Acanthizidae

Acanthizidae
	Brown thornbill (Acanthiza pusilla)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Superfamily:	Meliphagoidea
Family:	Acanthizidae; Bonaparte, 1854
Genera
	15, see list

Acanthizidae—sometimes called Australian warblers—are a family of passerine birds which includes gerygones, thornbills Acanthiza, and scrubwrens Sericornis. The family Acanthizidae consists of small to medium passerine birds, with a total length varying between 8 and 19 centimetres (3.1 and 7.5 in). They have short rounded wings, slender bills, long legs, and a short tail. Most species have olive, grey, or brown plumage, although some have patches of a brighter yellow. The weebill is the smallest species of acanthizid, and the smallest Australian passerine; the largest is the pilotbird.

Taxonomy and systematics

Following the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy (1990) they were previously regarded as subfamily Acanthizinae within the family Pardalotidae. More recent molecular genetic studies do not support this arrangement. The Dasyornithidae (which include the bristlebirds) are variously seen either as subfamily Dasyornithinae within the family Acanthizidae or Pardalotidae or as own family (Schodde & Mason 1999). A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2019 found that the family Acanthizidae is sister to the pardalotes in the small family Pardalotidae. The pardalotes are native to Australia.^[3]

List of genera

The family contains 67 species divided in 15 genera.^[4]

Pachycare – Goldenface Pachycare flavogriseum
Oreoscopus – Fernwren Oreoscopus gutturalis
Acanthornis – Scrubtit Acanthornis magna
Smicrornis – Weebill Smicrornis brevirostris
Calamanthus – Fieldwrens (three species)
Hylacola – Heathwrens (two species)
Pycnoptilus – Pilotbird Pycnoptilus floccosus
Pyrrholaemus – Redthroat and Speckled Warbler (two species)
Origma – Rockwarbler and two species of Mouse-Warblers (three species)
Neosericornis – Yellow-throated Scrubwren Neosericornis citreogularis
Aethomyias – Scrubwrens and Bicoloured Mouse-warbler (six species)
Sericornis – Scrubwrens (eight species)
Gerygone – Gerygones (20 species including one now extinct)
Acanthiza – Thornbills (14 species)
Aphelocephala – Whitefaces (three species)

Distribution and habitat

Acanthizids are native to Australia, Indonesia, New Zealand, and the southwest Pacific. The greatest diversity is found in Australia, 35 endemic species, then New Guinea with 15. A species lives in Vanuatu, New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands, and a further three in the New Zealand region, including endemic species in the Chatham Islands and Norfolk Island. In Asia two species are restricted to Indonesia and another is found in the Philippines and on mainland Asia. Most species are sedentary, except the gerygones. The family occupies a range of habitats from rainforests to arid regions.^{[citation needed]}

Behaviour and ecology

Most species are terrestrial, feeding primarily on insects, although also eating some seeds. In particular the whitefaces consume large numbers of seeds, and other species will take fruits. The secretions of sap-sucking insects are favoured by some species, as are the insects themselves. Some species are less terrestrial, such as the weebill, which forages in the treetops, or the rock-dwelling rockwarbler. Rainforest species lay one to two eggs in a clutch, and species in the deserts and Tasmania lay three to four. Acanthizids are unusual for passerines in their long incubation periods, which rival those of large songbirds like the Corvidae.^[5] Also, despite their long incubation period hatching is completely synchronous and within-brood mortality completely absent. Acanthizids are relatively long-lived, with many species living to over ten years of age in the wild^[6] and cooperative breeding is found in the weebill and with a lesser degree of development in all whitefaces and most species of Sericornis^[7] and Acanthiza.^[8]

Status and conservation

Most taxa are considered as least concern. One species – the Lord Howe gerygone (Gerygone insularis) – became extinct by rat predation in the early 1930s. The Norfolk Island gerygone (Gerygone modesta) is vulnerable and the chestnut-breasted whiteface (Aphelocephala pectoralis) is near threatened.

Gallery

White-browed scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis)
Large-billed gerygone (Gerygone magnirostris)
Brown gerygone (Gerygone mouki)
Weebill (Smicrornis brevirostris)
Speckled warbler (Chthonicola sagittatus)
Shy heathwren (Hylacola cauta)
Yellow thornbill (Acanthiza nana)

References

^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1854). Notes Ornithologiques sur les Collections Rapportées en 1853, par M.A. Delattre, de son Voyage en Californie et dans le Nicaragua [et Classification Parallélique des Passereaux Chanteurs]. Vol. 37. Paris: Mallet-Bachelier.
^ Longmore, N. Wayne, ed. (5 Jan 2015). "Family ACANTHIZIDAE Bonaparte, 1854". Australian Biological Resources Study: Australian Faunal Directory. Australian Government: Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
^ Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. 116 (16): 7916–7925. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Bristlebirds, pardalotes, Australasian warblers". World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
^ Ricklefs, R.E.; “Sibling competition, hatching asynchrony, incubation period, and lifespan in altricial birds”; in Power, Dennis M. (editor); Current Ornithology. Vol. 11. ISBN 9780306439902
^ Garnett, Stephen (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 197. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
^ Gardner, Janet; “Life In the Slow Lane: Reproductive Life History of the White-Browed Scrubwren, An Australian Endemic” in The Auk; 117(2), 479–489 (2000)
^ See “Old endemics and new invaders: alternative strategies of passerines for living in the Australian environment”