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Coordinates: 06°54′8″N 79°51′10″E / 6.90222°N 79.85278°E / 6.90222; 79.85278
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lanka Electricity Company (Private) Limited
ලංකා විදුලි පුද්ගලික සමාගම
File:Lanka Electricity Company (Private) Limited Logo png.svg
Lanka Electricity Company Logo
Government-owned corporation overview
TypeElectricity transmission,
Electricity distribution
HeadquartersColombo,Sri Lanka
06°54′8″N 79°51′10″E / 6.90222°N 79.85278°E / 6.90222; 79.85278
MottoLighting up Lives of People
Annual budget132.3 Billion LKR (2011)
Minister responsible
  • Hon. Pavithra Wanniarachchi
Deputy Minister responsible
  • Premalal Jayasekara
Government-owned corporation executives
  • Mr.Sagara Kariyawasam, Chairman
  • Mr.H.S. Somathilaka,
    General Manager
Parent departmentDepartment Of Power And Energy
Parent Government-owned corporationCeylon Electricity Board
Websitewww.ceb.lk

The Lanka Electricity Company (Private) Limited (also abbreviated as LECO), is the largest electricity distribution company in Sri Lanka. With a market share of nearly 100%, it controls all major functions of transmission, distribution in Sri Lanka. It is one of the only two on-grid electricity companies in the country; the other being Lanka Electricity Company. The company earned approximately LKR110.9 billion in 2008, with a total of nearly 4.1 million consumer accounts.

Opened in 1969, the company now has a total installed capacity of 2,684 MW, of which approximately 1,290 MW is from thermal energy, and 1,207 MW is from hydroelectricity. Due to low wind resource, rough terrain and poor road conditions in Sri Lanka, CEB owns only one 3 MW wind farm in Hambantota, known as the Hambantota Wind Farm. The farm consists of five turbines, measuring 600 KW each. CEB also manages numerous hydroelectric dams such as the Victoria Dam, and power plants such as the Norocholai Coal Power Station.

Background[edit]

Highlighted events
Year Events
2013 Online application for recruitment.
2012 Online application for new connection.
2010 Launching online bill payment system.
2008 Inauguration of Data Acquisition System.
2007 Takeover of Tongi Pourashava and distribution licence from BERC.
2006 Company goes public.
2005 Inauguration of prepaid metering system.
2004 Establishment of sales & distribution divisions.
2003 Takeover of Gulshan area.
1998 Takeover of Mirpur area from DESA.
1996 Certificate of incorporation.

Prior to 1982, and from the inception of the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) or much earlier, the Department of Electrical Undertakings (DGEU), the supply of electricity was done by Local Government Authorities - The Urban Councils (UCs) Town Councils (TCs) etc., under the Ministry of Local Government. They were termed Licences in terms of the Electricity Act and every year they had to renew their licenses, paying a fee. The electricity thus sold in bulk to the licensees was retailed to the consumers on a tariff approved by the Ministry for Power and Energy. The monies so collected from consumers by the local authorities were remitted to the Ceylon Electricity Board, regularly. However, as time passed, the local authorities failed to remit, making use of the funds for other activities of the local authority, which made the CEB face a severe cash liquidity problem. Repeated requests and warnings by the CEB, even to the extent of discontinuing supply had no effect. Under these circumstances, the Ministry for Power and Energy had to find a way out. When the matter was brought to the notice of His Excellency the President J. R. Jayewardena, who was also the Minister for Power and Energy,

However, Secretary to the Ministry, Prof. K. K. Y. W. Perera, recommended the setting up of a special committee to look into possible alternatives. The committee comprised of Prof. K. K. Y. W. Perera, as Chairman, and members - R. Abeyratne Addl. Secretary, Ministry of Local Government, Housing and Construction, M. Somasunderam, Director, Public Enterprises, H. S. Subasinghe General Manager, CEB and the Secretary to the Committee was P. B. N. Fernando, Deputy General Manger (Transmission CEB). The Committee considered six options, one of which was for the CEB to take over and distribute electricity, which was considered unacceptable due the work load which CEB had. Under the circumstances, the committee recommended the formation of an Electricity Distribution Company with Ceylon Electricity Board, Urban Development Authority and the Local Authorities participation. A Cabinet paper was submitted on the acceptance of the recommendations by his Excellency, and thereafter, taking action to register the company under the Register of companies ordinance etc. The first General manager of this newly formed Company (LECO) was Mr. H. S. Subasinghe, who had just retired as General Manger of CEB. footing.


Organizational structure and workforce management[edit]

Name of zones and S&D divisions[1]
Name of zone Name of S&D division
Gulshan Badda
Baridhara
Joarshahara
Gulshan
Mirpur Agargaon
Kafrul
Monipur
Pallabi
Rupnagar
Shah Ali
Uttara Dakshinkhan
Tongi (East)
Tongi (West)
Uttara (East)
Uttara (West)
Uttarkhan

The company's formal organizational structure involves a hierarchical system. The Chairman and the Board of Directors make up the top of this structure. The executive head of the organization is the Managing Director under whom five Executive Directors, two General Managers, two Chief Engineers, twelve Superintending Engineers, two Deputy General Managers and one Company Secretary operate the executive duties.

To increase effectiveness in its field activities, DESCO has established 16 Sales & Distribution (S&D) divisions under 3 operational zones.

Operational zone and sales & distribution (S&D) division[edit]

The Superintending Engineer is in-charge of a zone who supervises the Executive Engineers, the key responsible person of each S&D Division. Each Executive Engineer accomplishes his duties by two Sub-divisional Engineers, one for system related activities and another for commercial related activities. Two Assistant Engineers act as assisting body under each Sub-divisional Engineer.

System related activities include scheduled maintenance, troubleshooting and breakdown maintenance of substation and switching stations, troubleshooting of customer complaints, line & equipment maintenance etc. Commercial related activities include meter reading, distribution of monthly electricity bills, service disconnection of the defaulter consumer, customers’ house wiring inspection, new electric connection, meter installation, change of old or unserviceable meter etc.

DESCO has outsourced a group of experienced workers for field level activities, including other logistic support services like security service, cleaning service and partial transport service. To this end, DESCO engaged in several experienced contractors through competitive bidding process. With the proper maintenance of the distribution system, service complaints from consumers have been reduced significantly.

The procedure for new connection has been simplified to achieve greater consumer satisfaction and efforts are on to further reduce the average time now taken. DESCO team tries their best to give a new connection within 21 working days. To make it more simple and quick DESCO has launched “Online Application” on 23 February 2012 for new connection[2] and DESCO is the first distribution company in the country which has started it.

ICT division[edit]

The company has a group of IT experts for Management Information System (MIS) and for developing new software as on demand. “E-Governance” is such a software developed by the DESCO IT team which has simplified the new connection related job in a very smart way. This team is also continuously working for a better complaint management, monthly bill process and collection, miscellaneous bill collection and correction, maintaining DESCO website and E-mail Communication and to set up inter-office Wide Area Network (WAN) Connectivity. DESCO website is Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protected and a consumer can pay their monthly bill easily online using debit or credit cards.[2]

Substation & network division[edit]

Name of divisional control centers
Name of zone Name of control center
Mirpur Mirpur Control (Kafrul)
Agargaon Control
Uttara Uttara Control
Tongi Control
Gulshan Gulshan Control
Baridhara Control

DESCO has 26 33/11 kV substations and it has a separate division named Substation & Network to maintain these substations. The division has an Superintending Engineer under the Chief Engineer, Network Operation. This division is divided into two departments: Medium Voltage Substation Maintenance & Commissioning (MVSSMC) and Grid & Protection (G & P). Services including electric power substation inspection, troubleshooting of any equipment operation, testing of any substation relay for proper operation, testing and commissioning, test reporting are done by these two departments.

DESCO's Central Control, located at Gulshan, is under the Substation & Network division for optimal scheduling and dispatch of electricity among the 6 divisional control centers. To enable this, the control centre is equipped with a reliable communication network, an accurate data acquisition system (DAS) and a visual display system for live data received from various locations. It was also proposed that a fully equipped supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system was established, for a more reliable and faster data processing and data formatting system.

Development & project and Planning & design division[edit]

Electricity is a constantly developing technology and to be consistent with this development DESCO has two separate division for Development & Project and Planning & Design. A project is typically managed by the project division in the five following steps:

  1. Identification of need and development of the concept.
  2. Analysis of the options and approval.
  3. Implementation.
  4. Evaluation.
  5. Future plans.

DESCO has completed a study to ascertain load demand and consumer growth in the area up to the year 2030 with 5 years phasing. The report shows that the load demand of DESCO will increase to 1,129 MVA by the year 2015, to 1,910 MVA by the year 2020, to 3,489 MVA by the year 2025 and to 6,288 MVA by the year 2030. Accordingly, DESCO has prepared a plan to cater this increasing load demand. For this purpose, 117 new 33/11 kV substations and 28 new 132/33 kV grid substations will be required along with upgrades of some existing substations. Presently a number of projects are in an implementation stage under the "Sustainable Power Sector Development Program" (SPSDP)[3] and on turnkey basis by DESCO's own fund.[4] In partnership with others, the Planning & Design division supports to plan and implement these projects in a disciplined way.


In 2014,Media Spokesperson at the CEB, Senajith Dassanayake said the generation of hydro power has dropped to 35%. As a result, 60 percent of the electricity needs have to be fulfilled by thermal energy[5]

Regulated electricity distribution[edit]

SA Power Networks operates its electricity distribution business under a licence granted by the Government of South Australia.

The business is subject to regulation by the Australian Energy Regulator and Essential Services Commission of South Australia. Regulation of the business primarily relates to the tariffs required to meet regulated service standards cost efficiently.

SA Power Networks ABN 13 332 330 749 is a partnership of: CKI Utilities Development Limited http://ckh.com.hk/en/global/home.php PAI Utilities Development Limited (Each incorporated in The Bahamas) ABN 65 090 718 880 ABN 82 090 718 951 Spark Infrastructure SA (No. 1) Pty Ltd Spark Infrastructure SA (No. 2) Pty Ltd Spark Infrastructure SA (No. 3) Pty Ltd (Each incorporated in Australia) ABN 54 091 142 380 ABN 19 091 143 038 ABN 50 091 142 362 Principal place of business: 1 Anzac Highway Keswick, South Australia, 5035 Australia Telephone (08) 8404 5667 Postal address: GPO Box 77, Adelaide, SA 5001

Electricity distribution[edit]

Vector owns and operates the electricity sub-transmission and distribution networks across the majority of the Auckland Region, from Wellsford in the north to central Papakura in the south, and over the Tamaki Strait to Waiheke Island. The network consists of 18,116 km of lines, fifty-four percent of which is underground,[6] at voltages of 110 kV, 33 kV, 22 kV,11 kV and 400 V. Electricity is taken from Transpower's national grid at fourteen grid exit points: Wellsford, Silverdale, Albany, Wairau Road, Henderson and Hepburn Road for the northern network, and Mount Roskill, Hobson Street, Penrose, Otahuhu, Pakuranga, Mangere, Wiri, and Takanini for the southern network. Due to differing vector groups, the only distribution level connection between the northern and southern networks is via a phase-shifting transformer between Avondale zone substation (Mount Roskill) and Brickworks zone substation (Hepburn Road). In October 2016, Vector installed a 1MW/2.3MWh lithium-ion battery for grid strengthening near Glen Innes in Auckland. It consists of 24 Powerpacks.[7]

Vector network statistics as of 31 March 2016[6]
Parameter Value
Northern
(Rodney, North Shore, Waitakere)
Southern
(Auckland, Manukau, Papakura)
Total
Total system length 9,136 km 9,130 km 18,266 km
110 kV 27 km 47 km 74 km
33 kV 464 km 320 km 784 km
22 kV 174 km 174 km
11 kV 4,279 km 3,038 km 7,317 km
Low voltage (230/400 V) 4,366 km 5,551 km 9,917 km
Street lighting 177 km 243 km 421 km
Customer connections 218,420 327,548 545,968
System maximum demand 656 MW 1,182 MW 1,755 MW
System electricity delivered 2,810 GWh 5,950 GWh 8,760 GWh

In the year to 31 March 2016, the Vector distribution network had a normalised System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) of 117.0 minutes and a normalised System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) of 1.11. This level of network reliability means that on average, each customer typically experiences a power outage of 1 hour 45 minutes duration every 11 months.[6]


Network statistics[edit]

As of September 2011:

  • Total Line Length: 84,026 km
  • Area covered: 150,000 km2
  • Customers: 730,273
  • Zone Substations 70
  • Zone Substation Transformers (66kv to 22kv): 137
  • Distribution Transformers (22kv to 240v): 81,553
  • Poles: 535,941
  • 31,865 Customers supplied via single-wire earth return rural grid
  • Wires Underground: 10.6%
  • 86% classified as 'rural'
  • Network Availability: 99.96%[8]

Development[edit]

In 2011,Ceylon Electricity Board opened a new coal power plant named Puttalam Lakiviaja.On 13 February 2011 it was synchronized with the system[9]

On 17 September 2014,US$1.35 billion coal-fired Norochcholai Power Station was commissioned by the Chinese President Xi Jinping on his visit to Sri Lanka.The Export-Import Bank of China provided a US$450 million loan for the first 300 megawatt unit at the power plant. [10]

Criticism[edit]

Blackouts and Shut downs[edit]

Ceylon Electricity Board is widely criticized due to it's frequents power cuts. It has lost 25.5 billion rupees in 2011 and run up debts of 121 billion rupees with a petroleum distributor and independent power producers. [11]

On October 2010, during a test run, a fire broke out in the chimney due to clogging.Splits in the cooling system piping triggered a shutdown down of the power plant.The Ceylon Electricity Board decided to institute blackouts to households and Industries for three hours a day until the fault is fully repaired.[12]

On Decemeber 2013, more leaks were discovered in the cooling system, The CEB decided that the plant was too dangerous to operate at the moment. Ceylon Electricity board requested assistance from CMEC, and the company said that it would take about six weeks to fix the faults. After frantic negotiations, the plant was repaired by CMEC and brought back online.A day later it failed once more and was shut down again for six more days.

In 2014,Minister of Power and Energy,Hon. Pavithra Wanniarachchi, addressed the parliament saying that, out of the 1086 days since the Norochcholai power plant had been operating, it had been offline for 271 days. [13]

Billing[edit]

In 2012,CEB lost 61.2 billion rupees and the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation which supplied fuel below cost 89.7 billion rupees.To cover up the loss CEB increased power tariffs in large scales.The CEB expected to get revenues of 223 billion rupees from the price hike, or 45 billion rupees more than the earlier tariff and still lost 33 billion rupees in 2013 on total expenses of 256 billion rupees.[14]

On 16 September 2014,After officially opening a completed $1.35 billion Chinese-financed 900 MW coal power plant project,Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa addressed the nation saying that the electricity bills of the people will be reduced by 25%.[15]The CEB stated that it will take about two weeks to come up with a process of creating electricity bills to reflect the reduction in prices.[16]

Infrastructure[edit]

In terms of infrastructure, MSEDCL operates a vast far flung network comprising

  • 33 kV, 22 kV & 11 kV transmission lines,
  • Sub-stations and Distribution Transformers spread over 3.08 lakh km2 geographical area of Maharashtra covering 41,095 villages and 457 towns. It has 2680 sub-stations & Switching Stations with 49,000 MVA of transformation capacity, 10,334 HV feeders, and several thousand circuit km of HT and LT lines.

Human resource development[edit]

MSEDCL has a workforce of about 76,000 employees. This force is the real asset of the company . The welfare and well being of this asset has been given top priority by the company. As such it has enhanced the scope of training facilities to a great extent. In addition to the existing 4 training centers, MSEDCL has recently[when?] established well equipped 25 training centers at Circle offices which impart necessary training to line staff. Every year about 20000 employees are put through refresher/professional/HR trainings. Safety is given special importance and safety training is imparted to line staff on regular basis. Engineers are also deputed to various other well reputed training centers outside Maharashtra for training under MDP module and also deputed for training under DRUM Project of USAID on regular basis.

Social responsibility[edit]

In last 2 years, about 2000 wards of deceased employees have been provided with jobs. Two ITIs at Vaijapur (Dist. Aurangabad) and Kalyan have been adopted to improve facilities their to help the local population.

Major subsidiaries[edit]

As Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc. is a holding company, there are several major wholly owned subsidiaries.[17]

Other business activities[edit]

SA Power Networks also competes in the un-regulated energy market providing infrastructure construction and maintenance services to industry and government.

Listings and shareholding[edit]

The equity shares of NTPC are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange,[18] where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index,[19] and the National Stock Exchange of India,[20] where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty.[21]

In Sep. 2015, Government of India held around 74.96% equity shares in NTPC. Over 680,000 individual shareholders hold approx. 1.92% of its shares.Life Insurance Corporation of India is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 10.03% shareholding.[22]

In February 2016, the GOI divested further its 5% stake in NTPC through OFS (Stock Exchange Mechanism) and reduced the holding of GOI in NTPC to 5,76,83,41,760 shares i.e. 69.96% out of total 8,24,54,64,400 shares.

The balance is held by public, FIIs, Mutual Funds and Banks.

Shareholders Shareholding [23][24]
Promoters: Government of India 69.74%
Foreign Institutional Investors 11.13%
Financial Institutions/Banks 16.95%
Individuals/HUFs 01.78%
Others 0.4%
Total 100.0%


Owners[edit]

Major shareholders of INTER RAO are Russian state-owned entities.

List of largest shareholders of INTER RAO as of February 26, 2014.[25]

Boris Kovalchuk is the CEO of Inter RAO.[26] The company is a client of registered lobbyist and former Labor party senator, Nick Bolkus.[27]

Management[edit]

The PLN is Indonesia's second-largest state company by assets.[28] The top level management, headed by the president director, reports to a government-appointed board. The board and the PLN management in turn report to the Minister of State-Owned Companies. President directors of PLN since 1979 have been as follows:

Start End Name
1979 1984 Suryono
1984 1988 Sardjono
1988 1992 Ermamsyah Jamin
1992 1995 Zuhal
1995 1998 Djiteng Marsudi
1998 2000 Adi Satria
2000 2001 Kuntoro Mangkusubroto
2001 2008 Eddie Widiono
2008 2009 Fahmi Mochtar
2009 2011 Dahlan Iskan
2011 2014 Nur Pamudji
2014 current Sofyan Basir[29]

Difficulties came to light during early 2011 over arrangements during the management period of the long-serving (2001-2008) PLN president director Eddie Widiono Suwondho. Questions arose over certain procurement procedures which he supported. He was taken into questioning by Indonesia's Corruption Eradication Commission in March 2011.[30] In December 2011 he was convicted to five years imprisonment for charges that centred on the appointment of a company to handle the provision of outsourced services for the PLN.[31]

Company information[edit]

Major shareholders[edit]

Board of Directors[edit]

Chairman Maria Patrizia Grieco[33]

nominated in May 2014

Managing Director Francesco Starace[34]

nominated in May 2014

Board member Alfredo Antoniozzi[35]

nominated in May 2015

Board member Alessandro Banchi[36]

nominated in May 2011

Board member Alberto Bianchi[37]

nominated in May 2014

Board member Paola Girdinio[38]

nominated in May 2014

Board member Alberto Pera[39]

nominated in May 2014

Board member Anna Chiara Svelto[40]

nominated in May 2014

Board member Angelo Taraborrelli[41]

nominated in May 2011

Chairmen[edit]

Chairman Term of office
Vito Antonio Di Cagno[42] 1963–1973
Arnaldo Maria Angelini[43] 1973–1979
Francesco Corbellini[44] 1979–1987
Franco Viezzoli[45] 1987–1996
Chicco Testa[46] 1996–2002
Piero Gnudi[47] 2002–2011
Paolo Andrea Colombo[48] 2011–2014
Maria Patrizia Grieco[49] 2014–today

Managing Directors[edit]

Managing Director Term of office
Arnaldo Maria Angelini[43] 1963–1973
Massimo Moretti[50][51] 1973–1982
Alberto Negroni[52] 1984–1992
Alfonso Limbruno[53] 1992–1995
Franco Tatò[54] 1996–2002
Paolo Scaroni[55] 2002–2005
Fulvio Conti[56] 2005–2014
Francesco Starace[57] 2014–today

Subsidiaries[edit]

Eesti Energia has following subsidiaries:

  • Enefit Energiatootmine. Consists of the Narva Power Plants and the Narva Oil Plant The company generates 95% of electricity produced in Estonia, and furnishes the city of Narva with heat. The company is also engaged in sales of fly ash, which can be used in agriculture and production of construction materials.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "S&D's and Offices of DESCO". . Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  2. ^ a b "Notice published at the dailies". . Retrieved April 09,2012.
  3. ^ "Sustainable Power Sector Development Program". ADB. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference 10K was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "Generation of hydro-power has decreased – observes CEB". Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  6. ^ a b c "EDB Information Disclosure - Vector - year ending 31 March 2016". 31 August 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  7. ^ "Tesla delivers 'first grid-scale Powerpack installation in Asia-Pacific', watch cool timelapse video of the installation". Electrek. 25 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  8. ^ "Bushfire Mitigation Strategy Plan 2011-2012" (PDF). Powercor. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  9. ^ "CEB Annual Financial Statement,2011". Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  10. ^ "A New Coal Power Station the Coal Industry Won't Boast About". Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  11. ^ "Sri Lanka CEB loses rs25.5bn". Retrieved September 18, 2014.
  12. ^ "A New Coal Power Station the Coal Industry Won't Boast About". Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  13. ^ "A New Coal Power Station the Coal Industry Won't Boast About". Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  14. ^ "Sri Lanka power tariffs raised - Update ". Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  15. ^ "Sri Lanka cuts energy price after start of Chinese-funded coal power plant". Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  16. ^ "CEB says electricity bill reduction will not reflect immediately". Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  17. ^ "Introducing a holding company system balancing both responsibility and services". Retrieved 2017-06-29.
  18. ^ "NTPC LTD". BSEindia.com. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  19. ^ "Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX". BSE India. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  20. ^ "NTPC Limited". NSE India. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  21. ^ "Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (.csv)". NSE India. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  22. ^ http://www.ntpc.co.in/download/shareholdig-pattern-31032015-ntpc
  23. ^ http://www.ntpc.co.in/investors/shareholding-pattern
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference ReferenceA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ http://www.interrao.ru/en/company/capital/
  26. ^ http://www.interrao.ru/company/rukovod/pravlenie/
  27. ^ "CHANGE OF DETAILS FORM - SOUTH AUSTRALIAN REGISTER OF LOBBYISTS". 2016-10-24.
  28. ^ The largest state-owned company in Indonesia by assets is the government-owned bank Bank Mandiri.
  29. ^ Sofyan Basir was appointed by the incoming Joko Widodo administration in December 2014. He has a financial background, having been appointed from outside of the electric power industry; formerly he was president-director of the large state-owned bank Bank Rakyat Indonesia. See 'New PLN boss more impelled to increase revenue', The Jakarta Post, 23 December 2014.
  30. ^ 'KPK detains former PLN president' Archived 28 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, The Jakarta Post, 24 March 2011.
  31. ^ 'More SOE bosses in jail raises concerns', The Jakarta Post, 22 December 2011.
  32. ^ "Azionisti rilevanti di Enel S.p.A." consob.it. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  33. ^ "Maria Patrizia Grieco". Enel. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  34. ^ "Francesco Starace". Enel. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  35. ^ "PUNTO 1-Enel, assemblea approva allentamento clausola onorabilità". Reuters. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  36. ^ "Alessandro Banchi". Enel. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  37. ^ "Alberto Bianchi". Enel. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  38. ^ "Paola Girdinio". Enel. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  39. ^ "Alberto Pera". Enel. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  40. ^ "Anna Chiara Svelto". Enel. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  41. ^ "Angelo Taraborelli". Enel. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  42. ^ "Di Cagno, Vito Antonio". treccani. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  43. ^ a b "Angelini, Arnaldo Maria". treccani. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  44. ^ "amianto: pm milano, condanne fino a 8 anni e mezzo ex dirigenti Eneldate= 22 November 2014". treccani. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  45. ^ "morto Franco Viezzoli, ex presidente Enel". sole 24 ore. 18 May 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  46. ^ "Chicco Testa". corriere.it. 30 October 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  47. ^ "da Enel alle banche, dietro al ministro Guidi c'è l'eterno Pietro Gnudi". il fatto quotidiano. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  48. ^ "Paolo Andrea Colombo". alitalia. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  49. ^ "Enel, nominato il nuovo cda. Patrizia Grieco presidente, Francesco Starace amministratore delegato". il ghirlandaio. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  50. ^ L’industria italiana del cemento. Associazione italiana tecnico-economica del cemento. 1987. p. 790.
  51. ^ "FNLE-CGIL (pdf)" (PDF). archiviolavoro. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  52. ^ "Morti da amianto a Turbigo, per ex vertici Enel chieste condanne fino a otto anni e mezzo". Inail (in Italian). 22 November 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  53. ^ "PDF (page not found)" (PDF). Enel. Retrieved 22 May 2015. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  54. ^ Luca Pagni (31 March 2014). "Enel, condannati Scaroni e Tatò per il disastro ambientale di Porto Tolle". repubblica. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  55. ^ Antonio Andreotti (31 March 2014). "Porto Tolle pericolo per l'ambiente. Condannati ex ad Enel Tatò e Scaroni". corriere.it. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  56. ^ "Fulvio Conti". Aon. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  57. ^ "Media Release". Enel. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2015.

External links[edit]

See also[edit]