Women in law in the United Kingdom

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Prior to the 20th Century, there were few women in law in the United Kingdom. Prior to the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919, women were not permitted to practice law in the United Kingdom.[1] By 1931 there were around 100 female solicitors.[1] The first female-only law partnership was founded in 1933.[2] By 2019 51% of British solicitors were women.[2]

Background[edit]

Eliza Orme circa 1900

Eliza Orme was the first woman in the United Kingdom to obtain a law degree, in 1888.[3][4] She was not called to the English Bar until later in the 1920s after the first female pioneers. In 1889, Letitia Alice Walkington became the first woman to graduate with a degree of Bachelor of Laws in Great Britain or Ireland.

In 1892, Cornelia Sorabji became the first woman to study law at Oxford University.[5] Dorothy Bonarjee became the first female to earn a law degree from the University College London in 1917.[6]

Barristers

The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 received Royal Assent on 23 December 1919.[2] The next day, Helena Normanton became the first woman to join an Inns of Court.[7]

In 1903, Bertha Cave applied to join Gray's Inn; the application was ultimately rejected.[8]

In 1913, the Law Society refused to allow women to take legal exams; this was challenged in the Court of Appeal in the case of Bebb v The Law Society, where the Law Society's stance was upheld.[1] The plaintiff in that case was Gwyneth Bebb, who was expected to be the first female to be called to the bar but died before that could happen.[9][10]

Helena Normanton circa 1950

In 1922, Ivy Williams was the first woman called to the bar (although she never practiced),[11][12][13][14] and Helena Normanton became the first practising female barrister in the UK.[15][16][17] In September 2018 a barristers' chambers was renamed in her honour.[18] Williams was also the first woman to teach law at an English university,[11] whilst Normanton, along with Rose Heilbron, were the first two female barristers to be appointed King's Counsel, in 1949.[19] Heibron was also the first woman to achieve a first class honours degree in law at the University of Liverpool (in 1935), England's first woman judge as Recorder of Burnley (in 1956), the first woman to sit as a judge in the Old Bailey (in 1972), the second female High Court judge (in 1974), and the first woman Presiding Judge of any Circuit when she became Presiding Judge on the Northern Circuit (in 1978).[19]

Elizabeth Lane (1940) became the first female County Court judge (1962), and the first English High Court judge (1965).[20][21]

In 2002, the Law Society appointed its first female President, Carolyn Kirby.[2]

Baroness Hale became the first female Justice (2009) and President (2017) of the Supreme Court.[22][20][23] She was also the first female to become a Law Lord in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 2004.

Solicitors

In 1920, Madge Easton Anderson became the first female solicitor in the United Kingdom upon being admitted to practice law in Scotland.[24][16]

In 1922, Carrie Morrison, Mary Pickup, Mary Sykes, and Maud Crofts became the first women in England to qualify as solicitors; Morrison was the first of them admitted as a solicitor.[1][25] Kathleen Hoahing became the first female to qualify as a solicitor in Britain in 1927, though she would relocate soon afterwards to China.[26][27][28]

In 2010, a report by The Lawyer found that 22 percent of partners at the UK's top 100 firms were women; a follow-up report in 2015 found that figure had not changed.[29] Since 2014, a number of large corporate firms of solicitors have set gender diversity targets to increase the percentage of women within their partnerships.[30][31][32]

Key Women in UK Law[edit]

England and Wales[edit]

  • Emily Duncan:[33] First female Justice of the Peace in England (1912)
  • Ada Summers:[34] First female to officially become a Justice of the Peace (magistrate) in the United Kingdom (England; 1920)
  • Agnes Twiston Hughes (1923):[35] First female solicitor in Wales
  • Maria Alice Phillips (née Westell) (1923):[36] First Jewish female barrister in England and Wales
  • Sybil Campbell (1922):[37][38][39] First female judge (appointed as a magistrate) in England (1945)
  • Rose Heilbron (1939):[40] First female appointed as a Judge of the Central Criminal Court of England and Wales (Old Bailey) (1972)
  • Harriet Harman (c. 1978):[41] First female appointed as the Solicitor-General of England and Wales (2001)
  • June Venters:[42] First female solicitor to become Queen's Counsel (QC) in England and Wales (2006)

Northern Ireland[edit]

Scotland[edit]

Other notable figures in Scotland[edit]

British Overseas Territories or Crown Dependencies[edit]

Anguilla[edit]

Bermuda[edit]

  • Lois Browne-Evans (1953):[72][73] First female lawyer in Bermuda, as well as Bermuda's first female Attorney General (1999)
  • Priya De Soya:[74] First female to become Crown Counsel in Bermuda (1976)
  • Dianna Kempe (1973[75]):[76][77] First female magistrate in Bermuda (1976). She is also the first female lawyer to become Queen's Counsel (QC) in Bermuda (2000).
  • Norma Wade-Miller (1977):[78][79][80][81] First female appointed as a substantive (permanent) magistrate in Bermuda (1981). She was also the first female Judge of the High Court, Justice of the Supreme Court of Bermuda and Acting Chief Justice in Bermuda.
  • Patricia Dangor:[82] First female to serve as a Judge of the Bermuda Court of Appeals (2014)
  • Karen Williams-Smith:[83] First Black female to serve as the President of the Bermuda Bar Association (2017)
  • Cindy Clarke:[84] First female to serve as the Director of Public Prosecutions in Bermuda (2020)

British Virgin Islands[edit]

Dancia Penn: First female lawyer in the British Virgin Islands

Cayman Islands[edit]

  • Adrianne Webb (1975):[95][96] First female lawyer in the Cayman Islands
  • Theresa Lewis Pitcairn:[97] First female to serve as the President of the Caymanian Bar Association (2001)
  • Priya Levers:[98][99] First female to serve as a Judge of the Cayman Islands Grand Court (2003)
  • Cheryll Richards:[100] First (female) Director of Public Prosecutions for the Cayman Islands (2011). In 2010, Richards became the first female Queen's Counsel (QC) in the Cayman Islands.[101]
  • Margaret Ramsay-Hale:[102] First female to serve as the Chief Justice of the Cayman Islands (2022)
  • Marilyn Brandt:[103] First Caymanian (female) attorney to serve as the Deputy Solicitor General in the Portfolio of Legal Affairs (2022)

Channel Islands[edit]

  • Sarah Kelly (1997):[104] First female advocate appointed Greffier to the Jurats of Alderney (2005–2012)
  • Jessica Roland:[105] First female to serve as a Deputy Bailiff in Guernsey (2019)
  • Anita Sarella Regal:[106] First female admitted as an advocate of the Royal Court of Jersey (1968)
  • Barbara Myles:[20] First female (non-attorney) jurat in Jersey (1980–2001)
  • Bridget Shaw:[107] First female magistrate in Jersey (2013)
  • Rose Colley:[108] First female to serve as the President of the Law Society of Jersey (2020)

Falkland Islands[edit]

  • Rosie McIlroy:[109] First woman lawyer (non-native) to enter into private law practice in the Falkland Islands. According to various sources, her legal career also included serving as Crown Solicitor (c. 1987),[110] Senior Magistrate (c. 1989),[111][112] and Chief Magistrate (c. 1989)[113][114] in the Falkland Islands.
  • Melanie Louise Best Chilton:[115][116][117] First woman lawyer (non-native) to serve as Law Commissioner and an Attorney General of the Falkland Islands (2006-2007).
  • Rosalind Catriona Cheek (United Kingdom, 1998):[117][118][119][120][121][122][123] First Falkland Islander female to become Principal Crown Counsel (2006). She later became the second female Law Commissioner in the Falkland Islands (2015).

Gibraltar[edit]

  • Pamela Benady (1955):[124][125][126] First female barrister (who was of Jewish descent) in Gibraltar
  • Dorothy Ellicott:[127] First female Justice of the Peace in Gibraltar (1970)
  • Karen Ramagge Prescott (1988):[128][129][130][131] First female judge (a Gibraltarian) in Gibraltar (upon her appointment as a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Gibraltar in 2010). She later became the first female Bencher of the Middle Temple (2017).
  • Gillian Guzman (1994):[132] First female Queen's Counsel (QC) in Gibraltar (2012)
  • Janet Smith (1972):[133][134] First female appointed as a Judge of the Gibraltar Court of Appeal (2017)

Isle of Man[edit]

Montserrat[edit]

Pitcairn Islands[edit]

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[edit]

Turks and Caicos Islands[edit]

  • Shirley D. Simmons (1980):[154][155] First female (a Bermudian) admitted to the Turks and Caicos Islands Bar Association
  • Margaret Ramsay-Hale (1991):[156][157][158][159][160][161] First female appointed as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the Turks and Caicos Islands (2011) and serve as its Chief Justice (2014)
  • Lisa Agard:[162] First female Senior Counsel to work for the Attorney General's Office of the Turks and Caicos Islands (c. 1987)
  • Sarah Knight (1998):[163] First Turks and Caicos Islander female admitted to the Turks and Caicos Islands Bar Association. She later served as the association's president.
  • Rhondalee Braithwaite-Knowles:[164] First Turks and Caicos Islander female to become a Deputy Attorney General (2008) and Attorney General of Turks and Caicos Islands (2014). She later became the first female Queen's Counsel (QC) in the Turks and Caicos Islands.[165]
  • JoAnn Meloche:[166] First (female) Director of Public Prosecutions in the Turks and Caicos Islands (2013)
  • Oreika Selver-Gardiner:[167] First local female attorney to serve as a magistrate in the Turks and Caicos Islands (2020)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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