凹

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See also: 凸
凹 U+51F9, 凹
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51F9
← 凸
[U+51F8] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 出 →
[U+51FA]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
5 strokes
Stroke order (Japan)
5 strokes

Han character[edit]

凹 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 尸尸山 (SSU), four-corner 77770, composition ⿶凵⿰㇅⿱一丨)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 135, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1810
  • Dae Jaweon: page 301, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 308, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+51F9

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 凹

Glyph origin[edit]

Pictogram (象形) .

Etymology[edit]

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Related to 坳 (ào) or 䫜／𬱮 (āo)?”

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • nap1 - semantic (訓讀), common;
  • aau3 - variant, used in place names.
Note:
  • au - literary;
  • lap - literary (俗);
  • nah - vernacular (俗) (“concave; to cave in; indentation”).
Rime
Character 凹
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 咸 (152)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 烏洽切
Baxter 'eap
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔˠɛp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔᵚæp̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔɐp̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔəɨp̚/
Li
Rong 		/ʔɐp̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɐp̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʔăp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		ya
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		aap3
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 凹 凹
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 36 37
Phonetic
component 		凹 凹
Rime
group 		幽 緝
Rime
subdivision 		3 3
Corresponding
MC rime 		䫜 𨂁
Old
Chinese 		/*qriːw/ /*qriːb/

Definitions[edit]

凹

  1. concave; hollow; sunken; dented
    凹透鏡／凹透镜  ―  āotòujìng  ―  concave lens
    凹頭／凹头 [Cantonese]  ―  aau3 tau4-2 [Jyutping]  ―  Au Tau (a place in Yuen Long District, Hong Kong)
  2. to cave in; to be sunken; to dent; to be concave
    床中間凹下去。／床中间凹下去。  ―  Chuáng zhōngjiān āo xià qù.  ―  The bed sunk in the middle.
    中間凹咗落去 [Cantonese, trad.]
    中间凹咗落去 [Cantonese, simp.]
    zung1 gaan1 nap1 zo2 lok6 heoi3 [Jyutping]
    has a dent in the middle
  3. indentation; depression
    山凹  ―  shān'āo  ―  mountain cave
    酒凹 [Cantonese]  ―  zau2 nap1 [Jyutping]  ―  dimple
    彼條路中央有一凹，你著愛較細膩咧。 [Hokkien, trad.]
    彼条路中央有一凹，你着爱较细腻咧。 [Hokkien, simp.]
    Hit tiâu lō͘ tiong-ng ū chi̍t nah, lí tio̍h-ài khah sè-jī leh. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    There's a depression on that road, you have to be more careful.
Antonyms[edit]
  • (antonym(s) of "concave"): 凸 (tū, “convex”)

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Definitions[edit]

凹

  1. Alternative form of 窪／洼 (wā)
    賈平凹／贾平凹  ―  Jiǎ Píngwā  ―  Jia Pingwa (a Chinese writer)

Pronunciation 3[edit]

Definitions[edit]

凹

  1. (Cantonese) Alternative form of 𠱃

Pronunciation 4[edit]

Definitions[edit]

凹

  1. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) swollen bumps on the skin
    規面攏是予蠓仔咬的凹。 [Hokkien, trad.]
    规面拢是予蠓仔咬的凹。 [Hokkien, simp.]
    Kui bīn lóng sī hō͘ báng-á kā ê nah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    His/her entire face is covered with swollen mosquito bites.
  2. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for swollen bumps on the skin.
    面予蠓仔咬一凹。 [Hokkien, trad. and simp.]
    Bīn hō͘ báng-á kā chi̍t nah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    His face was bit by the mosquito with one swollen bump.

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

凹

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
凹
おう
Grade: S
on’yomi

/apu/ → /afu/ → /au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/

From Middle Chinese 凹 (MC 'eap). Compare modern Mandarin reading āo, Min Nan au.

Pronunciation[edit]

Affix[edit]

凹(おう) • (ō) ←あふ (afu)?

  1. concave
Usage notes[edit]

The character 凹 with the reading ō is only used in compounds, and never in isolation.

Compounds[edit]
Compounds using 凹 (ō)

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
凹
くぼ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Unknown. Sound similarities might suggest a connection to words related to darkness or deep interior, such as 雲 (kumo, “cloud”), 蜘蛛 (kumo, “spider”), 隈 (kuma, “a recess, a deep interior corner”), 黒 (kuro, “black”), 暗 (kura, “darkness”); more at 黒. Alternately, these broad similarities might be pure coincidence.

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

凹(くぼ) • (kubo) 

  1. an area with sides higher than the center: an indentation, a depression, a dip, a divot, a hole
  2. (slang) female genitalia, the vagina
Synonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Terms derived from 凹 (kubo)

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
凹
くぼみ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Noun stem of verb 凹む (kubomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself a compound of 凹 (kubo, “an indentation, a dip”) +‎ む (mu, “to become like something”, auxiliary verb attaching to nouns or adjective stems, cognate with びる (biru) biru).[3]

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

凹(くぼみ) • (kubomi) 

  1. a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent
Usage notes[edit]

The 凹(くぼ)み or 窪(くぼ)み spelling with the okurigana み is more common when used as a standalone term. The spelling without the okurigana is more common in compounds.

Derived terms[edit]
Terms derived from 凹 (kubomi)

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
凹
なかくぼ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Compound of 中 (naka, “inside, inner”) +‎ 窪 (kubo, “pit, indentation”).[3][1][4]

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

凹(なかくぼ) • (nakakubo) 

  1. a sunken center
  2. a place or object with a sunken center
Usage notes[edit]

The 中(なか)窪(くぼ) spelling is more common.

Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 5[edit]

Kanji in this term
凹
へこみ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Noun stem of verb 凹む (hekomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself an abbreviated compound of 減り (heri, noun stem of verb 減る (heru, “to reduce, to decrease, to diminish”)) +‎ 込む (komu, “to go inwardly”).[3]

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

凹(へこみ) • (hekomi) 

  1. a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent
  2. a mistake, and error
  3. a moment of weakness or confusion, being at a loss
Usage notes[edit]

The 凹(へこ)み (hekomi) spelling is more common.

Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 6[edit]

Kanji in this term
凹
ぼこ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Uncertain. Possibly onomatopoeic from the sound of a wheel bouncing in a rut or pothole, or from the sound of something hollow when tapped. Compare adverb ぼこぼこ (bokoboko, “full of holes; hollowly”).

Alternately, may be compound of ぼ (bo, “empty?”, uncertain; possibly related to verb 掘る (horu, “to dig, to dig out”)) +‎ こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element seen in other words such as そこ (soko, “there”) or 端っこ (hashikko, “edge, end, tip”)). Compare 凸 (deko, “protrusion”), likely a compound of 出 (de, “coming out”) + こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

凹(ぼこ) • (boko) 

  1. an indentation, a dip or divot, a hollow, a dent in a surface
Derived terms[edit]
Terms derived from 凹 (boko)

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  4. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

凹 (eumhun 오목할 요 (omokhal yo))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

凹: Hán Nôm readings: ao

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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