR 3289524.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b Stilgoe, John R. (1976). "Jack·o'·lanterns to Surveyors: The Secularization of Landscape Boundaries". Environmental Review. 1 (1). Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History: 14-16 and 18-30. JSTOR 3984295.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Cook, Albert Stanburrough (1926). "Augustine's Journey from Rome to Richborough". Speculum. 1 (4). Medieval Academy of America: 375–397. JSTOR 2847160.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Shepherd, John (1801). A critical and practical elucidation of the Book of common prayer, and administration of the sacraments, and other rites and ceremonies of the Church. Oxford University.
- ^ a b Houseman, Michael (1998). "Painful Places: Ritual Encounters with One's Homelands". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 4 (3). Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 447–467. JSTOR 3034156.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ General Norms for the Liturgical Year and Calendar arts. 45–47.
- ^ a b Melton, J. Gordon. Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. Vol. 1. p. 749. ISBN 9781598842050.
- ^ Nugent, Patrick J. (2001). "Bodily Effluvia and Liturgical Interruption in Medieval Miracle Stories". History of Religions. 41 (1). The University of Chicago Press: 49–70. JSTOR 3176498.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Terbovich, Fr. John B. (1963). "Religious Folklore among the German-Russians in Ellis County, Kansas". Western Folklore. 22 (2). Western States Folklore Society: 79–88. JSTOR 1497873.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b Liszka, Thomas R. (2002). "The Dragon in the "South English Legendary": Judas, Pilate, and the "A(1)" Redaction". Modern Philology. 100 (1). The University of Chicago Press: 50–59. JSTOR 1215582.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Pearson, Charles Buchanan (1878). "Some Account of Ancient Churchwarden Accounts of St. Michael's, Bath". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 7. Royal Historical Society: 309–329. JSTOR 3677891.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b c d Davenport, Edwin (1996). "Elizabethan England's Other Reformation of Manners". ELH. 63 (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 255–278. JSTOR 30030221.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Reynolds, Roger E. (2000). "The Drama of Medieval Liturgical Processions". Revue de Musicologie. 86 (1). Société Française de Musicologie: 127–142. JSTOR 947285.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Zika, Charles (1988). "Hosts, Processions and Pilgrimages: Controlling the Sacred in Fifteenth-Century Germany". Past & Present. 118. Oxford University Press on behalf of The Past and Present Society: 25–64. JSTOR 650830.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Hitchcock, Tim (2005). "Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth‐Century London". Journal of British Studies. 44 (3). Cambridge University Press on behalf of The North American Conference on British Studies: 478–498. JSTOR 429704.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Beasley, Nicholas M. (2007). "Ritual Time in British Plantation Colonies, 1650-1780". Church History. 76 (3). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History: 548. JSTOR 27645033.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)