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Vanda

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Vanda (disambiguation).

Vanda
Vanda coerulea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Vandeae
Subtribe: Aeridinae
Genus: Vanda
Gaud. ex Pfitzer
Type species
Vanda roxburghii R.Br.[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Ascocentrum Schltr.
  • Euanthe Schltr.
  • Finetia Schltr.
  • Neofinetia Hu
  • Nipponorchis Masam.
  • Eparmatostigma Garay
  • Trudelia Garay
  • × Trudelianda Garay
  • Christensonia Haager
  • Ascocentropsis Senghas & Schildh.
  • Gunnaria S.C.Chen ex Z.J.Liu & L.J.Chen

Vanda, abbreviated in the horticultural trade as V.,[3] is a genus in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. There are 90 species,[2] and the genus is commonly cultivated for the marketplace. This genus and its allies are considered to be among the most specifically adapted of all orchids within the Orchidaceae. The genus is highly prized in horticulture for its showy, fragrant, long-lasting, and intensely colorful flowers.[4] Vanda species are widespread across East Asia, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea, with a few species extending into Queensland and some of the islands of the western Pacific.[2][5]

Etymology

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The generic name Vanda is derived from the Sanskrit (वन्दाका)[6] name for the species Vanda roxburghii (a synonym of Vanda tessellata).[7][8]

Distribution

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These mostly epiphytic, but sometimes lithophytic or terrestrial orchids, are distributed in India, Himalaya, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, southern China, and northern Australia.[7]

Description

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The genus has a monopodial growth habit with flat, typically broad, ovoid leaves (strap-leaves). Species with cylindrical (terete), fleshy leaves, which are adapted to dry periods were transferred to the genus Papilionanthe. The stems of these orchids vary considerably in size; some are miniature plants and some have a length of several meters. The plants can become quite massive in habitat and in cultivation, and epiphytic species possess very large, rambling aerial root systems. The roots have pneumatodes.[9]

The few to many flattened flowers grow on a lateral inflorescence. Most show a yellow-brown color with brown markings, but they also appear in white, green, orange, red, and burgundy shades. The lip has a small spur. Vanda species usually bloom every few months and the flowers last for two to three weeks.

Ecology

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Pollination

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Vanda falcata has been reported to be pollinated by several hawkmoth species of the genus Theretra, namely Theretra japonica and Theretra nessus.[10]

Conservation

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Many Vanda orchids, particularly V. coerulea, are endangered. These species have never been common in the wild and are typically encountered only infrequently in their natural habitats. They grow mainly in disturbed forest areas with high light levels and are therefore especially vulnerable to habitat destruction.[4] The export of wild-collected specimens of the blue orchid (V. coerulea) and other wild Vanda species is prohibited worldwide, as all orchids are listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.

Cultivation

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This genus is one of the five most horticulturally important orchid genera, because it has some of the most magnificent flowers to be found in the orchid family.[citation needed] This has contributed much to the work of hybridists producing flowers for the cut flower market. V. coerulea is one of the few botanical orchids which can produce varieties with blue flowers (actually a very bluish purple), a property much appreciated for producing interspecific and intergeneric hybrids.

The color blue is rare among orchids, and only certain species of Thelymitra, a terrestrial species from Australia, produces flowers that are truly "blue" among the orchids. These species, much like Vanda, also have a bluish-purple tint towards the inner petals of the flowers.

Vanda dearei is one of the chief sources of yellow color in Vanda hybrids.

The plants do not possess pseudobulbs, but do possess leathery, drought-resistant leaves. Almost all of the species in this genus are very large epiphytes found in disturbed areas in habitat and prefer very high light levels, the plants having large root systems. Some of these species have a monopodial vine-like growth habit, and the plants can quickly become quite massive.

These plants prefer consistent conditions day-to-day in cultivation to avoid dropping their bottom leaves. The epiphytic species are best accommodated in large wooden baskets, bare rooted, which allows for the large aerial root systems. Disturbing or damaging the roots of large, mature vandaceous orchid plants, and in particular, Vanda and Aerides species, can result in the plants failing to flower and going into decline for a season or more. These plants do not tolerate disturbance or damage of their root systems in cultivation when they become mature. The terete-leaved terrestrial species are very easy to cultivate.

When grown bare-rooted, the epiphytic species require daily watering and weekly feeding and are very heavy feeders in cultivation. They can be grown out-of-doors in Hawaii and the like provided they are given some shade.

Fungal infections

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Cross section of Vanda stem infected with Fusarium, exhibiting typical purple spotting of vascular tissue

Unfortunately fungal infections are not uncommon in cultivated plants. A variety of phytopathogens may infect Vanda orchids. Vandas may be affected by Fusarium wilt. This disease is characterized by purple discolouration in the vascular tissue, which results in the loss of their function. The hyphae and spores block the conductor vessels. Affected plants may superficially appear healthy, as they continue to grow, the oldest parts of the plants can be affected and the disease will eventually progress throughout the entire plant.[11] If cutting tools are not sterilized the infection may spread to other plants.[12]

Systematics

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In a recent molecular study of the genus Vanda ,[13] several Genera including the former Genus Ascocentrum, Neofinetia and Euanthe were brought into synonym with Vanda.[2]

Species

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The following is a list of Vanda species recognised by Plants of the World Online as of January 2025 separated by sections:[14][2]

Section Image Name Year Distribution Elevation (m)
Section Ascocentrum Gardiner Vanda ampullacea (Roxb.) L.M.Gardiner 1914 Nepal, China (southern Yunnan), India (Sikkim, Andaman Islands, Assam), Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam 300–1,500 metres (980–4,920 ft)
Vanda aurantiaca (Schltr.) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Bali, Sulawesi and the Philippines 1,200 metres (3,900 ft)
Vanda aurea (J.J.Sm.) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Maluku (Sula)
Vanda curvifolia (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner 2012 India (Assam), Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, southern China and Vietnam 0–700 metres (0–2,297 ft)
Vanda garayi (Christenson) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam 0–1,000 metres (0–3,281 ft)
Vanda insularum (Christenson) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Maratua island to the east of Kalimantan, Borneo
Vanda karinae Motes 2021 India (Assam)
Vanda miniata (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and the Philippines
Vanda rubra (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Myanmar, Vietnam
Section Ascocentropsis Gardiner Vanda christensoniana (Haager) L.M.Gardiner 1993 Vietnam 0–700 metres (0–2,297 ft)
Vanda hienii (Aver. & V.C.Nguyen) R.Rice 2019 Vietnam (Cao Bang) 1,300 metres (4,300 ft)
Vanda malipoensis L.H.Zou, Jiu X.Huang & Z.J.Liu 2014 China (Yunnan)
Vanda nana L.M.Gardiner 2012 Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia
Section Cristatae Lindl.[15] Vanda alpina (Lindl.) Lindl. 1853 India (Assam, Sikkim), Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan) 1,200–2,000 metres (3,900–6,600 ft)
Vanda chlorosantha (Garay) Christenson 1992 Bhutan
Vanda cristata Wall. ex Lindl. 1828 Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, China (Yunnan, Xizang) 600–2,300 metres (2,000–7,500 ft)
Vanda flavobrunnea Rchb.f. 1886 India(Sikkim), Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Sumatra 700–1,400 metres (2,300–4,600 ft)
Vanda griffithii Lindl. 1851 Nepal, Bhutan 1,500–1,800 metres (4,900–5,900 ft)
Vanda jainii A.S.Chauhan 1984 India (Assam)
Vanda longitepala D.L.Roberts, L.M.Gardiner & Motes 2008 publ. 2009 Myanmar 1,200–1,500 metres (3,900–4,900 ft)
Vanda sathishii Motes 2022 India (Kerala)
Section Dactylolobatae W. Suarez & Cootes, Philipp[16] Vanda aliceae Motes, L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts 2015 Bacan Island, North Moluccas
Vanda celebica Rolfe 1899 Indonesia (Sulawesi) 500–600 metres (1,600–2,000 ft)
Vanda crassiloba Teijsm. & Binn. ex J.J.Sm. 1905 Maluku (Ambon, Seram)
Vanda frankieana Metusala & P.O'Byrne 2011 Borneo (Kalimantan)
Vanda gibbsiae Rolfe 1914 Borneo 800–1,100 metres (2,600–3,600 ft)
Vanda hastifera Rchb.f. 1877 Borneo 600–1,200 metres (2,000–3,900 ft)
Vanda lindenii Rchb.f. 1886 New Guinea
Vanda mindanaoensis Motes, L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts 2015 Philippines (Mindanao) 500 metres (1,600 ft)
Vanda saxatilis J.J.Sm. 1926 Buru Islands, Maluku, Indonesia
Vanda scandens Holttum 1950 Philippines ( Mindanao, Palawan)
Section Deltoglossa Christenson Vanda arcuata J.J.Sm. 1907 Indonesia - Sulawesi
Vanda bartholomewii Motes 2021 Maluku
Vanda chirayupiniae Wannakr. 1894 Malaysia, the Philippines 1,500 metres (4,900 ft)
Vanda cootesii Motes 2016 Philippines (Mindano) 400–1,500 metres (1,300–4,900 ft)
Vanda dearei Rchb.f. 1886 Borneo 0–300 metres (0–984 ft)
Vanda devoogtii J.J.Sm. 1932 Sulawesi
Vanda emilyae Motes 2021 Papua New Guinea to Bismarck Archipelago.
Vanda floresensis Motes 2021 Lesser Sunda Islands (Flores)
Vanda foetida J.J.Sm. 1906 S. Sumatra
Vanda furva (L.) Lindl. 1905 Java, Maluku 100–600 metres (330–1,970 ft)
Vanda helvola Blume 1849 Java, Sumatra, Borneo and western Malaysia, Philippines 400–1,500 metres (1,300–4,900 ft)
Vanda hindsii Lindl. 1843 Papuasia, Australia (N. Queensland) 0–450 metres (0–1,476 ft)
Vanda insignis Blume ex Lindl. 1849 Lesser Sunda Is., Malaysia, the Moluccas
Vanda jennae P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. 2005 Sulawesi
Vanda limbata Blume 1849 Java, Lesser Sunda Is., the Philippines (Mindanao) 3–700 metres (9.8–2,296.6 ft)
Vanda lombokensis J.J.Sm. 1925 Lesser Sunda (Lombok Island) 1,200 metres (3,900 ft)
Vanda luzonica Loher ex Rolfe 1915 Philippines (Luzon) 500 metres (1,600 ft)
Vanda mariae Motes 2016 Philippines (Mindanao)
Vanda merrillii Ames & Quisumb. 1932 Philippines (Luzon) 500 metres (1,600 ft)
Vanda metusalae P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. 2008 Moluccas, Sulawesi 100–600 metres (330–1,970 ft)
Vanda perplexa Motes & D.L.Roberts 2013 Komodo Island of the Lesser Sunda Islands
Vanda punctata Ridl. 1923 Lesser Sunda Islands (Tanimbar Islands)
Vanda suavis Lindl. 1848 Java
Vanda sumatrana Schltr. 1911 Sumatra 300–1,000 metres (980–3,280 ft)
Vanda tricolor Lindl. 1849 Laos, Java, Bali 700–1,600 metres (2,300–5,200 ft)
Vanda ustii Golamco, Claustro & de Mesa 2000 Philippines (Luzon) 1,250 metres (4,100 ft)
Section Eparmatostigma Gardiner Vanda dives (Rchb.f.) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Vietnam, Laos
Section Flabellatae Gardiner Vanda flabellata (Rolfe ex Downie) Christenson 1985 Thailand, Myanmar, China (Yunnan) 200–1,700 metres (660–5,580 ft)
Vanda lilacina Teijsm. & Binn. 1862 China (Yunnan), Thailand and Laos 100–1,000 metres (330–3,280 ft)
Vanda vietnamica (Haager) L.M.Gardiner 2012 Vietnam 0–700 metres (0–2,297 ft)
Section Lamellaria Lindl.[16] Vanda barnesii W.E.Higgins & Motes 2012 Philippines (North Luzon) 1,200–1,600 metres (3,900–5,200 ft)
Vanda javierae D.Tiu ex Fessel & Lückel 1984 Philippines (Luzon) 1,200 metres (3,900 ft)
Vanda lamellata Lindl. 1838 Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Philippines, Borneo (Sabah), and the Marianas Islands 0–300 metres (0–984 ft)
Vanda roeblingiana Rolfe 1894 penninsular Malaysia,the Philippines (Luzon)
Vanda sanderiana (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. 1882 Philippines (Mindanao) 0–500 metres (0–1,640 ft)
Section Neofinetia Gardiner Vanda falcata (Thunb.) Beer 1854 Japan, China (Fujian, S Gansu, SW Hubei, W Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Korea and the Ryukyu Islands 1,500–1,600 metres (4,900–5,200 ft)
Section Longicalcarata Christenson Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lindl. 1847 China (Yunnan), India(Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya), Myanmar and Thailand 800–1,700 metres (2,600–5,600 ft)
Vanda coerulescens Griff. 1851 India(Assam, Arunachal Pradesh), China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand 300–1,200 metres (980–3,940 ft)
Section Obtusiloba Christenson Vanda bicolor Griff. 1851 India (Assam), Bhutan and Myanmar 700–2,000 metres (2,300–6,600 ft)
Vanda brunnea Rchb.f. 1868 India, Myanmar, Thailand, China (Yunnan) 800–1,550 metres (2,620–5,090 ft)
Vanda denisoniana Benson & Rchb.f. 1869 China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam 450–1,200 metres (1,480–3,940 ft)
Vanda gardinerae Motes 2021 Thailand.
Vanda vipanii Rchb.f. 1882 Myanmar
Section Testacea Gardiner Vanda bensonii Bateman 1866 India (Assam), Myanmar and Thailand
Vanda funingensis L.H.Zou & Z.J.Liu 2016 China (Yunnan)
Vanda liouvillei Finet 1912 India (Assam), Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Laos
Vanda parviflora Lindl. 1844 Myanmar and Thailand 780–2,000 metres (2,560–6,560 ft)
Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Rchb.f. 1877 Myanmar, Sri Lanka, India(Assam), China, Nepal and Bhutan 780–2,000 metres (2,560–6,560 ft)
Section Vanda Vanda bidupensis Aver. & Christenson 1998 Vietnam 1,450–1,750 metres (4,760–5,740 ft)
Vanda concolor Blume 1849 China (Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan), Vietnam 700–1,600 metres (2,300–5,200 ft)
Vanda esquirolii Schltr. 1921 China (SW. Guizhou, Guangxi), Laos, Vietnam
Vanda fuscoviridis Lindl. 1848 China (Guangdong) to Vietnam
Vanda gracilis Aver. 2015 Vietnam 200–250 metres (660–820 ft)
Vanda hennisiana Ormerod & Kurzweil 2022 Myanmar, Vietnam
Vanda motesiana Choltco 2009 India (Arunachal Pradesh )
Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don 1830 China (Yunnan), India (Assam), Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar 1,500 metres (4,900 ft)
Vanda thwaitesii Hook.f. 1898 India (Kerala, Karnataka), Sri Lanka 800–1,000 metres (2,600–3,300 ft)
Vanda wightii Rchb.f. 1864 India(Karnataka, Kerala) and Sri Lanka

Natural hybrids

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  • Vanda × amoena O'Brien 1897 (V. coerulea × V. tessellata) (Assam)
  • Vanda × boumaniae J.J.Sm. 1931 (V. insignis × V. perplexa) (Lesser Sunda Is.)
  • Vanda × charlesworthii Rolfe 1894 (V. bensonii × V. coerulea) (Myanmar)
  • Vanda × feliciae Cootes 2019 (V. lamellata var. boxallii × V. ustii) (Philippines (Luzon))
  • Vanda × hebraica Motes & L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts 2016 (V. denisoniana × V. brunnea) (Myanmar)[17]
  • Vanda × leucostele Schltr. 1911 (V. foetida × V. helvola) (Sumatera)
  • Vanda × loii Motes 2021 (V. lamellata × V. merrillii) (Philippines)
  • Vanda × peetersiana (Cogn.) André 1898 (V. coerulea × V. coerulescens) (Assam)

Intergeneric hybrids

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Vanda Pachara Delight
Vanda Robert's Delight 'Crownfox Magic'
Vanda Sansai Blue

The following is a list of hybrid genera (nothogenera) in which hybrids vandas with orchids of other genera are placed although many of these are invalid because of recent taxonomic changes. For instance, × Ascocenda (Ascocentrum x Vanda) and × Vandofinetia (Vanda x Neofinetia) are no longer valid because both Ascocentrum and Neofinetia have been reduced to synonyms of Vanda by RHS, which is in charge of the International Orchid Register:

  • × Aeridovanda (Aerides × Vanda)
  • × Aeridovanisia (Aerides × Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Alphonsoara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Andrewara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Aranda (Arachnis × Vanda)
  • × Ascocenda (Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Ascovandoritis (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Vanda)
  • × Bokchoonara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Bovornara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Burkillara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda)
  • × Charlieara (Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Christieara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Darwinara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Debruyneara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Devereuxara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Eastonara (Ascocentrum × Gastrochilus × Vanda)
  • × Fujiora (Ascocentrum × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Goffara (Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Hawaiiara (Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Hagerara (Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Himoriara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Holttumara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Isaoara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Joannara (Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Kagawara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Knappara (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Knudsonara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Leeara (Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Luisanda (Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Luivanetia (Luisia × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Lewisara (Aerides × Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Maccoyara (Aerides × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Macekara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Micholitzara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Moirara (Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Mokara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Nakamotoara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Nobleara (Aerides × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Okaara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Onoara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Opsisanda (Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Pageara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Pantapaara (Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Paulara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Pehara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Pereiraara (Aerides × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Phalaerianda (Aerides × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Raganara (Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Ramasamyara (Arachnis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Renafinanda (Neofinetia × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Renanda (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Renantanda (Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Rhynchovanda (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Ridleyare (Arachnis × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Robinaria (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Ronnyara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Sanjumeara (Aerides × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Sarcovanda (Sarcochilus × Vanda)
  • × Shigeuraara (Ascocentrum × Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Stamariaara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Sutingara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Teohara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Trevorara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Trichovanda (Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Vascostylis (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Vandachnis (Arachnis × Vandopsis)
  • × Vancampe (Acampe × Vanda)
  • × Vandachostylis (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Vandaenopsis (Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Vandaeranthes (Aeranthes × Vanda)
  • × Vandewegheara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Vandofinetia (Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Vandofinides (Aerides × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Vandoritis (Doritis × Vanda)
  • × Vanglossum (Ascoglossum × Vanda)
  • × Wilkinsara (Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Yapara (Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Yusofara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Yonezawaara (Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)

References

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  1. ^ Vanda | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved July 1, 2023, from https://www.ipni.org/n/30077641-2
  2. ^ a b c d e "Vanda R.Br". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Alphabetical list of standard abbreviations of all generic names occurring in current use in orchid hybrid registration as at 31st December 2007" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society.
  4. ^ a b The Orchids, Natural History and Classification, Robert L. Dressler. ISBN 0-674-87526-5
  5. ^ Flora of China v 25 p 471, 万代兰属 wan dai lan shu, Vanda Jones ex R. Brown, Bot. Reg. 6: ad t. 506. 1820.
  6. ^ vandAkA Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany
  7. ^ a b Jones D.L.; et al. (2006). "Vanda". Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids. Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Government. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  8. ^ Garay, L. (1972), On the systematics of the monopodial orchids, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard University, 23(4): 149-212
  9. ^ Eschrich, W. (1995). Gaswechsel. In Funktionelle Pflanzenanatomie (pp. 75-109). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  10. ^ Suetsugu, K., Tanaka, K., Okuyama, Y., & Yukawa, T. (2015). "Potential pollinator of Vanda falcata (Orchidaceae): Theretra (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) hawkmoths are visitors of long spurred orchid." European Journal of Entomology, 112(2), 393.
  11. ^ Pedroso-de-Moraes, C., Souza, M. C. D., Ronconi, C. C., & Marteline, M. A. (2011). Response of Cattleya hybrids for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cattleyae Foster. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 54(2), 267-271.
  12. ^ Reddy, P. P. (2016). Orchids. In Sustainable Crop Protection under Protected Cultivation (pp. 393-407). Springer, Singapore.
  13. ^ Lim, S. (1999). "RAPD Analysis of Some Species in the GenusVanda(Orchidaceae)". Annals of Botany. 83 (2): 193–196. Bibcode:1999AnBot..83..193L. doi:10.1006/anbo.1998.0801.
  14. ^ Gardiner, Lauren M.; Kocyan, Alexander; Motes, Martin; Roberts, David L.; Emerson, Brent C. (2013-10-29). "Molecular phylogenetics ofVandaand related genera (Orchidaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 173 (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 549–572. doi:10.1111/boj.12102. hdl:10261/178619. ISSN 0024-4074.
  15. ^ Gardiner, Lauren M.; Hawkins, Julie A.; Roberts, David L. (2005). "Species Delimitation in Vanda Sect. Cristatae Lindl. (Orchidaceae): A Morphometric Approach". Selbyana. 26 (1/2). Marie Selby Botanical Gardens Inc.: 347–353. ISSN 0361-185X. JSTOR 41760227. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  16. ^ a b Motes, Martin; Gardiner, Lauren M.; Roberts, David L. (2015-06-01). "(PDF) Vanda section Dactylolobatae: a summary, two new species, and a key to identification". ResearchGate. p. 98–104. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  17. ^ Motes, M., Gardiner, L. M., & Roberts, D. L. (2016). The identity of spotted Vanda denisoniana. Orchid Review, 124(1316), 228-233.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Grove, D. L. 1995. Vandas and Ascocendas. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 241 pp.
  • Motes, Martin R., and Alan L. Hoffman. 1997 Vandas, Their botany, history and culture. ISBN 0-88192-376-1
[edit]
  • Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Vanda at Wikimedia Commons
  • Wikispecies logo Data related to Vanda at Wikispecies
  • Vanda Miss Joaquim
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