Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/February
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| An archive of historical anniversaries that appeared on the Main Page 2020 day arrangement | ||||||
February 1: Feast day of Saint Brigid of Kildare (Western Christianity); Black History Month begins in North America; Fajr decade begins in Iran; National Freedom Day in the United States
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Ruhollah Khomeini
- 1662 – Sino-Dutch conflicts: The Dutch East India Company's rule in Taiwan ended after a siege by Ming loyalist Koxinga, who established the Kingdom of Tungning on the island.
- 1884 – The first fascicle of the Oxford English Dictionary, a 352-page volume that covered words from A to Ant, was published.
- 1979 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (pictured) returned from exile and soon led the Iranian Revolution to overthrow the U.S.-backed Pahlavi dynasty.
- 2003 – All seven crew members aboard Space Shuttle Columbia were killed when the orbiter disintegrated over Texas during reentry.
Menas of Ethiopia (d. 1563) · Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix (d. 1761) · Michelle Akers (b. 1966)
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February 2: Groundhog Day in Canada and the United States
Seal of the U.S. Export–Import Bank
- 1207 – Terra Mariana, comprising present-day Estonia and Latvia, was established as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1438 – Nine leaders of the Transylvanian peasant revolt were executed at Torda.
- 1920 – The signing of the Treaty of Tartu ended the Estonian War of Independence, with Russia agreeing to recognize the independence of Estonia and renounce in perpetuity all rights to its territory.
- 1934 – The Export–Import Bank of the United States (seal pictured), the country's official export credit agency, was established.
- 2007 – Following a Derby di Sicilia match in Catania, football violence caused the death of police officer Filippo Raciti, leading to new safety regulations at Italian sporting events.
Alix Le Clerc (b. 1576) · William Stanley (b. 1829) · Philip Seymour Hoffman (d. 2014)
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February 3: Feast day of Saint Laurence of Canterbury (various Christian churches); Setsubun in Japan; Four Chaplains' Day in the United States
José de San Martín
- 1813 – Argentine War of Independence: José de San Martín (portrait shown) and his Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers defeated Spanish royalist forces in the Battle of San Lorenzo.
- 1870 – The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, granting voting rights to citizens regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".
- 1930 – The Communist Party of Indochina, the Communist Party of Annam and the Communist League of Indochina merged to form the Communist Party of Vietnam.
- 2010 – A cast bronze sculpture, L'Homme qui marche I, by Swiss sculptor Alberto Giacometti, was sold for £65 million (US$103.7 million), setting the record for the most expensive sculpture sold at auction.
Scipione Rebiba (b. 1504) · Isaac Baker Brown (d. 1873) · Dolly Rudeman (b. 1902)
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February 4: Independence Day in Sri Lanka (1948)
Patty Hearst during a bank robbery
- 960 – Emperor Taizu came to power in China, initiating the Song dynasty that eventually lasted for more than three centuries.
- 1797 – The Riobamba earthquake, the most powerful in Ecuador's history, devastated Riobamba and many other cities, causing at least 6,000 casualties.
- 1945 – World War II: U.S. forces liberated the Santo Tomas Internment Camp in Manila, the largest of the Japanese internment camps in the Philippines.
- 1974 – American newspaper heiress and socialite Patty Hearst (pictured) was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army, which she later joined, in one of the most well-known cases of Stockholm syndrome.
- 2008 – The London low emission zone, governing what types of vehicles may enter Greater London, came into operation.
Rabanus Maurus (d. 856) · Oliver Ames (b. 1831) · Betty Friedan (b. 1921)
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February 5: Kashmir Solidarity Day in Pakistan
Charles XIV John
- 1783 – The first of five strong earthquakes hit the region of Calabria on the Italian Peninsula, killing more than 32,000 people over a period of nearly two months.
- 1818 – Charles XIV John (portrait shown) succeeded to the thrones of Sweden and Norway as the first monarch of the House of Bernadotte.
- 1923 – Australian cricketer Bill Ponsford made 429 runs to break the world record for the highest first-class score.
- 1958 – A U.S. Mark 15 nuclear bomb disappeared off the shores of Tybee Island, Georgia, after it was jettisoned during a practice exercise when the bomber carrying it collided in midair with a fighter plane.
- 2000 – Second Chechen War: As the Battle of Grozny came to a close, Russian forces summarily executed at least 60 civilians in Grozny's Novye Aldi suburb.
Johan Ludvig Runeberg (b. 1804) · William Bostock (b. 1892) · Francisco Varallo (b. 1910)
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February 6: Sámi National Day (Sámi people, 1917); Waitangi Day in New Zealand (1840)
Shipyard workers on strike in Seattle
- 1806 – Napoleonic Wars: A British naval squadron captured or destroyed five French ships of the line at the Battle of San Domingo in the Caribbean Sea.
- 1840 – British representatives and Māori chiefs first signed the Treaty of Waitangi, widely regarded as the founding document of New Zealand.
- 1919 – More than 65,000 workers in Seattle began a five-day general strike (pictured) to gain higher wages after two years of U.S. World War I wage controls.
- 1987 – Mary Gaudron became the first woman to be appointed a justice of the High Court of Australia.
- 2000 – Second Chechen War: Russian forces captured Grozny, the capital of Chechnya, from the separatist Chechen government following a siege and assault that devastated the city.
Donnchad Midi (d. 797) · Aldus Manutius (d. 1515) · Zsa Zsa Gabor (b. 1917)
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Michael Jordan in training
with the Scottsdale Scorpions
with the Scottsdale Scorpions
- 1497 – Supporters of Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola collected and publicly burned thousands of vanity items such as cosmetics, art, and books in Florence, Italy.
- 1813 – Napoleonic Wars: Two evenly matched French and British frigates fought for four hours at the Îles de Los off the coast of Guinea, resulting in a stalemate.
- 1940 – Walt Disney's Pinocchio, the first animated feature to win a competitive Academy Award, debuted at the Center Theatre in New York City.
- 1984 – During the Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-41-B, astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart performed the first untethered spacewalk.
- 1994 – Having retired four months earlier, American basketball player Michael Jordan (pictured) signed a contract with the Chicago White Sox to play baseball.
Alfonsina Orsini (d. 1520) · Henry Fuseli (b. 1741) · Herman Vandenburg Ames (d. 1935)
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Mary, Queen of Scots
- 1587 – Mary, Queen of Scots (portrait shown), was executed at Fotheringhay Castle for her involvement in the Babington Plot to murder her cousin, Elizabeth I of England.
- 1879 – At a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute, engineer and inventor Sandford Fleming proposed the idea of standard time zones based on a single universal world time.
- 1960 – The official groundbreaking for the Walk of Fame took place in Hollywood, California.
- 2010 – A freak storm in the Hindu Kush mountains of Afghanistan triggered a series of avalanches that buried over 3.5 km (2.2 mi) of road, killed 171 people and trapped more than 2,500 travellers.
Daniele Barbaro (b. 1514) · Kate Chopin (b. 1850) · Walther Bothe (d. 1957)
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Wreckage of the Ehime Maru,
off Oahu, Hawaii
off Oahu, Hawaii
- 1825 – After no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in the previous year's presidential election, the United States House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams as president in a contingent election.
- 1920 – The Svalbard Treaty was signed in Paris, recognizing Norwegian sovereignty over the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard.
- 1945 – World War II: A force of Allied aircraft unsuccessfully attacked a German destroyer in Førde Fjord, Norway.
- 2001 – The American submarine USS Greeneville collided with the Ehime Maru (wreckage pictured), a Japanese training vessel operated by a high school, sinking the latter ship and killing nine people on board.
Agnès Sorel (d. 1450) · Thomas Paine (b. 1737) · Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (d. 2002)
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February 10: Tu BiShvat (Judaism, 2020)
Albert, Prince Consort
- 1712 – Huilliches in Chile's Chiloé Archipelago rose up against Spanish encomenderos as vengeance for perceived injustices.
- 1840 – Prince Albert (pictured) of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Queen Victoria married at the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace, London, with Albert being granted the title prince consort.
- 1930 – The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng launched the failed Yên Bái mutiny in the hope of ending French colonial rule in Vietnam.
- 1940 – Puss Gets the Boot, the first Tom and Jerry cartoon, was released to theaters.
- 1962 – Rudolf Abel, a Soviet spy arrested by the FBI, was exchanged for Francis Gary Powers, the pilot of the CIA spy plane that had been shot down over Soviet airspace two years earlier.
Robert Garran (b. 1867) · Edith Clarke (b. 1883) · Joan Curran (d. 1999)
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February 11: Anniversary of the Islamic Revolution in Iran (1979); National Foundation Day in Japan (660 BC)
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Nelson Mandela
- 1823 – About 110 boys were killed in a human crush at the Convent of the Minori Osservanti in Valletta on the last day of the Maltese Carnival.
- 1968 – Following the deaths of two employees on the job, black sanitation workers in Memphis, Tennessee, agreed to begin a strike that would last more than two months.
- 1990 – Anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela (pictured), having been a political prisoner for 27 years, was released from Victor Verster Prison near Paarl, South Africa.
- 2001 – The Anna Kournikova computer worm, which went on to affect millions of users worldwide, was released by a 20-year-old Dutch student.
Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah (d. 1358) · Helene Kröller-Müller (b. 1869) · Sylvia Plath (d. 1963)
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February 12: Red Hand Day; Darwin Day
Isabella I of Castile
- 1502 – Isabella I (portrait shown) issued an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity.
- 1909 – The ferry SS Penguin struck a rock in Wellington Harbour and sank, killing 75 people in New Zealand's worst maritime disaster of the 20th century.
- 1946 – African-American U.S. Army veteran Isaac Woodard was severely beaten by a South Carolina police officer, losing sight in both eyes, an incident that galvanized the civil rights movement.
- 1968 – Vietnam War: Unarmed citizens in the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất were massacred, allegedly by South Korean Marines.
- 2016 – In the first meeting between the leaders of the Catholic Church and the Russian Orthodox Church, Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill of Moscow signed the Havana Declaration at José Martí International Airport in Cuba.
Wulfhelm (d. 941) · Bobby Peel (b. 1857) · Judy Blume (b. 1938)
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The covering of the Senne
- 1689 – Glorious Revolution: The English Parliament passed the Declaration of Right, proclaiming Mary Stuart and her husband William of Orange as co-rulers of England, Scotland and Ireland.
- 1867 – Work began on the covering of the Senne (pictured), burying the polluted main waterway in Brussels to allow urban renewal in the centre of the city.
- 1960 – African-American college students staged the first of the Nashville sit-ins at three lunch counters in Nashville, Tennessee, as part of a nonviolent direct-action campaign to end racial segregation in the U.S.
- 1970 – The English rock band Black Sabbath released their eponymous debut album, which is generally accepted as the first heavy metal album.
- 2010 – A terrorist bombing at a bakery popular among foreigners in Pune, India, killed 17 people and injured 60 others.
Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva (d. 1591) · Sarojini Naidu (b. 1879) · Dorothy Bliss (b. 1916)
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February 14: Valentine's Day; Fatimah's Birthday / Mother's Day in Iran (2020)
Pale Blue Dot
- 1779 – American Revolutionary War: A militia of Patriots decisively defeated and scattered a Loyalist militia that was on its way to British-controlled Augusta, Georgia.
- 1852 – The Hospital for Sick Children, the first hospital in England to provide in-patient beds specifically for children, was founded in London.
- 1914 – The animated film Gertie the Dinosaur was released, later greatly influencing future animators such as the Fleischer brothers and Walt Disney.
- 1990 – NASA's Voyager 1 space probe took the iconic Pale Blue Dot photograph of Earth (pictured) from a record distance of 40.5 au (6.06 billion km; 3.76 billion mi).
- 2011 – Arab Spring: A "Day of Rage" marked the beginning of the Bahraini uprising.
Valentin Friedland (b. 1490) · Eleanora Atherton (b. 1782) · Franjo Mihalić (d. 2015)
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February 15: National Flag of Canada Day (1965); Statehood Day in Serbia (1804)
Kevin Mitnick
- 1493 – Christopher Columbus wrote a letter, which was widely distributed upon his return to Portugal, announcing the results of his first voyage to the Americas.
- 1796 – French Revolutionary Wars: Johan van Angelbeek, the Batavian governor of Ceylon, surrendered Colombo to British forces, ending the Invasion of Ceylon.
- 1907 – Japan and the United States signed a gentleman's agreement whereby the former would not permit further emigration to the U.S., while the latter would not limit Japanese immigration.
- 1995 – Kevin Mitnick (pictured), the most wanted computer hacker at the time in the U.S., was arrested and charged with computer fraud and wire fraud.
- 2010 – Two passenger trains collided in Halle, Belgium, when one driver failed to stop at a red signal, resulting in 19 deaths and 171 injuries.
Gisela of Swabia (d. 1043) · Charles-André van Loo (b. 1705) · Esther Takei Nishio (b. 1925)
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February 16: Day of the Shining Star in North Korea
Painting of the burning Philadelphia by Edward Moran
- 1270 – Livonian Crusade: In the Battle of Karuse, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania achieved a decisive victory over the Livonian Order on the frozen surface of the Baltic Sea.
- 1804 – First Barbary War: Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a U.S. Navy raid to destroy the captured USS Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli (depicted), denying her use to the Barbary States.
- 1936 – In the Spanish general election, the Popular Front coalition of left-wing parties came to power, precipitating the Spanish Civil War five months later.
- 1985 – The Lebanese Shia political and paramilitary organization Hezbollah released a manifesto describing its ideology and goals.
- 2005 – The Kyoto Protocol, an extension to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, entered into force.
Richard of Dover (d. 1184) · Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer (b. 1922) · Theresa Goh (b. 1987)
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February 17: Family Day in parts of Canada (2020); Washington's Birthday / Presidents' Day in the United States (2020)
Geraldine Farrar as Madama Butterfly
- 1621 – Myles Standish was elected as the first commander of the Plymouth Colony militia.
- 1838 – Zulu impis massacred about 532 Voortrekkers, Khoikhoi, and Basuto near present-day Weenen, South Africa.
- 1904 – Italian composer Giacomo Puccini's Madama Butterfly (title character shown) premiered at La Scala in Milan to poor reviews, forcing him to revise the opera.
- 1964 – Gabonese military officers overthrew President Léon M'ba, but France, honoring a 1960 treaty, forcibly reinstated him two days later.
- 1974 – A U.S. Army soldier stole a Bell UH-1 helicopter and landed it on the South Lawn of the White House.
Al-Tabari (d. 923) · Lola Montez (b. 1821) · Wally Pipp (b. 1893)
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Vasil Levski
- 1637 – Eighty Years' War: Off the coast of Cornwall, a Spanish fleet intercepted an Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of forty-four vessels escorted by six men-of-war, destroying or capturing twenty ships.
- 1781 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War: A British expedition against Dutch colonial outposts on the Gold Coast of Africa landed in Elmina in present-day Ghana.
- 1873 – Vasil Levski (pictured), a national hero of Bulgaria, was executed in Sofia by the Ottoman authorities for his efforts to establish an independent Bulgarian republic.
- 1946 – President Harry S. Truman signed the Rescission Act, annulling benefits payable to Filipino troops who fought for the U.S. during World War II.
- 2010 – In a coup d'état, military rebels attacked the presidential palace in Niamey, Niger, and replaced President Mamadou Tandja with a ruling junta, the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy.
Angilbert (d. 814) · Joseph Marie Terray (d. 1778) · Toni Morrison (b. 1931)
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Rodolfo Graziani
- 1674 – Charles II of England signed the Treaty of Westminster to end the Third Anglo-Dutch War, confirming English and Dutch sovereignty over New Netherland and Surinam, respectively.
- 1811 – Peninsular War: Outnumbered French forces under Édouard Mortier routed and nearly destroyed Spanish troops at the Battle of the Gebora near Badajoz, Spain.
- 1937 – Italian forces began a brutal crackdown on Ethiopians following an attempted assassination of Rodolfo Graziani (pictured), the viceroy of Italian East Africa, in Addis Ababa.
- 1954 – The Soviet Union transferred the administration of the Crimean Oblast from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR, an act that remains controversial today.
- 2012 – Forty-four inmates died during a riot at a prison in Apodaca, Mexico.
Dorothe Engelbretsdatter (d. 1716) · Lydia Thompson (b. 1838) · Sócrates (b. 1954)
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February 20: Fat Thursday (Western Christianity, 2020)
Parícutin erupting, 1943
- 1816 – Italian composer Gioachino Rossini's opera buffa The Barber of Seville premiered at the Teatro Argentina in Rome to jeers from the audience.
- 1835 – An earthquake registering approximately 8.2 Ms devastated Concepción, Chile, and triggered a tsunami that destroyed neighbouring Talcahuano.
- 1943 – A fissure opened in a cornfield in the Mexican state of Michoacán and continued to erupt for nine years, forming the cinder cone volcano Parícutin (pictured).
- 1965 – NASA's Ranger 8 spacecraft transmitted 7,137 photographs of the Moon in the final 23 minutes of its mission before crashing as planned in Mare Tranquillitatis.
- 1992 – Appearing on the talk show Larry King Live, U.S. industrialist Ross Perot announced that he would begin a presidential campaign if "ordinary people" wanted him to run for office.
Judith Montefiore (b. 1784) · Elizabeth Holloway Marston (b. 1893) · Toru Takemitsu (d. 1996)
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February 21: Language Movement Day in Bangladesh (1952); Carnival begins in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2020); Maha Shivaratri (Hinduism, 2020)
Malcolm X
- 1245 – Pope Innocent IV accepted the resignation of Thomas, the first known bishop of Finland, after he confessed to torture and forgery.
- 1437 – King James I of Scotland was murdered at Perth in a failed coup by his uncle and former ally Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl.
- 1952 – A number of student protesters demanding the establishment of Bengali as an official language were killed by police in Dhaka, East Pakistan.
- 1965 – Black nationalist Malcolm X (pictured) was assassinated while giving a speech in New York City's Audubon Ballroom.
- 1973 – After accidentally straying into Israeli-occupied airspace, Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 was shot down by two Israeli fighter aircraft, killing 108 of the 113 people on board.
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (d. 1543) · Léo Delibes (b. 1836) · Ellen Page (b. 1987)
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Dolly
- 1316 – Catalan forces of Ferdinand of Majorca defeated those loyal to Princess Matilda of Hainaut in the Battle of Picotin on the Peloponnese peninsula in modern-day Greece.
- 1371 – Robert II became King of Scots as the first monarch of the House of Stewart.
- 1944 – World War II: U.S. forces carried out a bombing raid on the Nazi-occupied Dutch city of Nijmegen, killing hundreds of civilians by accident.
- 1980 – At the Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, the United States ice hockey team defeated the Soviet team in an unlikely victory that became known as the Miracle on Ice.
- 1997 – Scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland announced the birth of Dolly (pictured), a female sheep who was the first mammal to have successfully been cloned from an adult cell.
García Sánchez I of Pamplona (d. 970) · Sarah Fuller Flower Adams (b. 1805) · Ted Kennedy (b. 1932)
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February 23: The Emperor's Birthday in Japan
Scene of the Grayrigg derailment
- 1778 – American Revolutionary War: Prussian military officer Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben arrived at Valley Forge in Pennsylvania as a volunteer for the Continental Army.
- 1854 – The Orange River Convention was signed in Bloemfontein, with Britain agreeing to recognise the independence of the Orange Free State in present-day South Africa.
- 1945 – Second World War: An Allied bombing run on Pforzheim, Germany, killed approximately 31 percent of its population and destroyed about 83 percent of its buildings.
- 2007 – A Virgin express train derailed (accident scene pictured) near Grayrigg in North West England, killing one person and seriously injuring thirty others.
Balthazar Gerbier (b. 1592) · Anna Hofman-Uddgren (b. 1868) · Lotika Sarkar (d. 2013)
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February 24: Shrove Monday (Western Christianity, 2020); Independence Day in Estonia (1918)
Andrew Johnson
- 303 – The Diocletianic Persecution, the last and most severe episode of the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, began with the publication of a first edict by Roman emperor Diocletian.
- 1607 – Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi's L'Orfeo, considered the first fully developed opera, premiered in Mantua.
- 1868 – Andrew Johnson (pictured) became the first U.S. president to be impeached.
- 1875 – The steamship SS Gothenburg hit a section of the Great Barrier Reef at low tide and sank northwest of Holbourne Island, resulting in more than 98 deaths.
Joseph Banks (b. 1743) · Carlo Buonaparte (d. 1785) · Sridevi (d. 2018)
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February 25: Shrove Tuesday/Mardi Gras (Western Christianity, 2020); Soviet Occupation Day in Georgia (1921); National Day in Kuwait (1961)
Hiram Rhodes Revels
- 628 – Khosrow II, the last great king of the Sasanian Empire, was overthrown by his son Kavad II.
- 1870 – Mississippi senator Hiram Rhodes Revels (pictured) became the first African American to be seated in the U.S. Congress.
- 1956 – In a speech to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced the personality cult and dictatorship of his predecessor Joseph Stalin.
- 1986 – Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos and his wife Imelda were ousted from power by the non-violent People Power Revolution, with Corazon Aquino succeeding as president.
- 1992 – Nagorno-Karabakh War: Armenian armed forces killed at least 161 ethnic Azerbaijani civilians in the village of Khojaly in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan.
John Wood, the Younger (b. 1728) · Mary Locke Petermann (b. 1908) · Hans Raj Khanna (d. 2008)
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February 26: Ash Wednesday (Western Christianity, 2020); First day of Ayyám-i-Há (Baháʼí Faith, 2020)
Takahashi Korekiyo
- 1266 – Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines: Manfred, King of Sicily, was killed in the Battle of Benevento against the forces of Charles of Anjou.
- 1606 – Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon made the first recorded European landing in Australia, although he believed that he was on New Guinea.
- 1936 – Imperial Japanese Army troops attempted a coup d'etat, occupying parts of Tokyo, and killing several politicians, including Finance Minister Takahashi Korekiyo (pictured).
- 1995 – Barings Bank, the oldest merchant bank in London, collapsed after its head derivatives trader in Singapore, Nick Leeson, lost £827 million while making unauthorized trades on futures contracts.
Lorenzino de' Medici (d. 1548) · Thomas-Alexandre Dumas (d. 1806) · Joseph Wapner (d. 2017)
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Flag of Japan
- 1617 – Sweden signed the Treaty of Stolbovo to end the Ingrian War with Russia, making large territorial gains.
- 1870 – The current flag of Japan (pictured) was first adopted as a civil ensign for Japanese merchant ships.
- 1900 – FC Bayern Munich, Germany's most successful football club, was founded.
- 1940 – American biochemists Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben discovered carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon, which is now used extensively as the basis of the radiocarbon dating method to date archaeological and geological samples.
- 2002 – Violent riots, perceived to have been instigated by a train fire that killed 58 Hindu pilgrims, broke out in the Indian state of Gujarat, killing at least 1,000 people, mostly Muslims, over three days.
Ellen Terry (b. 1847) · Hosteen Klah (d. 1937) · Chelsea Clinton (b. 1980)
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February 28: Kalevala Day / Finnish Culture Day
Ranavalona III of Madagascar
- 1874 – In one of the longest cases ever heard in an English court, the claimant in the Tichborne case was convicted of perjury for attempting to assume the identity of the missing heir to the Tichborne baronetcy.
- 1897 – Ranavalona III (pictured), the last sovereign ruler of the Kingdom of Madagascar, was deposed by French military forces.
- 1904 – The most successful football club in Portugal, S.L. Benfica, was founded in Lisbon as Sport Lisboa.
- 1963 – Chicago alderman Benjamin F. Lewis was murdered in his office by unknown assailants two days after having been reelected.
- 1985 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army launched a mortar attack on a Royal Ulster Constabulary station in Newry, Northern Ireland, killing nine people.
Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway (b. 1261) · Alfred von Schlieffen (b. 1833) · Charles Bassett and Elliot See (d. 1966)
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Stanisław II Augustus of Poland
- 1704 – Queen Anne's War: French and Native American forces raided the English settlement of Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing more than 50 colonists.
- 1768 – A group of Polish nobles established the Bar Confederation to defend the internal and external independence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russian influence and King Stanisław II Augustus (portrait shown).
- 1960 – The deadliest earthquake in Moroccan history struck the city of Agadir, killing at least 12,000 people.
- 1980 – La Bougie du Sapeur, a humorous French newspaper that is published only on leap day, printed its first issue.
- 2008 – Belgian author Misha Defonseca admitted that her bestselling memoir about surviving the Holocaust was in fact a literary forgery.
Oswald of Worcester (d. 992) · Ina Coolbrith (d. 1928) · Pedro Sánchez (b. 1972)
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