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Wilhelm Blaschke

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Wilhelm Blaschke
Born(1885-09-13)13 September 1885
Graz, Austria-Hungary
Died17 March 1962(1962-03-17) (aged 76)
Hamburg, West Germany
Alma materUniversity of Vienna
Known forBlaschke product
Blaschke selection theorem
Blaschke–Santaló inequality
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics
InstitutionsUniversity of Hamburg
Doctoral advisorWilhelm Wirtinger
Doctoral studentsShiing-Shen Chern
Luis Santaló
Emanuel Sperner
Gerhard Thomsen
Other notable studentsAlberto Dou Mas de Xaxàs
Erich Kähler
Wilhelm Klingenberg

Wilhelm Johann Eugen Blaschke (13 September 1885 – 17 March 1962) was an Austrian mathematician working in the fields of differential and integral geometry. In his time he was best known for his influential three-volume treatise Vorlesungen über Differentialgeometrie and later for his connection to Shiing-Shen Chern.[1][2] He was a member of the Nazi Party and openly supported it.[3]

Biography

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Early life and career

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Blaschke was the son of mathematician Josef Blaschke (1852-1917), who taught geometry at the Landes Oberrealschule in Graz, and Maria Blaschke (1864–1945), née Edle von Mor zu Sunnegg und Morberg [de]. After studying for two years at the Technische Hochschule in Graz, he went to the University of Vienna, and completed a doctorate in 1908 under the supervision of Wilhelm Wirtinger.[4] His dissertation was Über eine besondere Art von Kurven vierter Klasse.[5]

After completing his doctorate he spent several years visiting mathematicians at the major universities in Italy and Germany, including Luigi Bianchi at Pisa, Felix Klein, David Hilbert, and Carl Runge at Göttingen, Eduard Study at Bonn, and Friedrich Engel at Greifswald.[1] He then spent two years each in positions in Prague, Leipzig, Königsberg, and Tübingen.

In 1919, he took the one of the first professorships in mathematics at the newly formed University of Hamburg, along with Erich Hecke, where he remained for the rest of his career.[4] One of his early hires to the department at Hamburg was Emil Artin. In 1922 he established the journal Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg (English: Reports from the Mathematical Seminar of the University of Hamburg), which published articles in pure mathematics, including numerous contributions from famous mathematicians. He was also one of the first editors of the Springer series of textbooks Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften [de] (English: Foundations of Mathematical Sciences). While at Hamburg, Blaschke continued to travel. He toured the United States in 1930 and 1931 as a visiting lecturer of the American Mathematical Society;[6] his stops included the Universities of Stanford, Chicago, and Pennsylvania. In 1932 Blaschke visited China, where he lectured at Peking University.[7] Blaschke's students at Hamburg included Shiing-Shen Chern, Luis Santaló, and Emanuel Sperner.[5][2]

Blaschke married his second wife, Auguste Meta Anna Röttger (1893–1992) on 10 April 1923; they had one daughter and one son.

Politics and later life

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In 1933 Blaschke signed the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State.[8][9] However, he defended Kurt Reidemeister against the Nazis and, in the early 1930s, campaigned against Ludwig Bieberbach for leadership of the German Mathematical Society, arguing that the society should remain international and apolitical in opposition to Bieberbach's wish to "enforce Nazi policies on German mathematics and race". However, by 1934 he was supporting Nazi policies, e.g., overseeing the dismissal of Max Zorn from Halle.[3] He called himself "a Nazi at Heart", and was described by colleagues as "Mussolinetto" for his fascist beliefs.[4] He officially joined the Nazi Party in 1937.[8]

After the war, Blaschke was removed from his position as Dean at the University of Hamburg by the British on 3 September 1945 for his Nazi affiliation. After an appeal, against strong objections from Heinrich Behnke, and with support from Reidemeister, Constantin Caratheodory, Hans Zassenhaus, Konrad Knopp, Gustav Herglotz, and, crucially, W.V.D. Hodge, Blaschke was reinstated on 23 October 1946.[4][3] He remained at the university until his retirement on 30 September 1953.[4] Blaschke spent some time after retirement as a visiting professor in Istanbul University in 1953 and 1954.[10]

Over the course of his career, Blaschke gained membership to numerous academic societies: The German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Sciences and Literature, the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig, and the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin. He also received honorary doctorates from Sofia University, the University of Padua, the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, and the University of Greifswald.[4]

Blaschke died on 17 March 1962. He is buried in Ohlsdorf Cemetery.

Publications

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In 1916 Blaschke published one of the first books devoted to convex sets: Circle and Sphere (Kreis und Kugel). Drawing on dozens of sources, Blaschke made a thorough review of the subject with citations within the text to attribute credit in a classical area of mathematics.

  • Kreis und Kugel, Leipzig, Veit 1916;[11] 3rd edn. Berlin, de Gruyter 1956
  • Vorlesungen über Differentialgeometrie, 3 vols., Springer, Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften 1921-1929 (vol. 1, Elementare Differentialgeometrie;[12] vol. 2, Affine Differentialgeometrie; vol. 3, Differentialgeometrie der Kreise und Kugeln, 1929)
  • with Gerrit Bol: Geometrie der Gewebe. Berlin: Springer 1938[13]
  • Ebene Kinematik. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner 1938,[14] 2nd expanded edn. with Hans Robert Müller, Oldenbourg, München 1956
  • Nicht-Euklidische Geometrie und Mechanik I, II, III. Leipzig: B.G.Teubner (1942)
  • Zur Bewegungsgeometrie auf der Kugel. In: Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften (1948)
  • Einführung in die Differentialgeometrie. Springer 1950,[15] 2nd expanded edn. with H. Reichardt 1960
  • with Kurt Leichtweiß: Elementare Differentialgeometrie. Berlin: Springer (5th edn. 1973)
  • Reden und Reisen eines Geometers. Berlin : VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften (1961; 2nd expanded edn.)
  • Mathematik und Leben, Wiesbaden, Steiner 1951
  • Griechische und anschauliche Geometrie, Oldenbourg 1953
  • Projektive Geometrie, 3rd edn, Birkhäuser 1954
  • Analytische Geometrie, 2nd edn., Birkhäuser 1954
  • Einführung in die Geometrie der Waben, Birkhäuser 1955[16]
  • Vorlesungen über Integralgeometrie, VEB, Berlin 1955
  • Reden und Reisen eines Geometers, 1957
  • Kinematik und Quaternionen. Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften (1960)
  • Gesammelte Werke, Thales-Verlag, Essen 1982 vol. 1 ISBN 3889082017;[17] 1985 vol. 2 ISBN 3889082025; 1985 vol. 3 ISBN 3889082033

Mathematics

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Several theorems and mathematical concepts are named for Blaschke:

Legacy

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The Wilhelm Blaschke Memorial Foundation of Hamburg, founded by Emanuel Sperner, awards the Wilhelm Blaschke Medal at irregular intervals for outstanding achievements in geometry. Recipients include Kurt Leichtweiss, Katsumi Nomizu,[18] and S.S. Chern.[19][20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Yaglom, I.M. (1963). "Wilhelm Blaschke (obituary)". Russian Mathematical Surveys. 18 (1): 135–143.
  2. ^ a b Chern, S.S. (1973). "The mathematical works of Wilhelm Blaschke". Abh. Math. Semin. Univ. Hambg. 39: 1–9. doi:10.1007/BF02992813.
  3. ^ a b c Segal, S.L. (2003). Mathematicians Under the Nazis. Princeton University Press.
  4. ^ a b c d e f O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. "Wilhelm Blaschke". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews.
  5. ^ a b Wilhelm Blaschke at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  6. ^ Raymond Clare Archibald (1938). A Semicentennial History of the American Mathematical Society 1888–1938 (PDF). AMS. p. 21.
  7. ^ Chuanming Zong (2022). "Early Twentieth-Century Visitors and the Development of Modern Mathematics in China". The Mathematical Intelligencer. 44: 137–149. doi:10.1007/s00283-021-10117-2.
  8. ^ a b Heinrich Behnke (1898-1979): zwischen Mathematik und deren Didaktik, Uta Hartmann, 2009 ISBN 9783631588604
  9. ^ Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, S. 52.
  10. ^ Alp Eden; Gürol Irzik (2012). "German mathematicians in exile in Turkey: Richard von Mises, William Prager, Hilda Geiringer, and their impact on Turkish mathematics". Historia Mathematica. 39 (4): 432–459. doi:10.1016/j.hm.2012.07.002.
  11. ^ Groß, Wilhelm (1917). "Kreis und Kugel: von Dr. Wilhelm Blaschke. Veit & Comp., Leipzig 1916, 169 S. 650 Mark". Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik. 28: A4. doi:10.1007/BF01698249.
  12. ^ Bliss, G. A. (1923). "Blaschke on Differential Geometry". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 29 (7): 322–325. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1923-03737-3.
  13. ^ Walker, R. J. (1939). "Review: W. Blaschke and G. Bol, Geometrie der Gewebe". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 45 (9): 652–653. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1939-07052-3.
  14. ^ Synge, J. L. (1939). "Review: W. Blaschke, Eben Kinematik". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 45 (11): 814–815. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1939-07071-7.
  15. ^ Allendoerfer, Carl B. (1951). "Review, W. Blaschke, Einführung in die Differentialgeometrie". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 57 (1, Part 1): 84–85. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1951-09454-9.
  16. ^ Hsiung, C. C. (1957). "Review: W. Blaschke, Einführung in die Geometrie der Waben". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 63 (3): 203–204. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1957-10104-9.
  17. ^ Willmore, Tom (October 1984). "review of Gesammelte Werke, Band I by Wilhelm Blaschke, edited by W. Burau, S. S. Chern et al". Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. 27 (3): 347–349. doi:10.1017/S0013091500022549.
  18. ^ "Nomizu Receives Blaschke Medal" (PDF). Notices of the AMS. 44 (11): 1480. 1997.
  19. ^ "Chern Receives Blaschke Medal" (PDF). Notices of the AMS. 49 (7): 818–819. 2002.
  20. ^ Karin Reich (2011). "Shiing-Shen Chern and the University of Hamburg" (PDF). Mathmedia. 35 (2): 818–819.
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