User:Sunnycxz/Gender inequality
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Gender inequality
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Prenatal hormone exposure influences the extent to which a person exhibits typical masculine or feminine traits.[1][2] Negligible differences between males and females exist in general intelligence.[3] Men are significantly more likely to take risks than women.[4] Men are also more likely than women to be aggressive, a trait influenced by prenatal and possibly current androgen exposure.[5][6] It has been theorized that these differences combined with physical differences are an adaption representing sexual division of labor.[7] A second theory proposes sex differences in intergroup aggression represent adaptions in male aggression to allow for territory, resource and mate acquisition.[8] Females are (on average) more empathetic than males, though this does not mean that any given woman is more empathetic than any given man.[9] Men and women have better visuospatial and verbal memory, respectively. These changes are influenced by the male sex hormone testosterone, which increases visuospatial memory in both genders when administered.[10]
Gender inequality in relationships
Gender equality in relationships has been growing over the years but for the majority of relationships, the power lies with the male.[11] Even now men and women present themselves as divided along gender lines. A study done by Szymanowicz and Furnham, looked at the cultural stereotypes of intelligence in men and women, showing the gender inequality in self-presentation.[12] This study showed that females thought if they revealed their intelligence to a potential partner, then it would diminish their chance with him. Men however would much more readily discuss their own intelligence with a potential partner. Also, women are aware of people's negative reactions to IQ, so they limit its disclosure to only trusted friends. Females would disclose IQ more often than men with the expectation that a real true friend would respond in a positive way. Intelligence continues to be viewed as a more masculine trait, than feminine trait. The article suggested that men might think women with a high IQ would lack traits that were desirable in a mate such as warmth, nurturance, sensitivity, or kindness. Another discovery was that females thought that friends should be told about one's IQ more so than males. However, males expressed doubts about the test's reliability and the importance of IQ in real life more so than women. The inequality is highlighted when a couple starts to decide who is in charge of family issues and who is primarily responsible for earning income. For example, in Londa Schiebinger's book, "Has Feminism Changed Science?", she claims that "Married men with families on average earn more money, live longer and happier, and progress faster in their careers," while "for a working woman, a family is a liability, extra baggage threatening to drag down her career."[13]Furthermore, statistics had shown that "only 17 percent of the women who are full professors of engineering have children, while 82 percent of the men do."[13]
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[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Simerly, Richard B. (1 February 2005). "Wired on hormones: endocrine regulation of hypothalamic development". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 15 (1): 81–85. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.01.013. ISSN 0959-4388. PMID 15721748. S2CID 24944473.
- ^ Reinisch, June Machover; Ziemba-Davis, Mary; Sanders, Stephanie A. (1 January 1991). "Hormonal contributions to sexually dimorphic behavioral development in humans". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 16 (1–3): 213–278. doi:10.1016/0306-4530(91)90080-D. PMID 1961841. S2CID 44814972.
- ^ Colom, Roberto; Juan-Espinosa, Manuel; Abad, Francisco; García, Luís F (February 2000). "Negligible Sex Differences in General Intelligence". Intelligence. 28 (1): 57–68. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(99)00035-5.
- ^ Byrnes, James P.; Miller, David C.; Schafer, William D. (1999). "Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis". Psychological Bulletin. 125 (3): 367–383. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367.
- ^ Carlson, N. 'Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior' Chapter 11 in [Physiology of Behavior],2013, Pearson Education Inc.
- ^ Card, Noel A.; Stucky, Brian D.; Sawalani, Gita M.; Little, Todd D. (2008-10-01). "Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: a meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment". Child Development. 79 (5): 1185–1229. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x. ISSN 1467-8624. PMID 18826521. S2CID 7942628.
- ^ Puts, David A. (2010). "Beauty and the beast: Mechanisms of sexual selection in humans". Evolution and Human Behavior. 31 (3): 157–175. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.02.005.
- ^ Alfred Glucksman (1981). Sexual Dimorphism in Human and Mammalian Biology and Pathology. Academic Press. pp. 66–75. ISBN 978-0-12-286960-0. OCLC 7831448.
- ^ Christov-Moore, Leonardo; Simpson, Elizabeth A.; Coudé, Gino; Grigaityte, Kristina; Iacoboni, Marco; Ferrari, Pier Francesco (1 October 2014). "Empathy: gender effects in brain and behavior". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 46 (4): 604–627. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.001. ISSN 1873-7528. PMC 5110041. PMID 25236781.
- ^ Celec, Peter; Ostatníková, Daniela; Hodosy, Július (17 February 2015). "On the effects of testosterone on brain behavioral functions". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 9: 12. doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00012. ISSN 1662-4548. PMC 4330791. PMID 25741229.
- ^ van Hooff, Jenny H. (March 2011). "Rationalising inequality: heterosexual couples' explanations and justifications for the division of housework along traditionally gendered lines". Journal of Gender Studies. 20 (1): 19–30. doi:10.1080/09589236.2011.542016.
- ^ Szymanowicz, Agata; Adrian Furnham (March 2011). "Do intelligent women stay single? Cultural stereotypes concerning the intellectual abilities of men and women". Journal of Gender Studies. 20 (1): 43–54. doi:10.1080/09589236.2011.542019. S2CID 145450301.
- ^ a b Schiebinger, Londa (2000). "Has Feminism Changed Science". Signs. 25 (4): 1171–5. doi:10.1086/495540. PMID 17089478. S2CID 225088475.