User:Dr Ramdip Ray/Centre for Liver and Biliary Sciences : CLBS@Artemis

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Liver Transplantation is perhaps the greatest surgical endeavor on the human body as of today - not only in terms of the surgical complexity, the duration of the operations , the costs and human effort involved - but also in terms of the social, the familial and the emotional challenges it can pose.No other operation comes anywhere as close.

Much of the initial work on Liver transplantation has been done by Thomas E Starzl and the evolution of this high end specialty has been essayed nicely by Starzl himself in a recent publication. ^[1]

^ http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/pdf/2012_c_starzl.pdf

As Starzl was busy doing a lot of work on liver transplantation that would go on to become the foundations of the future success of transplant, 4 other centers were founded during this period: the first by Roy Calne (Cambridge, UK) in 1968, followed by Henri Bismuth (Paris),Rudolf Pichlmayr (Hannover, Germany) and Rudi Krom (Gronigen, The Netherlands) during the 1970s.

The technical advances in liver transplant surgery were not enough to make liver transplant sustainable till, in 1979 Sir Roy Calne from Cambridge reported the use of Cyclosporine for Immunosuppression in 34 transplants including 2 liver transplants. ^[1]

^ Cyclosporin A initially as the only immunosuppressant in 34 recipients of cadaveric organs: 32 kidneys, 2 pancreases, and 2 livers. Calne RY, Rolles K, White DJ, Thiru S, Evans DB, McMaster P, Dunn DC, Craddock GN, Henderson RG, Aziz S, Lewis P Lancet. 1979 Nov 17; 2(8151):1033-6.

A further advance was the combination of Cyclosporine with steroids ( prednisolone ) by Starzl's group, thus reducing the adverse effects of using only Cyclosporine. ^[1]

^ Liver transplantation with use of cyclosporin a and prednisone.Starzl TE, Klintmalm GB, Porter KA, Iwatsuki S, Schröter GP N Engl J Med. 1981 Jul 30; 305(5):266-9.

This meant that by the end of the 70s most patients were alive more than a year after liver trsnaplsnts.

References[edit]

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Laskerfoundation" is not used in the content (see the help page).

External links[edit]

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[1] ttp://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/pdf/2012_c_starzl.pdf

[2] Cyclosporin A initially as the only immunosuppressant in 34 recipients of cadaveric organs: 32 kidneys, 2 pancreases, and 2 livers. Calne RY, Rolles K, White DJ, Thiru S, Evans DB, McMaster P, Dunn DC, Craddock GN, Henderson RG, Aziz S, Lewis P Lancet. 1979 Nov 17; 2(8151):1033-6.

[3] Liver transplantation with use of cyclosporin a and prednisone.Starzl TE, Klintmalm GB, Porter KA, Iwatsuki S, Schröter GP N Engl J Med. 1981 Jul 30; 305(5):266-9.

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