Western Romance languages
| Western Romance | |
|---|---|
| Gallo-Iberian[note 1] | |
| Geographic distribution | France, Iberia, Northern Italy, and Switzerland |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
Early forms | |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | west2813 |
 Classification of Romance languages | |
Western Romance languages are one of the two subdivisions of a proposed subdivision of the Romance languages based on the La Spezia–Rimini Line. They include the Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance. Gallo-Italic may also be included. The subdivision is based mainly on the use of the "s" for pluralization, the weakening of some consonants and the pronunciation of "Soft C" as /t͡s/ (often later /s/) rather than /t͡ʃ/ as in Italian and Romanian.
Based on mutual intelligibility, Dalby counts thirteen languages: Portuguese, Spanish, Asturleonese, Aragonese, Catalan, Gascon, Provençal, Gallo-Wallon, French, Franco-Provençal, Romansh, Ladin and Friulian.[2]
Some classifications include Italo-Dalmatian; the resulting clade is generally called Italo-Western Romance. Other classifications place Italo-Dalmatian with Eastern Romance.
Sardinian does not fit into either Western or Eastern Romance, having split off earlier than the two.[citation needed]
Today the four most widely spoken standardized Western Romance languages are Spanish (c. 486 million native speakers, around 125 million second-language speakers), Portuguese (c. 220 million native, another 45 million or so second-language speakers, mainly in Lusophone Africa), French (c. 80 million native speakers, another 350 million or so second-language speakers, mostly in Francophone Africa)[3][4][5], and Catalan (c. 7.2 million native). Many of these languages have large numbers of non-native speakers; this is especially the case for French, in widespread use throughout Africa as a lingua franca.
Gallo-Romance
[edit]Gallo-Romance includes:
- The Oïl languages. These include Standard French, Picard, Walloon, Lorrain, and Norman.[6]
- The Arpitan language, also known as Franco-Provençal. It shares features of both French and the Provençal dialect of Occitan.
- The Occitan language, or langue d'oc, has dialects such as Provençal dialect, and Gascon dialect.[7] Included also in on the Occitano-Romance.
Gallo-Romance can include:
- The Catalan language has standard forms of Central Catalan and Valencian. Can be classified as Occitano-Romance or East Iberian.
- The Rhaeto-Romance languages. They include Romansh of Switzerland, Ladin of the Dolomites area, Friulian of Friuli. Rhaeto-Romance languages can be classified as Gallo-Romance, or as an independent branch of the Western Romance languages.
- The Gallo-Italic languages. This group includes languages such as Piedmontese, Ligurian, Lombard, Emilian, Romagnol, Gallo-Italic of Sicily, Gallo-Italic of Basilicata.
The Oïl languages, Arpitan and Rhaeto-Romance languages are sometimes called Gallo-Rhaetian, but it is difficult to exclude from this group Gallo-Italic, which according to several linguists forms a particular unity with Rhaeto-Romance.[8]
Iberian Romance
[edit]Iberian Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula include:[9]
- The West Iberian languages:
- The Castilian languages: includes Spanish and Judaeo-Spanish.
- The Galician-Portuguese languages: includes Portuguese, Galician and Fala.
- The Astur-Leonese languages: they are, from east to west, Cantabrian, central-eastern Asturian and Leonese proper. Going from north to south, they are Leonese proper, Mirandese, Extremaduran
- The extinct Mozarabic. Can be classified as West Iberian.
- The East Iberian language, such as the Catalan language and the Aragonese language:[citation needed] also classified as part of Occitano-Romance.
Occitano-Romance
[edit]Sometimes considered a subgroup of the previous groups, it constitutes a group of languages that do not have all the Gallo-Romance traits nor the Ibero-Romance traits. The list is as follows:
- The Occitan language, or langue d'oc, has dialects such as Provençal, Lengadocian, Lemosin, Auvernhat and Gascon-Aranese dialect.[10]
- The Catalan language with two main dialectal groups, Eastern Catalan and Western Catalan, with the standard forms of Central Catalan and Valencian representing each dialect respectively.
- The Aragonese language, with three main dialectal groups Eastern, Western and Central Aragonese.[11] Sometimes it includes a southern dialect which is the former dialects with more Spanish influence
Notes
[edit]- ^ Western Romance is synonymous with Gallo-Iberian if Gallo-Romance and Ibero-Romance are considered the only primary branches. If not, then Shifted Western Romance is considered synonymous with Gallo-Iberian.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Rebecca Posner, The Romance Languages (series: Cambridge Language Surveys), Cambridge University Press, 1996 (3rd printing 2004), p. 197
- ^ David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere register of the world’s languages and speech communities. Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press. Volume 2. Oxford.[1]
- ^ "430 millions de francophones dans le monde en 2025" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-04-15. Retrieved 2025-04-15.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 2023-04-15 suggested (help) - ^ "En 2025, 430 millions de personnes parlent français dans le monde, dont près de la moitié en Afrique". Archived from the original on 2025-06-06. Retrieved 2025-04-15.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 2023-06-06 suggested (help) - ^ "Accueil-Francoscope". Archived from the original on 2025-03-23. Retrieved 2025-04-15.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 2023-03-23 suggested (help) - ^ Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (2011). The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780521800723.
- ^ Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (2013-10-24). The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 2, Contexts. Cambridge University Press. p. 173. ISBN 9781316025550.
- ^ Hull, Geoffrey, The Linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia: Historical Grammar of the Padanian Language, Sydney: Beta Crucis, 2017. 2 vols.
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Western Romance". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (2013-10-24). The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 2, Contexts. Cambridge University Press. p. 173. ISBN 9781316025550.
- ^ Tomas Arias, Javier (2016). Elementos de lingüística contrastiva en aragonés. Estudio de algunas afinidades con gascón, catalán y otros romances. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona.
