Windows-1251
| MIME / IANA | windows-1251 |
|---|---|
| Alias(es) | cp1251 (Code page 1251) |
| Language(s) | Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic, Macedonian, English |
| Created by | Microsoft |
| Standard | WHATWG Encoding Standard |
| Classification | extended ASCII, Windows-125x |
| Other related encoding(s) | Amiga-1251, KZ-1048, RFC 1345's "ECMA-Cyrillic" |
Windows-1251 is an 8-bit character encoding, designed to cover languages that use the Cyrillic script such as Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic, Macedonian and other languages.
It is the second most-used single-byte character encoding in the world, and most used of those supporting Cyrillic. As of October 2021[update], 0.7% of all websites use Windows-1251.[1][2] However, it is used by 8.2% of Russian (.ru) websites,[3][4] where it is the second most popular choice after UTF-8. In Linux, the encoding is known as cp1251.[5] IBM uses code page 1251 (CCSID 1251 and euro sign extended CCSID 5347) for Windows-1251.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Windows-1251 and KOI8-R (or its Ukrainian variant KOI8-U) are much more commonly used than ISO 8859-5 (which is "used by less than 0.1% of websites").[13] In contrast to Windows-1252 and ISO 8859-1, Windows-1251 is not closely related to ISO 8859-5.
Unicode is preferred to Windows-1251 or other Cyrillic encodings in modern applications, especially on the Internet, making UTF-8 the dominant encoding for web pages. (For further discussion of Unicode's complete coverage, of 436 Cyrillic letters/code points, including for Old Cyrillic, and how single-byte character encodings, such as Windows-1251 and KOI8-R, cannot provide this, see Cyrillic script in Unicode.)
Character set[edit]
The following table shows Windows-1251. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent and its decimal code.
| _0 | _1 | _2 | _3 | _4 | _5 | _6 | _7 | _8 | _9 | _A | _B | _C | _D | _E | _F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0_ 0 |
NUL 0000 |
SOH 0001 |
STX 0002 |
ETX 0003 |
EOT 0004 |
ENQ 0005 |
ACK 0006 |
BEL 0007 |
BS 0008 |
HT 0009 |
LF 000A |
VT 000B |
FF 000C |
CR 000D |
SO 000E |
SI 000F |
| 1_ 16 |
DLE 0010 |
DC1 0011 |
DC2 0012 |
DC3 0013 |
DC4 0014 |
NAK 0015 |
SYN 0016 |
ETB 0017 |
CAN 0018 |
EM 0019 |
SUB 001A |
ESC 001B |
FS 001C |
GS 001D |
RS 001E |
US 001F |
| 2_ 32 |
SP 0020 |
! 0021 |
" 0022 |
# 0023 |
$ 0024 |
% 0025 |
& 0026 |
' 0027 |
( 0028 |
) 0029 |
* 002A |
+ 002B |
, 002C |
- 002D |
. 002E |
/ 002F |
| 3_ 48 |
0 0030 |
1 0031 |
2 0032 |
3 0033 |
4 0034 |
5 0035 |
6 0036 |
7 0037 |
8 0038 |
9 0039 |
: 003A |
; 003B |
< 003C |
= 003D |
> 003E |
? 003F |
| 4_ 64 |
@ 0040 |
A 0041 |
B 0042 |
C 0043 |
D 0044 |
E 0045 |
F 0046 |
G 0047 |
H 0048 |
I 0049 |
J 004A |
K 004B |
L 004C |
M 004D |
N 004E |
O 004F |
| 5_ 80 |
P 0050 |
Q 0051 |
R 0052 |
S 0053 |
T 0054 |
U 0055 |
V 0056 |
W 0057 |
X 0058 |
Y 0059 |
Z 005A |
[ 005B |
\ 005C |
] 005D |
^ 005E |
_ 005F |
| 6_ 96 |
` 0060 |
a 0061 |
b 0062 |
c 0063 |
d 0064 |
e 0065 |
f 0066 |
g 0067 |
h 0068 |
i 0069 |
j 006A |
k 006B |
l 006C |
m 006D |
n 006E |
o 006F |
| 7_ 112 |
p 0070 |
q 0071 |
r 0072 |
s 0073 |
t 0074 |
u 0075 |
v 0076 |
w 0077 |
x 0078 |
y 0079 |
z 007A |
{ 007B |
| 007C |
} 007D |
~ 007E |
DEL 007F |
| 8_ 128 |
Ђ 0402 |
Ѓ 0403 |
‚ 201A |
ѓ 0453 |
„ 201E |
… 2026 |
† 2020 |
‡ 2021 |
€ 20AC |
‰ 2030 |
Љ 0409 |
‹ 2039 |
Њ 040A |
Ќ 040C |
Ћ 040B |
Џ 040F |
| 9_ 144 |
ђ 0452 |
‘ 2018 |
’ 2019 |
“ 201C |
” 201D |
• 2022 |
– 2013 |
— 2014 |
™ 2122 |
љ 0459 |
› 203A |
њ 045A |
ќ 045C |
ћ 045B |
џ 045F | |
| A_ 160 |
NBSP 00A0 |
Ў 040E |
ў 045E |
Ј 0408 |
¤ 00A4 |
Ґ 0490 |
¦ 00A6 |
§ 00A7 |
Ё 0401 |
© 00A9 |
Є 0404 |
« 00AB |
¬ 00AC |
SHY 00AD |
® 00AE |
Ї 0407 |
| B_ 176 |
° 00B0 |
± 00B1 |
І 0406 |
і 0456 |
ґ 0491 |
µ 00B5 |
¶ 00B6 |
· 00B7 |
ё 0451 |
№ 2116 |
є 0454 |
» 00BB |
ј 0458 |
Ѕ 0405 |
ѕ 0455 |
ї 0457 |
| C_ 192 |
А 0410 |
Б 0411 |
В 0412 |
Г 0413 |
Д 0414 |
Е 0415 |
Ж 0416 |
З 0417 |
И 0418 |
Й 0419 |
К 041A |
Л 041B |
М 041C |
Н 041D |
О 041E |
П 041F |
| D_ 208 |
Р 0420 |
С 0421 |
Т 0422 |
У 0423 |
Ф 0424 |
Х 0425 |
Ц 0426 |
Ч 0427 |
Ш 0428 |
Щ 0429 |
Ъ 042A |
Ы 042B |
Ь 042C |
Э 042D |
Ю 042E |
Я 042F |
| E_ 224 |
а 0430 |
б 0431 |
в 0432 |
г 0433 |
д 0434 |
е 0435 |
ж 0436 |
з 0437 |
и 0438 |
й 0439 |
к 043A |
л 043B |
м 043C |
н 043D |
о 043E |
п 043F |
| F_ 240 |
р 0440 |
с 0441 |
т 0442 |
у 0443 |
ф 0444 |
х 0445 |
ц 0446 |
ч 0447 |
ш 0448 |
щ 0449 |
ъ 044A |
ы 044B |
ь 044C |
э 044D |
ю 044E |
я 044F |
Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined
Kazakh variant[edit]
An altered version of Windows-1251 was standardised in Kazakhstan as Kazakh standard STRK1048, and is known by the label KZ-1048. It differs in the rows shown below:
| _0 | _1 | _2 | _3 | _4 | _5 | _6 | _7 | _8 | _9 | _A | _B | _C | _D | _E | _F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8_ 128 |
Ђ 0402 |
Ѓ 0403 |
‚ 201A |
ѓ 0453 |
„ 201E |
… 2026 |
† 2020 |
‡ 2021 |
€ 20AC |
‰ 2030 |
Љ 0409 |
‹ 2039 |
Њ 040A |
Қ 049A |
Һ 04BA |
Џ 040F |
| 9_ 144 |
ђ 0452 |
‘ 2018 |
’ 2019 |
“ 201C |
” 201D |
• 2022 |
– 2013 |
— 2014 |
™ 2122 |
љ 0459 |
› 203A |
њ 045A |
қ 049B |
һ 04BB |
џ 045F | |
| A_ 160 |
NBSP 00A0 |
Ұ 04B0 |
ұ 04B1 |
Ә 04D8 |
¤ 00A4 |
Ө 04E8 |
¦ 00A6 |
§ 00A7 |
Ё 0401 |
© 00A9 |
Ғ 0492 |
« 00AB |
¬ 00AC |
SHY 00AD |
® 00AE |
Ү 04AE |
| B_ 176 |
° 00B0 |
± 00B1 |
І 0406 |
і 0456 |
ө 04E9 |
µ 00B5 |
¶ 00B6 |
· 00B7 |
ё 0451 |
№ 2116 |
ғ 0493 |
» 00BB |
ә 04D9 |
Ң 04A2 |
ң 04A3 |
ү 04AF |
Amiga variant[edit]
| MIME / IANA | Amiga-1251 |
|---|---|
| Alias(es) | Ami1251 |
| Language(s) | English, Russian |
| Classification | extended ASCII |
| Based on | Windows-1251, ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-15 |
Russian Amiga OS systems used a version of code page 1251 which matches Windows-1251 for the Russian subset of the Cyrillic letters, but otherwise mostly follows ISO-8859-1. This version is known as Amiga-1251,[16] under which name it is registered with the IANA.[17]
| _0 | _1 | _2 | _3 | _4 | _5 | _6 | _7 | _8 | _9 | _A | _B | _C | _D | _E | _F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0_ 0 |
NUL 0000 |
SOH 0001 |
STX 0002 |
ETX 0003 |
EOT 0004 |
ENQ 0005 |
ACK 0006 |
BEL 0007 |
BS 0008 |
HT 0009 |
LF 000A |
VT 000B |
FF 000C |
CR 000D |
SO 000E |
SI 000F |
| 1_ 16 |
DLE 0010 |
DC1 0011 |
DC2 0012 |
DC3 0013 |
DC4 0014 |
NAK 0015 |
SYN 0016 |
ETB 0017 |
CAN 0018 |
EM 0019 |
SUB 001A |
ESC 001B |
FS 001C |
GS 001D |
RS 001E |
US 001F |
| 2_ 32 |
SP 0020 |
! 0021 |
" 0022 |
# 0023 |
$ 0024 |
% 0025 |
& 0026 |
' 0027 |
( 0028 |
) 0029 |
* 002A |
+ 002B |
, 002C |
- 002D |
. 002E |
/ 002F |
| 3_ 48 |
0 0030 |
1 0031 |
2 0032 |
3 0033 |
4 0034 |
5 0035 |
6 0036 |
7 0037 |
8 0038 |
9 0039 |
: 003A |
; 003B |
< 003C |
= 003D |
> 003E |
? 003F |
| 4_ 64 |
@ 0040 |
A 0041 |
B 0042 |
C 0043 |
D 0044 |
E 0045 |
F 0046 |
G 0047 |
H 0048 |
I 0049 |
J 004A |
K 004B |
L 004C |
M 004D |
N 004E |
O 004F |
| 5_ 80 |
P 0050 |
Q 0051 |
R 0052 |
S 0053 |
T 0054 |
U 0055 |
V 0056 |
W 0057 |
X 0058 |
Y 0059 |
Z 005A |
[ 005B |
\ 005C |
] 005D |
^ 005E |
_ 005F |
| 6_ 96 |
` 0060 |
a 0061 |
b 0062 |
c 0063 |
d 0064 |
e 0065 |
f 0066 |
g 0067 |
h 0068 |
i 0069 |
j 006A |
k 006B |
l 006C |
m 006D |
n 006E |
o 006F |
| 7_ 112 |
p 0070 |
q 0071 |
r 0072 |
s 0073 |
t 0074 |
u 0075 |
v 0076 |
w 0077 |
x 0078 |
y 0079 |
z 007A |
{ 007B |
| 007C |
} 007D |
~ 007E |
DEL 007F |
| 8_ 128 |
XXX 0080 |
XXX 0081 |
BPH 0082 |
NBH 0083 |
IND 0084 |
NEL 0085 |
SSA 0086 |
ESA 0087 |
HTS 0088 |
HTJ 0089 |
VTS 008A |
PLD 008B |
PLU 008C |
RI 008D |
SS2 008E |
SS3 008F |
| 9_ 144 |
DCS 0090 |
PU1 0091 |
PU2 0092 |
STS 0093 |
CCH 0094 |
MW 0095 |
SPA 0096 |
EPA 0097 |
SOS 0098 |
XXX 0099 |
SCI 009A |
CSI 009B |
ST 009C |
OSC 009D |
PM 009E |
APC 009F |
| A_ 160 |
NBSP 00A0 |
¡ 00A1 |
¢ 00A2 |
£ 00A3 |
€[a] 20AC |
¥ 00A5 |
¦ 00A6 |
§ 00A7 |
Ё 0401 |
© 00A9 |
№[b] 2116 |
« 00AB |
¬ 00AC |
SHY 00AD |
® 00AE |
¯ 00AF |
| B_ 176 |
° 00B0 |
± 00B1 |
² 00B2 |
³ 00B3 |
´ 00B4 |
µ 00B5 |
¶ 00B6 |
· 00B7 |
ё 0451 |
¹ 00B9 |
º 00BA |
» 00BB |
¼ 00BC |
½ 00BD |
¾ 00BE |
¿ 00BF |
| C_ 192 |
А 0410 |
Б 0411 |
В 0412 |
Г 0413 |
Д 0414 |
Е 0415 |
Ж 0416 |
З 0417 |
И 0418 |
Й 0419 |
К 041A |
Л 041B |
М 041C |
Н 041D |
О 041E |
П 041F |
| D_ 208 |
Р 0420 |
С 0421 |
Т 0422 |
У 0423 |
Ф 0424 |
Х 0425 |
Ц 0426 |
Ч 0427 |
Ш 0428 |
Щ 0429 |
Ъ 042A |
Ы 042B |
Ь 042C |
Э 042D |
Ю 042E |
Я 042F |
| E_ 224 |
а 0430 |
б 0431 |
в 0432 |
г 0433 |
д 0434 |
е 0435 |
ж 0436 |
з 0437 |
и 0438 |
й 0439 |
к 043A |
л 043B |
м 043C |
н 043D |
о 043E |
п 043F |
| F_ 240 |
р 0440 |
с 0441 |
т 0442 |
у 0443 |
ф 0444 |
х 0445 |
ц 0446 |
ч 0447 |
ш 0448 |
щ 0449 |
ъ 044A |
ы 044B |
ь 044C |
э 044D |
ю 044E |
я 044F |
Footnotes[edit]
- ^ Matching ISO-8859-15; at a different location than in Windows-1251.
- ^ Present in Windows-1251, but in a different location; absent from ISO-8859-1/15.
References[edit]
- ^ "Historical trends in the usage of character encodings, October 2021". Retrieved 2021-10-07.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions".
- ^ "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use .ru". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
- ^ "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use Russian". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
- ^ "cp1251(7) - Linux manual page". man7.org. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
- ^ "Code page 1251 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
- ^ "CCSID 1251 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
- ^ "CCSID 5347 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
- ^ Code Page CPGID 01251 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
- ^ Code Page CPGID 01251 (txt), IBM
- ^ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-1251_P100-1995.ucm, 2002-12-03
- ^ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5347_P100-1998.ucm, 2002-12-03
- ^ "Usage Statistics of Character Encodings for Websites". w3techs.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30.
- ^ Steele, Shawn (1998). CP1251 to Unicode table. Unicode Consortium. CP1251.TXT.
- ^ Whistler, Ken (2007). KZ-1048 to Unicode. Unicode Consortium. KZ1048.TXT.
- ^ a b Malyshev, Michael (2003). "Amiga-1251 to Unicode table". Registration of new charset [Amiga-1251]. IANA.
- ^ "Character Sets". IANA.
Further reading[edit]
- Kornai, Andras; Birnbaum, David J.; da Cruz, Frank; Davis, Bur; Fowler, George; Paine, Richard B.; Paperno, Slava; Simonsen, Keld J.; Thobe, Glenn E.; Vulis, Dimitri; van Wingen, Johan W. (1993-03-13). "CYRILLIC ENCODING FAQ Version 1.3". Retrieved 2020-06-24.
External links[edit]
- Windows 1251 reference chart
- IANA Charset Name Registration
- Unicode mappings of windows 1251 with "best fit"
- Universal Cyrillic decoder, an online program that may help recovering unreadable Cyrillic texts with broken Windows-1251 or other character encodings.
