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Voiced alveolar fricative

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Voiced alveolar fricative
z
IPA number133
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)z
Unicode (hex)U+007A
X-SAMPAz
Braille⠵ (braille pattern dots-1356)

Voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

  • The symbol for an alveolar sibilant is ⟨z⟩. The IPA letter ⟨z⟩ is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (⟨z̪⟩ and ⟨z̠⟩ respectively).[citation needed]
  • The IPA symbol for an alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝⟩.
Voiced coronal fricatives
Inter-
dental 		Dental Denti-
alveolar 		Alveolar Post-alveolar
Retracted Retroflex Palato-
alveolar 		Alveolo-
palatal
Sibilant z̪ z̟ z͇ z̠ ʐ ʒ ʑ
Non-sibilant ð̟ ð ð͇ ɻ̝ ɹ̠˔

Voiced alveolar sibilant

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A voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to its voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.[citation needed]

Features

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  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • There are at least three specific variants of [z]:
    • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [z] is very strong.[1]
    • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
    • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʒ] or laminal [ʐ].
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Dentalized laminal alveolar

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Armenian Eastern[2] զարդ / zart [z̪ɑɾt̪ʰ]ⓘ 'decoration'
Azerbaijani[3] zoğ [z̪ɔʁ] 'sprout'
Belarusian[4] база / baza [ˈbäz̪ä] 'base' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Bulgarian[5] езеро / ezero [ˈɛz̪ɛro] 'lake' Contrasts with palatalized form.
Czech[6] zima [ˈz̪ɪmä] 'winter' See Czech phonology
English Multicultural London[7] zoo [z̪ʏˑy̯] 'zoo' See English phonology
French[8][9] zèbre [z̪ɛbʁ]ⓘ 'zebra' See French phonology
Hungarian[10] zálog [ˈz̪äːl̪oɡ] 'pledge' See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian[11] zajc [ˈzajt͡s] 'hare'
Kazakh[12] заң / zań [z̪ɑŋ] 'law'
Kyrgyz[13] заң / zań
Latvian[14] zars [z̪ärs̪] 'branch' See Latvian phonology
Macedonian[15] зошто / zošto [ˈz̪ɔʃt̪ɔ] 'why' See Macedonian phonology
Mirandese daprendizaige [d̪əpɾẽd̪iˈz̪ajʒ(ɯ̽)] 'learning' Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
Polish[1][16] zero [ˈz̪ɛrɔ]ⓘ 'zero' See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most speakers Estados Unidos [isˈt̪ad̪uz̪‿ʉˈnid͡zᶶ(ˢ)] 'United States' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[17] zar [z̪är] 'dice' See Romanian phonology
Russian[18] заезжать / zaězžať [z̪əɪˈʑʑætʲ]ⓘ 'to pick up' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[19][20] зајам / zajam [z̪ǎːjäm] 'loan' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak zima [ˈz̪imä] 'winter'
Slovene[21] zima [ˈz̪ìːmá] 'winter'
Turkish[8][22] göz [ɟø̞̈z̪] 'eye' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[23] зуб / zub [z̪ub] 'tooth' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[24] koza [ˈkɔz̪ä] 'goat'
Uzbek[25] zafar [z̪äˈfäɾ] 'victory'
Vietnamese Hanoi[26] da [z̪äː] 'skin' See Vietnamese phonology

Alveolar

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe зы / zy [ˈzə]ⓘ 'one'
Albanian zjarr [zjar] 'fire'
Arabic Standard[27] زائِر / zāʾir [ˈzaːʔir] 'visitor' See Arabic phonology
Assamese জলকীয়া / jolokīẏā [zɔlɔkija] 'chili'
Assyrian ܙܢ̱ܓܐ / zìga [ziɡa] 'bell'
Bengali নামাজ / nāmāj [namaz] 'Salah' Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by [dʒ].
See Bengali phonology
Breton iliz [iliz] 'church'
Chechen зурма / zurma [zuɾma] 'music'
Emilian Bolognese raṡån [raːz̺ʌŋ] 'reason' Palatalized apical; may be [ʐ] or [ʒ] instead.
English zoo [zuː]ⓘ 'zoo' Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology
Esperanto kuzo [ˈkuzo] 'cousin' See Esperanto phonology
Georgian[28] ზარი / zari [ˈzɑɾi] 'bell'
Greek Athens dialect[29] ζάλη / záli [ˈz̻ali] 'dizziness' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew זאב / ze'eb [zeˈʔev] 'wolf' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Hindi ज़मीन / zamīn [zəmiːn] 'land' May be replaced in Hindi by [dʒ]. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu زمین / zamīn
Japanese[30] 全部 / zenbu [zembɯ] 'everything' Might be replaced with [dz]. See Japanese phonology
Kabardian зы zə [ˈzə]ⓘ 'one'
Kalaw Lagaw Ya zilamiz [zilʌmiz] 'go'
Kashmiri ज़ानुन / زانُن / zānun [zaːnun] 'to know'
Khmer បែលហ្ស៊ិក / bêlhsĭk [ɓaelzɨk] noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)'
adjective: 'Belgian'		 See Khmer phonology
Konda[31][32] sunz [sunz] 'to sleep'
Malay beza [bezə] 'difference'
Maltese żelu [zelu] 'zeal'
Marathi जर / jar [zər] 'if' See Marathi phonology.
Nepali हजार / hajār [ɦʌzäɾ] 'thousand' Coda and intervocalic allophone of /d͡z/ and /d͡zʱ/.[33]
काग​ज / kāgaj [käɣʌz] 'paper'
बुझाउनु / bujhāunu [buzäu̯nu] 'to explain'
माझ / mājh [mäz] 'middle'
Occitan Limousin jòune [ˈzɒwne] 'young' See Occitan phonology
Persian روز [ɾuːz] 'day'
Portuguese[34] casa [ˈkazɐ] 'house' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਹਜ਼ਾਰ / hazār [həˈzaːr] 'thousand' May be replaced by [dʒ] in Gurmukhi (Indian) varieties.
Shahmukhi ہزار / hazār
Spanish Andalusian comunismo [ko̞muˈnizmo̞] 'communism' Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to [h ~ ɦ]. Present in dialects which realize /s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before /d/ it is dental [z̪].
Latin American
Filipino
Swahili lazima [lɑzimɑ] 'must'
Tamil Jaffna Tamil கடுதாசி [kɐɖuðaːzi] 'letter' Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.[35]
West Frisian[36] sizze [ˈsɪzə] 'to say' It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
Yi ꍂ / ssy [zɹ̩˧] 'generation'
Yiddish זון / zien [zin] 'son'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[37] guanaz [ɡʷanaz] 'went to grab'

Retracted alveolar

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Catalan[38][39] zel [ˈz̺ɛɫ] 'zeal' Apical. See Catalan phonology
Galician mesmo [ˈme̞z̺mo̞] 'same' Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪].
Greek[40] μάζα / máza [ˈmɐz̠ɐ] 'mass' See Modern Greek phonology
Italian Central Italy[41] caso [ˈkäːz̠o] 'case' Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,[41] most of Umbria[41] (save Perugia and the extreme south)[41] and Marche south of the Potenza.[41]
Northern Italy[42][43] Apical.[44] Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.[45][46] See Italian phonology
Sicily[41] Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.[41]
Low German[47] [example needed]
Maldivian zaraafaa [z̺aˈraːfaː] 'giraffe'
Mirandese eisistir [e̞jz̺is̺ˈtiɾ] 'to exist' Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: ⟨ch⟩ /tʃ/, ⟨x⟩ /ʃ/, ⟨g⟩/⟨j⟩ /ʒ/, ⟨c⟩/⟨ç⟩ /s̪/, ⟨z⟩ /z̪/, ⟨s⟩/-⟨ss⟩- /s̺/, -⟨s⟩- /z̺/
Occitan Gascon casèrna [kaz̺ɛrno] 'barracks' See Occitan phonology
Languedocien véser [bez̺e] 'to see'
Piedmontese amis [aˈmiz̠] 'friend' Apical. See Piemontese phonology
Portuguese Coastal Northern European [example needed] Merges with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
Inland Northern European [example needed] Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
Spanish Andean mismo [ˈmiz̺mo̞] 'same' Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪]. See Spanish phonology
Castilian
Paisa Region

Variable

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
German Standard[48] sauber [ˈzäʊ̯bɐ] 'clean' Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[48] See Standard German phonology
Italian Standard[49] caso [ˈkäːzo] 'case' Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[49] See Italian phonology
Ticino[44] Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[50] Both variants may be labiodentalized.[44] See Italian phonology
Dutch Belgian Standard[51] zeep [zeːpʰ]ⓘ 'soap' Laminal.[51] See Dutch phonology
Northern Standard[52][53] [zeɪ̯pʰ]ⓘ Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction. If not the main allophone, it is often retracted when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and /r/.[52] See Dutch phonology
zat [ˈz̠ɑtʰ]ⓘ 'full', 'fed (up)'

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

[edit]
Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
ð̠
ð͇
d̞
ɹ̝

A voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "slit" fricative) is a consonantal sound in some spoken languages. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for non-sibilant alveolar fricatives, this sound can be transcribed by use of diacritics, such as ⟨ð̠⟩ (a retracted [ð]) or ⟨ɹ̝⟩ (a raised [ɹ], also often part of the affricate [dɹ̝]). Additional symbols include ⟨ð͇⟩ (with the alveolar diacritic, in extIPA) and ⟨d̞⟩ (a lowered [d]).

Features

[edit]

Occurrence

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Czech[54] čtyři [ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ] 'four' May be a fricative trill[54] or a tapped fricative (see below) instead.[55] It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See Czech phonology
Dahalo[56] [káð̠i] 'work' Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̠/, and may dental [ð] or a plosive [d] instead.[57]
Dutch[58] voor [vöːɹ̝]ⓘ 'for' One of many possible realizations of /r/; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
Emilian Bolognese chèṡ [ˈkɛːð̠] 'case' Laminal
English Scouse[59] maid [meɪð̠] 'maid' Allophone of /d/. See English phonology
South African[60][61] round [ɹ̝æʊ̯nd] 'round' Apical,[61] present in some urban dialects.[60] See South African English phonology
Extreme Southern Italian[62] Sicilian raro [ɹ̝aːɾo] 'rare' Corresponds to /rr/ in standard Italian, as well as word-initial /r/, and may be geminated. Described as a 'non-sulcalized sonorant', articulated without contact; may be closer to an approximant, depending on the speaker.[62]
Calabro
Salentino
Icelandic[63][64] góða [ˈko̞ˑu̯ˑð̠ä]ⓘ 'good (inflexion)' Usually apical,[63][64] may be closer to an approximant;[65] variably removed from the front teeth, up to (nearly) spot on [ð̞].[66] See Icelandic phonology
Manx[67] mooar [muːɹ̝] 'big' Pre-consonantal and word-final realization of /r/, in free variation with other allophones.
Swedish Central Standard[68][69] vandrare [²vän̪ːd̪ɹ̝äɹɛ] 'wanderer' Allophone of /r/ around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology

Voiced alveolar tapped fricative

[edit]
Voiced alveolar tapped fricative
ɾ̞

A few languages also have a voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur, such as ⟨ɾ̞⟩. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.[70]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aragonese Chistabino[71] aire [ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞] 'air' Common realization of /ɾ/.[71]
Tacana[72] [example needed]
Turkish[73] rüya [ɾ̞yˈjɑː]ⓘ 'dream' Word-initial allophone of /ɾ/.[73] See Turkish phonology

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
  2. ^ Kozintseva (1995), p. 7.
  3. ^ Axundov (1983), pp. 115, 136, 139–142.
  4. ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  5. ^ Klagstad (1958), p. 46.
  6. ^ Palková (1994), p. 228.
  7. ^ "english speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE". 31 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  8. ^ a b Adams (1975), p. 288.
  9. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1999), p. 79.
  10. ^ Szende (1999), p. 104.
  11. ^ Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  12. ^ Kara (2002), p. 10.
  13. ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  14. ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  15. ^ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  16. ^ Rocławski (1976), pp. 149.
  17. ^ Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  18. ^ Chew (2003), p. 67.
  19. ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  20. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  21. ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
  22. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
  23. ^ Buk, Solomija; Mačutek, Ján; Rovenchak, Andrij (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16 (16): 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198. Bibcode:2008arXiv0802.4198B. (PDF ram-verlag.eu)
  24. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38, 39.
  25. ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
  26. ^ Thompson (1987), pp. 5 and 7.
  27. ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  28. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  29. ^ Adams (1975), p. 283.
  30. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  31. ^ Emeneau (1970).
  32. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 70.
  33. ^ Pokharel, Madhav Prasad (1989), Experimental analysis of Nepali sound system (PhD), University of Pune, India
  34. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  35. ^ Zvelebil, Kamil (1965). Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113–138. JSTOR 24650188.
  36. ^ Sipma (1913), p. 16.
  37. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  38. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  39. ^ Torreblanca (1988), p. 347.
  40. ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 12.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g Adams (1975), p. 286.
  42. ^ Adams (1975), pp. 285–286.
  43. ^ Canepari (1992), p. 71-72.
  44. ^ a b c Canepari (1992), p. 72.
  45. ^ Canepari (1992), p. 71.
  46. ^ Adams (1975), p. 285.
  47. ^ Adams (1975), p. 289.
  48. ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 50.
  49. ^ a b Canepari (1992), p. 68.
  50. ^ Canepari (1992), pp. 68 and 72.
  51. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
  52. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 145, 190.
  53. ^ Gussenhoven (1999), p. 75.
  54. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233.
  55. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226.
  56. ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
  57. ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:28, 34)
  58. ^ Collins & Mees (2003:199). Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
  59. ^ Watson (2007), pp. 352–353.
  60. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 236.
  61. ^ a b Ogden (2009), p. 92.
  62. ^ a b Canepari (2023:80, 102)
  63. ^ a b Pétursson (1971:213), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:145)
  64. ^ a b Grønnum (2005:139)
  65. ^ Árnason (2011:106, 108): "[It is] doubtful whether the voiced fricatives are to be classified as such, rather than as approximants." "The weakness of the articulation of the voiced sounds makes them at times more like approximants, and they are very easily deleted intervocalically in natural speech[.]"
  66. ^ Rögnvaldsson (2017:36)
  67. ^ Broderick (1986), p. 17.
  68. ^ Engstrand (1999), pp. 141.
  69. ^ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
  70. ^ Laver (1994), p. 263.
  71. ^ a b Mott (2007), pp. 104, 112.
  72. ^ "UPSID r[F". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  73. ^ a b Yavuz & Balcı (2011), p. 25.

References

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