Voluntarism (action)
Voluntarism is sometimes used to mean the use of, or reliance on voluntary action to maintain an institution, carry out a policy, or achieve an end.[1] In this context the word voluntary action means action based on free will, which in turn means action which is performed free from certain constraints. The constraint of (government) coercion is often considered in this context, where it remains the question what constitutes coercion.
Voluntarism vs volunteerism
Volunteer management specialist Susan Ellis differentiates between "voluntarism" and "volunteerism":
"Voluntarism" (the older term) refers to everything voluntary. In the United States this includes religion. It certainly encompasses the entire "voluntary sector," but "voluntary" in the "voluntarism" context means not mandated by law (as government is). Many voluntary sector (nonprofit) agencies have a volunteer board because that is a legal requirement, but may not utilize volunteers in direct service in any way. There are subjects within "voluntarism" that have nothing to do with volunteers, such as Unrelated Business Income Tax legislation, proposal writing, and compensation law.[2]
Varieties
Voluntary provision of services to religious, civil, medical, educational, environmental and other private or governmental organizations doubtless has a long history. Such volunteer efforts keep expenses down for non-profit and philanthropic organizations, empower individuals and groups to help others, and make volunteers feel needed.[3]
Voluntarism flourished in the 19th and early 20th centuries and was empowering especially to the women who had been excluded from political participation outside the home. Women’s organizations dealt with social problems created by rapid industrialization and urbanization, and by massive immigration which were not addressed by institutions of the time and had a great influence on American political culture.[4]
Voluntarism is also used to describe non-coercive methods of recruiting soldiers, from participants in European and American military service to youthful combatants in civil war in Sierra Leone.[5]
Voluntarism has been a phrase used in labor relations. In Britain, it means the state refrains from directly intervening in industrial relations.[6] In the early American labor movement it meant trade unions should focus on "pure and simple" gains in wages and working conditions and not independent labor politics and industrial unionism.[7]
In his book Willful Liberalism: Voluntarism and Individuality in Political Theory and Practice, Johns Hopkins University political science professor Richard E. Flathman argues that liberals must understand more about individuality and self-reliance and self-responsibility and therefore be more open of acceptance of voluntary action and less concerned with ordering political society. He notes, "Americans of all ages, all conditions, and all dispositions constantly form associations," which he describes as "of a thousand other kinds, religious, moral, serious, futile, general or restricted, enormous or diminutive".[8]
In sociology, voluntarism is an important aspect of the action theory of Talcott Parsons, as well as other theories of social action and agency.
Voluntaryists, free market advocates, libertarians and anarchists call for voluntary efforts to replace most or all government efforts, using both moral and utilitarian arguments.[9]
Examples from American history
Voluntary provision of services to the religious, civil, medical, educational, environmental and other private or governmental organizations doubtless has a long history.
- William Penn, who established the Quakers in the late 17th century, preached taking responsibility for others and improving the world.
- Cotton Mather, who lived during the colonial period, encouraged the formation of associations and causes.
- Benjamin Franklin organized a voluntary militia in Quaker-controlled Pennsylvania, whose pacifist legislature refused to support the American revolutionary war.
- Alexis de Tocqueville noted the unusually large number of voluntary associations in America.
- The Underground Railroad was a network of volunteers who helped slaves escape from their captors in the South.
- Dorothea Dix, a nurse, recruited and trained other women as nurses during the Civil War.
- Clara Barton also served as a Civil War nurse and went on to establish the American Red Cross in 1881 for relief of natural disasters, such as earthquakes.
- Jane Addams opened a settlement house in 1889 to teach volunteers how to help the poor improve their lives.
- In 1995, 93 million Americans volunteered an average of 4.3 hours per week.[3]
See also
References
- ^ Definitions of voluntarism at http://www.bartleby.com/61/44/V0144400.html and http://www.thefreedictionary.com/voluntaristic.
- ^ Susan J. Ellis. "Volunt/ar/eer/ism: What's the Difference?". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Susan Perkins. "Voluntarism". Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
- ^ Kathryn Kish Sklar (1998). "The "Quickened Conscience"],". Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, University of Maryland. Archived from the original on August 6, 2007.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Military History: Second World War: Homefront, 1940–45". Archived from the original on December 13, 2007.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); John O'Sullivan (1982). From Voluntarism to Conscription: Congress and Selective Service, 1940–1945.; Christopher Jehn; Zachary Selden (2002). "The End of Conscription in Europe?" (PDF). National Security Division, Congressional Budget Office, United States Congress. Retrieved March 1, 2014.; Krijn Peters (April 2004). "Re-Examining Voluntarism, Youth Combatants in Sierra Leone: Monograph No 100". Institute for Security Studies. Archived from the original on June 15, 2008.{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher=|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "United Kingdom, Voluntarism". Eurofound. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
- ^ David Brian Robertson (April 1999). "Voluntarism Against the Open Shop: Labor and Business Strategies in the Battle for American Labor Markets]". Studies in American Political Development. 13 (1). Cambridge University Press: 146–185. Retrieved March 2014.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Richard E. Flathman (1992). Willful Liberalism: Voluntarism and Individuality in Political Theory and Practice. Cornell University Press. p. 76. ISBN 9780801499555.
- ^ David T. Beito; Peter Gordon; Alexander Tabarrok, eds. (2002). The Voluntary City: Choice, Community and Civil Society. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.; Doug Bandow (August 1999). "Voluntarism Should Be Voluntary]". The Freeman. 49 (8). Archived from the original on October 11, 2007.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); David Osterfeld
External links
- Landscapes of voluntarism, New spaces of health, welfare and governance, Christine Milligan and David Conradson, editors.
- Sidney Verba; Kay Lehman Schlozman; Henry E. Brady (1995). Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674942936.
- "Documentary History of Philanthropy and Voluntarism in the United States, 1600-1900". John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
- Peter Dobkin Hall (2003). "Benjamin Franklin and the Origins of Secular Voluntarism" (PDF). John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.