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World Vision International

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For the television production company of the same name, see Worldvision Enterprises.

World Vision International
Founded1950[1]
FounderRev. Bob Pierce[1]
Type501(c)(3) religious non-profit corporation under the laws of the State of California, US.[2][3]
FocusWell being of all people, especially children.
Location
  • Monrovia, California, US, 800 West Chestnut Avenue (administrative center, World Vision International Board)
Area served
97 countries
MethodTransformational Development through emergency relief, community development and policy and advocacy
Key people
Kevin Jenkins (International President)
Josef Stiegler (Chairperson Int'l Board
Revenue
US$2.79 billion (2011)
Employees
44,500 (2011)[4]
Websitewww.wvi.org

World Vision International is an Evangelical Christian humanitarian aid, development, and advocacy organisation.

Since Robert Pierce founded World Vision in 1950,[1] it has grown into one of the largest relief and development organizations in the world[5] with a total revenue including grants, product and foreign donations of $2.79 billion (2011).[6]

History

Key dates of World Vision
1950Reverend Robert Pierce forms World Vision.
1953Pierce begins the World Vision sponsorship program with photographs of needy children.
1967Pierce resigns from World Vision.
1970sWorld Vision's international structure is established.
1979World Vision operates offices in 40 countries.
1989World Vision operates offices in 55 countries.
1996Dean Hirsch is appointed president.
1999Richard Stearns is appointed US group president.
2004After tripling during the previous eight years, World Vision's budget reaches $1.5 billion.
2007World Vision ends its 57th year with 26,000 employees and a budget of $2.6 billion.
2010Kevin Jenkins is appointed president.

The original organization, World Vision Inc., was founded by Pierce in 1950 to provide humanitarian aid. It initially operated in the United States, and soon expanded to other countries; in 1966, it operated under the name of "World Vision International".[7] World Vision International was founded in 1977 as an organization, by Walter Stanley Mooneyham the president of World Vision, as the result of a restructuring process that had begun in the early 1970s [8][9] World Vision International was founded as an organization took over most international functions which were previously fulfilled by World Vision Inc.; it was headquartered in Monrovia, California, in the same building as World Vision Inc., which was reorganized as World Vision United States for operations in that country. Mooneyham became also president of World Vision International until 1982 when he resigned after criticism within the International Board, where the accusations ranged from a dictatorial leadership style to an ethnocentric American communication style.[10]

In 1967, the Mission Advanced Research and Communication Center (MARC) was founded by Ed Dayton as a Division of World Vision International. It became the organizational backbone of the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, collected and published data about "unreached people" and also published the "Mission Handbook: North American Protestant Ministries Overseas".[11]

During the 1970s, World Vision began training families to build small farms by teaching agricultural skills aiming towards making lasting effects in the communities they were helping by promoting self-reliance.[12] The organization also began installing water pumps for clean water in communities which caused infant mortality rates to drop. Volunteers now use the fresh water to teach communities gardening and irrigation and promote good health.[12]

During the 1990s, it began focusing on the needs of children who had been orphaned in Uganda, Romania, and Somalia in response to AIDS, neglect, and civil war, respectively. They began educating other African communities on AIDS after realizing its impact. They also joined the United Nations peacekeeping efforts to help those affected by civil war. World Vision also started to openly promote the international ban on land mines.[12]

Today, World Vision are working in partnership in nearly 100 countries around the world, assisting more than 100 million people to struggle against poverty, hunger and injustice, irrespective of their religious beliefs.[13] They are now focusing on larger issues of community development and advocacy for the poor towards the end of helping poor children and their families build a sustainable future.[14]

World Vision as an overall organisation is one of the world's leading relief and development agencies. In the UK, it is one of the members of the Disasters Emergency Committee. It employs over 40,000 people and well over 90% of staff works from their own home country.

Kevin Jenkins is the current president of World Vision International.

Organizational structure

World Vision International is the organizational structure of the World Vision Partnership which operates today as a federation of interdependent national offices with three different levels of central control. The three categories of national offices are:[15]

  1. national offices, under strong central control by World Vision International, registered in the host country as a branch of the main organization.
  2. intermediate stage national offices, with their own board, but which seek approval from World Vision International for critical management decisions.
  3. interdependently national registered offices that are autonomous in internal decision but are expected to coordinate with World Vision International and are bound to the Covenant of Partnership.

The Covenant of Partnership is a document that all national members of the World Vision Partnership have to sign. According to this document all national offices have to accept policies and decisions established by the International Board and must not establish an office or program outside their own national borders without the consent of World Vision International and the host country. Furthermore, with the exception of direct project founding, all funds intended for outside their national borders have to be remitted through World Vision International. Also the financial planning and budget principles adopted by the International Board have to be accepted as well as an examination of the financial affairs of the national offices by Partnership representatives.[16]

The president of World Vision International has a seat on all national offices with own national board. Normally he sends a representative.[17] World Vision International is registered in the United States as a charitable organization and described by the Internal Revenue Service as a church and is therefore as a religious charity not obligated to disclose its finances to the tax authorities.[2]

The partnership offices – located in Geneva, Bangkok, Nairobi, Cyprus, Los Angeles, and San José, Costa Rica – coordinate operations of the organization and represent World Vision in the international arena. For making large scale decisions, the international organization considers opinions from each national office, whether in the developed or developing world.

An international board of directors oversees the World Vision partnership. The full board meets twice a year to appoint senior officers, approve strategic plans and budgets, and determine international policy. The current chairperson of the international board is Denis St. Armour of Canada. The international president is Kevin J. Jenkins.[18][19]

Spirituality

In A Declaration of Internationalization (1978) World Vision declares a Statement of Faith[20] that corresponds to the Statement of Faith[21] put forward by the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) as the theological frame in which the organization as a whole must operate.[22][23]

World Vision aims to incorporate its Christian belief into its development work, as well as its organization. Vice President of Advocacy and Government Relations at World Vision Canada Linda Tripp wrote, "In Christ, we have a role model who healed the sick, fed the hungry, clothed the naked, and comforted the outcast, and whose message was about restoring relationships and reconciliation." This directly relates to World Vision's mission to provide emergency relief and development, promote justice, and spread awareness to countries in need.

World Vision staff are not affiliated with one specific church; its staff includes members from Protestantism, Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Staff participates in daily and weekly services. They stress that one can be a Christian in any culture. However, World Vision also respects other religions that they encounter, stating that "to promote a secular approach to life would be an insult to them".[24] Richard Stearns, president of World Vision US, stated that World Vision has a strict policy against proselytizing, which he describes as "...using any kind of coercion or inducement to listen to a religious message before helping someone".[25]

The World Vision Partnership and all its national members are committed to the concept of transformational development,[26] which is cast in a biblical framework and in which evangelization is an integral part of development work.[27]

Activities

File:Wvi relief2.jpg
WV distributes removable toilets to schools during emergency response

The activities of the World Vision organization are divided into five major areas: emergency relief, education, health care, economic development, and promotion of justice. World Vision activities include transformational development, emergency relief, strategic initiatives, public awareness campaigns and promoting Christianity. The organization has consultative status with UNESCO and partnerships with UN agencies like UNICEF, WHO, UNHCR and ILO, and financial records reveal that it has funded evangelical activities all over the world.[28]

Its approach to aid is to first help people and their communities recognize the resources that lie within them. With support from World Vision, it claims communities transform themselves by carrying out their own development projects in health care, agriculture production, water projects, education, micro-enterprise development, advocacy and other community programs.

It provides emergency relief to people whose lives are endangered by disasters or conflict and who need immediate assistance. It attempts to respond to all major emergencies around the world themselves or in cooperation with their partner agencies. For example, World Vision responded to famine[29] in Ethiopia and North Korea, hurricanes in Central America, the tsunami in the Indian Ocean nations, earthquakes in El Salvador, India, Taiwan, Turkey and the Sichuan earthquake in China, Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar and war refugees in Kosovo, Chechnya, Sierra Leone, Angola, and East Timor.

It also addresses factors that perpetuate poverty by what it describes as promoting justice. It supports community awareness of the collective ability to address unjust practices and begin working for change. It claims to speak out on issues such as child labor, debt relief for poor nations,[30] and the use of children as combatants in armed conflict. World Vision International has endorsed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. It claims to foster opportunities to help reduce conflict levels and to contribute to the peaceful resolution of hostilities and reconciliation of disputes.[31]

WV relief effort in disaster affected areas

World Vision encourages public awareness about the needs of others, the causes of poverty, and the nature of compassionate response.[32] These efforts include collaboration with media and community participation in fundraising.[33] In areas of the world that are considered too dangerous for news organizations to send their crews, World Vision’s own videographers supply newscasters with footage of events from these areas.[34]

In its communications, the organization claims to uphold the dignity of children and families in presenting explanations of the causes and consequences of poverty, war, neglect, and abuse.[35]

World Vision spends a considerable amount of time advocating to the U.S. government. In 2010, director of advocacy and government relations Robert Zachritz gave a testimony on global hunger to the human rights caucus. In his speech Zachritz states that in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights it lays the foundation for food as a right by saying in article 25 that "everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food..." He went on to state specific statistics on the issue such as 1 in 6 people currently suffer from hunger. Zachritz even proposes that out of the major global challenges addressing malnutrition and hunger would offer the most cost effective solutions. "The January 2007 Lancet series reviewing the literature on child development showed that beyond the short-term consequences of increased mortality, morbidity and disability, childhood malnutrition has debilitating long-term consequences of stunted physical and cognitive development, lower economic productivity, and greater susceptibility to disease." Currently 1/3 of children are stunted. Zachritz stressed the importance of a proper diet for children, especially under the age of two, to avoid stunting.[36]

As a Christian organization, World Vision participates in what it labels strategic initiatives[clarification needed] with people it identifies as Christian leaders and lay people of all denominations through conferences, consultations, training programs and various educational opportunities. World Vision claims to be an ecumenical organization willing to partner with all Christian churches while claiming to be respectful of other faiths.

World Vision believes missionary work is a fundamental part of its relief work. The organization believes in the Christian God, claiming the "person of Jesus offers hope of renewal, restoration, and reconciliation". It says it seeks to express this message through "life, deed, word, and sign". It claims its programs and services are provided without regard to race, ethnic origin, gender, or religion.

The organization was one of the founding members of global IT nonprofit NetHope.[37] With more than 50 years of experience in India, World Vision India works in 24 states across the country through development that is community based, sustainable and transformational emergency response and disaster mitigation, advocacy initiatives that are grassroots based. World Vision India is a national NGO in partnership with a network of over 100 other entities within World Vision International. World Vision India is registered as a society under the Tamil Nadu Societies Act with its National Office based in Chennai. Governed by an autonomous Board of Directors, World Vision's programmes are facilitated by close to 1700 staff.

World Vision India provided relief supplies to people affected by earth quake that jolted north,northeast and east India.[38]

Child sponsorship

Helping create lasting positive change in the lives of children, families and communities living in poverty, World Vision serves everyone irrespective of religion, caste, race, ethnicity or gender. The humanitarian organisation has a sponsorship program that helps needy children, their families and communities. Focused primarily on Child Sponsorship, World Vision’s child sponsorship programs help needy children get access to clean drinking water, sanitation, education, skills for future livelihood, nutrition, health care and participate in an age-appropriate in development processes. By changing the lives of children, the child sponsorship programs also facilitate overall growth and development in the community, as it helps communities to build a better future through empowerment, education, income generation, and self-sufficiency. Child Sponsorship programs seek equitable, just, peaceful, productive and inclusive relationships within households and communities, responsible relationship with the environment, a culture of participation with families and whole communities empowered to influence and shape their situation through coalitions and networks addressing systemic issues towards ensuring access to basic needs in a sustainable manner. Sponsorship amount per month is Rs. 800/-.(in India) It is different than donation and anybody interested to be part of this sponsorship process can be involved.

Criticism

Child Sponsorship

In a 2008 report on famine in Ethiopia, reporter Andrew Geoghegan, from Australian TV programme Foreign Correspondent, visited his 14 year old sponsor child. The girl has "been part of a World Vision program all her life" yet says (in translated subtitle) "Until recently, I didn't know I had a sponsor." and when asked about her knowledge of World Vision sponsorship says "Last time they gave me this jacket and a pen." Geoghegan was disconcerted to find that despite being "told by World Vision that [the girl] was learning English at school, and was improving...she speaks no English at all".[39]

In response World Vision states that they take a community approach where the money is not directly provided to the family of the sponsored child. The 'direct benefit' approach would result in jealousy among other community members without children and would not work.[40]

Foreign Correspondent replied to World Vision concerning child sponsorship. In part, that response reads: "Foreign Correspondent sought answers from World Vision representatives on why the organisation's literature creates the impression that donated money goes directly to the sponsor child. The World Vision representative failed to adequately respond to the questions and instead outlined the community projects where sponsor money is spent. Foreign Correspondent does not dispute the integrity of World Vision projects but questions the way sponsorship is promoted to the public. In its response, World Vision has ignored the reporter's surprise at finding his sponsor child speaks no English, yet he has been receiving regular reports from the organisation that she's learning English at school and has a good command of the language..., Andrew Geoghegan has sponsored Tsehaynesh Delago for a decade and yet she claims she was unaware, until recently, that she had a sponsor and says the only benefit she has ever received directly from World Vision is a pen and the denim jacket she wore on the day of filming."[41]

In 1999 the academic journal, Development in Practice published an overview of World Vision's history focusing on the evolution of its global architecture. `Pursuing Partnership: World Vision and the Ideology of Development' was notable for being written by then World Vision staff person Alan Whaites, who went on to become a respected development political scientist. Whaites offered a picture of an organization that was often spurred to innovate and change as a result of internal reflection on external criticism.[42]

In 2007, British animal rights group Animal Aid criticized World Vision, Christian Aid, Oxfam, and other aid groups for sending farm animals to families in developing countries. Animal Aid argued that farm animals drink water and eat the food that could otherwise be used to feed families more efficiently.[43] Such criticisms, however, do not acknowledge that the provision of animals to families in developing countries is an important part of building (or re-building) livelihoods for poor, rural families around the world. Organizations that provide such resources work closely with recipient communities in order to assess the ability to raise livestock and poultry - including veterinary care and natural resource management, for example.[43]

Corruption in some national offices

"In February 2007...World Vision received an anonymous tip that lower level World Vision Liberia employees in key positions...were diverting food deliveries and building supplies for personal gain. World Vision immediately launched an investigation into the allegations, sending auditors to [their] field sites. Through this extensive internal audit, World Vision uncovered the nature and extent of the alleged violations and furnished detailed documentation that assisted the U.S. Government’s subsequent investigation."[44]

On October 25, 2013 World Vision Malawi cancelled a visit and fact-finding trip by a dozen United States Christians from San Antonio, Texas. A fear of danger and instability resulted from the dismissal of World Vision Malawi staff due to corruption. At the same time, the Malawi government fired the president's cabinet because of corruption.

Evangelism

World Vision India has been accused of spending money on Christian evangelism in India.[45] The political weekly Tehelka has cited World Vision India's involvement with AD2000 as proof of proselytizing.[46] Radhakant Nayak, a leader of World Vision's local chapter in Orissa, was also accused by Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh of being involved in the murder of Swami Lakshmanananda.[47][48] World Vision India condemned the murder and denied any involvement, pointing out its anti-proselytizing policy.[49]

Political Conflicts

In February 2012, based on information provided by the Israel Law Center, World Vision Australia allegedly provided "financial aid to a Gaza-based terrorist group", the Union of Agricultural Work Committees (UAWC), which they also alleged is a "front for terror group the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine". WV had "suspended its dealings" with UAWC until the outcome of the investigation.[50][51] WV resumed working with UAWC after AusAID and World Vision found the allegations were unfounded.[52] The Israel Law Center considers World Vision's response to be a whitewash and maintains that the allegations have not been refuted.[53]

Academic Ian Buchanan, author of "Armies Of God: A Study In Militant Christianity", has claimed that World Vision is effectively an arm of the United States Department of State.[54]

Same-sex marriage

On March 24, 2014, the United States branch of World Vision announced that it would hire what it defined as Christians in same-sex marriages.[55] Facing protests from donors and the larger evangelical community after the announcement, World Vision reversed the policy change two days later.[56][57]

Must Have Gifts

Must Have Gifts [58] is a part of World Vision UK.

Notable affiliated persons

Affiliated organizations

References

  1. ^ a b c "World Vision International - History". World Vision International. February 10, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
  2. ^ a b Group exempt letters from IRS to World Vision International and World Vision, Inc. Feb. 13, 2009, (accessed on Aug. 11, 2011)
  3. ^ see also entry "World Vision International" in California Secretary of State Business Database
  4. ^ Kristof, Nicholas D. (February 28, 2010). "Learning From the Sin of Sodom". The New York Times.
  5. ^ Holtzman, Clay, World Vision donors dig deep, Puget Sound Business Journal (Seattle), February 6, 2009
  6. ^ WVI Accountability Report 2011
  7. ^ Graeme Irvine: "Best Things in the Worst Times: An Insiders View of World Vision" BookPartners, Inc. (1996) p. 77 ISBN 1-885221-37-1
  8. ^ "World Vision International : Company Content Page". Manta.com. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  9. ^ [1][dead link]
  10. ^ Ken Waters: "How World Vision Rose From Obscurity To Prominence: Television Fundraising 1972–1982" American Journalism, 15, Nr. 4, 69–93 (1998)
  11. ^ S.W. Haas: "MARC to Make Transition, Retain Its Mission" MARC Newsletter 03-4, World Vision Publications, Nov. 2003
  12. ^ a b c World Vision History, retrieved April 26, 2011
  13. ^ "Country Profiles". World Vision. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  14. ^ Our Mission, World Vision, Retrieved July 21, 2009
  15. ^ Karen Foreman: Evolving Global Structures and the Challenges Facing International Relief and Development Organizations. In: Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 28/4 (1999), S. 178–197
  16. ^ Appendix D, "A Covenant of Partnership" in Graeme Irvine: "Best Things in the Worst Times: An Insiders View of World Vision" BookPartners, Inc. (1996) ISBN 1-885221-37-1
  17. ^ Tim Stafford: "The Colossus of Care" Christianity Today, February 24, 2005
  18. ^ "World Vision – Full 2008 Annual Financial Statement in PDF" (PDF). Retrieved September 3, 2009.
  19. ^ "International: World Vision names new international president". April 8, 2009. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
  20. ^ see e.g. Statement of Faith of World Vision
  21. ^ Statement of Faith of the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) used as the standard for its evangelical convictions [2]
  22. ^ A Declaration of Internationalization (1978) Appendix D in J.R.Hamilton: "An Historical Study of Bob Pierce and World Vision's Development of the Evangelical Social Action Film" Dissertation, University of Southern California, 1980,
  23. ^ Each national Member of World Vision has also to subscribe to this Statement of Faith by signing the "Covenant of Partnership", see Appendix D, "A Covenant of Partnership" in Graeme Irvine: "Best Things in the Worst Times: An Insiders View of World Vision" BookPartners, Inc. (1996) ISBN 1-885221-37-1
  24. ^ Tripp, Linda. "Gender and development from a Christian perspective: Experience from World Vision." Gender and Development 7.1 (1999): 62–64. Print.
  25. ^ Stearns, Richard. "World Vision CEO Richard Stearns Charts Course, Spirit For Nonprofit Sector ." Huffington Post Mar. 3, 2011: 1–2. Print.
  26. ^ "World Vision Mission Statement." In: Graeme Irvine: "Best Things in the Worst Times: An Insiders View of World Vision", BookPartners, Inc. (1996) ISBN 1-885221-37-1, Appendix C.
  27. ^ see e.g. Bryant L. Myer: "Walking with the Poor: Principles and Practice of Transformational Development" ISBN 1-57075-275-3 (1999)
  28. ^ "The People's Paper". Tehelka. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  29. ^ Costello, Tim, et al., Freedom from hunger: the most basic of human rights, Opinion Piece – World Vision Australia, posted: Dec 10, 2008, Authors: Tim Costello (World Vision), Julia Newton-Howes (CARE), Paul O’Callaghan (ACFID), Jack de Groot (Caritas), Andrew Hewett (Oxfam), and Robert Tickner (Red Cross).
  30. ^ – Amnesty International News – Apr 2, 2009, G20 leaders urged to protect the poor, April 2, 2009
  31. ^ Amnesty International News – Oct 14, 2005 – Uganda: Former child soldiers excluded in adulthood, October 14, 2005, independent journalist Euan Denholm
  32. ^ Advocacy action center, World Vision, Retrieved July 21, 2009
  33. ^ – Amnesty International Press Center, Document of Public Statement Issued by CEOs of INGOs on the impact of the global economic downturn – October 2008, Authors: Irene Khan, Secretary General, Amnesty International, Jeremy Hobbs, Executive Director, Oxfam International, Dr. Dean Hirsch, Chief Executive Officer, World Vision International, Tom Miller, Chief Executive Officer, PLAN International, Gerd Leipold, International Executive Director, Greenpeace, Dr Robert Glasser, Secretary General, CARE International
  34. ^ Shortal, Helen (April 1, 2001), "Showing the Way", AV Video Multimedia Producer, pp. 67–69
  35. ^ World Vision News – World Vision Houses 70,000 in Somalia In War Torn Area
  36. ^ "Facing Global Hunger | Food as a Right". World Vision. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  37. ^ "Mission". NetHope. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  38. ^ "World Vision India: World Vision India:". Worldvision.in. September 18, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  39. ^ Geoghegan, Andrew "Ethiopia – The Endless Famine", Foreign Correspondent, November 25, 2008, series 18, episode 22, © 2008 Australian Broadcasting Corporation
  40. ^ ABC Material's Foreign Correspondent, World Vision response to Foreign Correspondent story from Ethiopia), broadcast on November 25, 2008, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
  41. ^ ABC Material's Foreign Correspondent, Foreign Correspondent story from Ethiopia broadcast, broadcast on November 25, 2008, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
  42. ^ "Pursuing partnership: World Vision and the ideology of development - a case study". www.developmentinpractice.org. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  43. ^ a b Christian Today, World Vision, Christian Aid Criticised for Sending Animals to Poor Countries
  44. ^ World Vision, World Vision, World Vision statement regarding alleged fraud in Liberia
  45. ^ Attack on Laxmanananda by Christian mob in Orissa-I, V Sundaram, Fri, Dec 28, 2007, newstodaynet.com
  46. ^ VK Shashikumar '"Preparing for the harvest ..."' Tehelka, Vol 1, Issue 1, Feb 07, 2004
  47. ^ RSS wing blames Cong MP for triggering communal tension in Kandhamal, June 22, 2011, dailypioneer.com
  48. ^ Net closes in on Cong MP for Orissa swami’s murder, Debabrata Mohanty, Sat Dec 27, 2008, Bhubaneswar, indianexpress.com.
  49. ^ Statement by World Vision India on comments made by RSS Spokesperson on CNN-IBN – World Vision India, August 27, 2008.
  50. ^ J. Paraszuk: "Australian groups accused of aiding PFLP-linked group" The Jerusalem Post, Feb. 17, 2012
  51. ^ Chip Le Grand: "World Vision to investigate terror link" The Australian, Feb.18, 2012
  52. ^ Chip Le Grand: "Vision back as AusAID dismisses 'terror' link" The Australian, March 2, 2012
  53. ^ "World Vision: Shurat HaDin responds". Jwire.com.au. May 23, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  54. ^ Evangelical Christianity: Devils in high places, Sunday, Mar 27, 2011, Yogesh Puwar, Mumbai, DNA
  55. ^ "Is This the Future of Same-Sex Marriage for Evangelicals?". Aleteia. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  56. ^ "World Vision reverses decision to hire Christians in same-sex marriages". Fox News. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  57. ^ "World Vision Reverses Decision to Hire Christians in Same-Sex Marriages". Christianity Today. March 26, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
  58. ^ http://www.musthavegifts.org

Further reading

See also:

  • Katharina Hofer: Afrika im hektischen Missionsfieber. In: Deutscher Bundestag (Hrsg.), Das Parlament Nr. 10 vom 1. März 2004 (Online-Text).
  • Mark R. Amstutz / Andrew S. Natsios: Faith-Based NGOs and U.S. Foreign Policy, in: Elliott Abrams (Hg.): The influence of faith. Religious groups and U.S. foreign policy, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham, Maryland 2001, S. 175-189 (Amstutz) / S. 189-200 (Natsios);
  • Steve Brouwer, Paul Gifford, Susan D. Rose: Exporting the American gospel. Global Christian fundamentalism, Routledge, New York 1996, S. 184 (online);
  • James K. Wellman, Jr.: Art. Evangelicalism, in: Thomas Riggs (Hg.): Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices, Bd. 1: Religions and Denominations, Thomson Gale, Farmington Hills, Michigan 2006, S. 183-188, hier S. 187f.
  • Evangelical Manifesto Steering Committee EIN EVANGELIKALES MANIFEST. Eine Erklärung zur evangelikalen Identität und zum öffentlichen Engagement, Washington, D.C., 7. Mai 2008, Übersetzung des Instituts für Ethik & Werte, Gießen.
  • Derek Michaud / YunJung Moon / Mark Mann: Art. Carl F. H. Henry (1913-2003), in: Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology, mit Bezug auf Edith L. Blumhofer / Joel A. Carpanter: Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism. A Guide to the Sources, Garland Publishing, New York - London 1990, S. xi.
  • Charles van Engen: Opportunities and Limitatons, in: Gary Corwin, Kenneth B. Mulholland (Hgg.): Working together with God to shape the new millennium, Evangelical Missions Society, Pasadena, California 2000, S. 82-122, hier S. 98.
  • Interhemispheric Ressource Center: Report World Vision, 1991, hier zitiert nach Stephen A. Kent: The French & German vs. American Debate over 'New Religions', Scientology, and Human Rights, in: Marburg Journal of Religion 6/1 (2001), Online-Text.
  • William A. Dyrness: Evangelical theology and culture, in: Timothy Larsen, Daniel J. Treier (Hgg.): The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007, S. 145-160, hier S. 151.
  • Kai M. Funkschmidt: Art. World Vision / World Vision International, in: Hans Dieter Betz et al. (Hgg.): Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 4. A., Bd. 8, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2005, Sp. 1694f.
  • Julie Hearn: The 'Invisible' NGO. US Evangelical Missions in Kenya, in: Journal of Religion in Africa 32/1 (2002), S. 32-60, hier S. 34.53.
  • D. Michael Lindsay: Faith in the halls of power. How evangelicals joined the American elite, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007, ISBN 0195326660, S. 259.
  • David Stoll: Is Latin America Turning Protestant? The Politics of Evangelical Growth, University of California Press, Oxford 1990, ISBN 0520076451, S. 289 (vgl. z.B. S. 155 u.ö.).
  • Hans-Jürgen Prien: Der Protestantismus in Lateinamerika im (18.-20. Jh.), in: Anuario de historia de la Iglesia 9 (2000), S. 171-195, hier S. 188.
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