William Strutt (inventor)
William Strutt | |
|---|---|
 portrait by R.R.Reinagle | |
| Born | 1756 |
| Died | 1830 |
| Education | limited formal education[1] |
| Occupation(s) | Civil Engineer, Inventor |
| Spouse | Barbara Evans |
| Children | Lord Belper and three daughters Elizabeth, Anne and Frances |
William Strutt (1756 – 1830) FRS, was a cotton spinner in Belper, England.
Biography
Strutt was the first son of Jedediah Strutt and, after a good education, joined his father's business at the age of fourteen. He also inherited his father's mechanical abilities and is said to have thought of the self-acting mule some years before Richard Roberts patented it in 1830, but the technology was not available to make it work.
Be that as it may, he looked after the technical side of the business, while his brothers, Joseph and George Benson dealt with commercial and management side respectively. It became known as W.G. and J. Strutt..
He became a successful architect, designing many of the bridges in Derby and the original Derbyshire General Infirmary in 1810. In 1779 he was made a freeman of Derby and Burgess of the Borough, allowing him to vote in Parliament. He was co-founder of the Derby Philosophical Society with Thomas Gisborne, Richard French, Erasmus Darwin and other individuals, and was President for twenty-eight years.[2]
One of Strutt's most important concerns was the development of fire-resistant structures and technology in textile mills and the application of these in other contexts. A major problem with the nineteenth century timber framed mills was fire, particularly if they worked with inflammable materials. When Darley Abbey Mill burnt down in 1788 it was rebuilt with sheets of tin fastened to the beams as protection. Many engineers of the day were addressing the problem which was nation-wide.
Strutt had used cast-iron for bridges in Derby, and applied it to building, first a calico mill in Derby and the Warehouse at Milford (pulled down in 1964 to make a car park), and then the new West Mill, built in 1795 at Belper. Tile and gypsum plaster floors were supported on brickwork arches supported on cast iron columns. The timber beams were encased in thin sheet iron. To reduce weight, the upper floors were supported on hollow earthenware pots encased in plaster.
He went on to build a five storey flax mill at Ditherington in Shrewsbury where the beams were also of cast-iron thus building one of the first iron-framed factory. He used the same principle to rebuild Belper North Mill after it burnt down in 1803.
Strutt built a number of other mills in Belper and Milford, the most remarkable perhaps was the Round Mill. This was probably influenced by the ideas of Jeremy Bentham for an octagonal building with a central overseer.
He married Barbara, the daughter of Thomas Evans of Darley Abbey, his first son Edward later becoming Lord Belper. He also had three daughter Elizabeth, Anne and Frances and two daughters who died in infancy.
In 1817 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Strutt held the office of Deputy Lieutenant (D.L.) of Derbyshire.[3]
In 1819 Strutt designed and built the Derby Infirmary which he worked on with his freind Charles Sylvester. Sylvester documented the new ways of heating hospitals that were included in the design and the healthier features such as self cleaning and air refreshing toilets.[4] Strutt incorporated many new features into the the infirmary including his fire-proof construction and novel heating that allowed the patiernts to breathe fresh heated air whilst old air was channelled up to a glass and iron dome at the centre. Strutt's infirmary culminated in a giant statue of Aesculapius designed by William John Coffee.[5] Sylvester described the advances that Strutt had made and this was successful in three ways. Sylvester was able to take the new ideas for heating and apply them in numerous other building projects.[4] The Derby Infirmary was seen as a leader in European architecture and architects and visiting Royalty were brought to see its features. Finally Strutt was proposed to become a member of the Royal Society by five distinguished proposers which included Marc Isambard Brunel and James Watt.[5]
Strutt died in 1830 and was buried in the Unitarian Chapel in Friargate, Derby. In 1831, the Royal Society's president summarised Strutt's achievement as "author of those great improvements in the construction of stoves, and in the economical generation and distribution of heat, which have of late years been so extensively and so usefully introduced in the warming and ventilation of hospitals and public buildings."[5]
References
- ^ "William Strutt". Derwent Valley Mills. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ Paul Elliott, The Derby Philosophers; Science and Culture in English Urban Society, 1700-1850 (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2009)
- ^ "William Strutt". thePeerage.com. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ a b Sylvester, Charles (1819). The philosophy of domestic economy: as exemplified in the mode of warming ... p.71.
- ^ a b c Elliott, Paul (2000). "The Derbyshire General Infirmary and the Derby Philosophers: The Application of Industrial Architecture and Technology to Medical Institutions in Early-Nineteenth-Century England" (PDF). Medical History. 46: 65–92. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- Cooper, B., (1983) Transformation of a Valley: The Derbyshire Derwent Heinemann, republished 1991 Cromford: Scarthin Books
- Naylor, P. (Ed) (2000) An Illustrated History of Belper and its Environs Belper: M.G.Morris