Associated Artists Productions

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Associated Artists Productions, Inc.
FormerlyAssociated Artists (1948–1951)
PRM, Inc. (1954–1956)
Associated Artists Productions, Inc. (1956–1958)
United Artists Associated (1958–1968)
Company typePrivate
IndustryTelevision syndication
Founded1948 (first incarnation)[1]
1954 (second incarnation)
FounderEliot Hyman
DefunctOctober 1958 (as Associated Artists Productions)
1968 (as United Artists Associated)
FateFolded into United Artists
SuccessorUnited Artists Television Distribution
Headquarters
New York, New York
,
United States
ProductsTelevision packages of feature films and theatrical short subjects and cartoons
OwnerEliot Hyman (1948–1951; 1954–1958)
ParentIndependent (1948–1951, 1954–1958)
United Artists (1958–1968)
Subsidiaries
  • a.a.p. Records, Inc.

Associated Artists Productions, Inc. (a.a.p.)[2][3] was a distributor of theatrical feature films and short subjects for television. Through acquisitions, Associated Artists Productions' assets were purchased by United Artists, with its library eventually passing to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1981, following its purchase of United Artists, and then to Turner Entertainment Co., following its purchase of the pre-1986 assets of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and select United Artists assets. Turner Entertainment is now part of WarnerMedia. Though a short lived company, Associated Artists Productions lived a legacy of being best known as the copyright owner of the Popeye shorts by Paramount Pictures, and the pre-1948 color Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of shorts produced by Warner Bros., as their logos and trademarks were present at the beginning of each short's 16mm prints syndicated for television in the 1960s.

History

Associated Artists

Associated Artists was founded in 1948 by Eliot Hyman. It handled syndication of around 500 films, including the Republic Pictures and Robert L. Lippert libraries, but both companies soon entered television distribution. It also served syndication for Monogram Pictures and Producers Releasing Corporation.[1]

In 1951, Hyman sold the company to David Baird's Lansing Foundation, then to the startup company Motion Pictures for Television (MPTV), where Hyman served as a consultant. Hyman also became a partner in Mouline Productions, the producers of Moby Dick, while financing and producing other films and TV projects.[1]

Associated Artists Productions

In July 1954, Hyman launched another TV distribution company which used the Associated Artists name, Associated Artists Productions, Inc., with the purchase of the syndication rights to the Universal Sherlock Holmes films from MPTV.[1] His son Ken served as vice-president. Associated Artists Productions also acquired distribution right to Johnny Jupiter, Candid Camera, 13 Artcinema Associates feature films, 37 Western films and 3 serials.[1] In March 1956, Hyman's company was acquired by an investment firm headed by Lou Chesler named PRM, Inc.[4]

PRM closed the purchase of the entire pre-1950 library owned by Warner Bros. Pictures[5][6][7][8] in February 1956 for $21 million with a.a.p. and its theatrical subsidiary Dominant Pictures handling distribution sales.[9] In December 1956, PRM changed its name to Associated Artists Productions Corp.[10]

a.a.p. also purchased the Popeye cartoons from Paramount Pictures, which had been produced by Fleischer Studios and Famous Studios, in June 1956.[11] This purchase and the Warner Bros. cartoon package combined gave a.a.p. a library of over 568 theatrical cartoon shorts, which would be staples of children's television for many years.

In January 1957, a.a.p announced plans to purchase the short subject library of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for $4,500,000.[12] 900 shorts would be included in the package such as the Tom and Jerry cartoons and Pete Smith comedies, among others. Although the deal was nearly finalized, it fell through, reportedly due to the price of the sale. MGM would then distribute the shorts themselves through their own in-house television subsidiary Metro TV.

National Telefilm Associates announced plans to buy control of AAP Corp. in November 1957.[4] By December 1957, control of a.a.p. was the subject of litigation which was passed on to the New York Supreme Court between the parties of a.a.p., National Telefilm Associates, and Harris minority shareholder group.[13]

United Artists Associated

The company was acquired by United Artists (UA) in 1958,[14] with UA borrowing the full amount $27 million from Manufacturers's Trust when a.a.p. shareholders needed cash quickly. The a.a.p. purchase did come with the uncollected accounts' receivable amount around the purchase price.[15] The resulting division was named United Artists Associated, Inc. (u.a.a.). u.a.a. made a deal to distribute Beany and Cecil internationally. With the twin syndicated packages of Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies and Popeye, u.a.a. took a look at a number of shorts in the a.a.p./pre-1950 WB library that appealed to children and packaged them in a third group known as The Big Mac Show, which has a cartoon wrap around.[16]

Distribution rights

The material a.a.p. bought from Warner Bros. Pictures included all of its features produced and distributed by Warner Bros. prior to 1950 (Warner Bros. retained the rights to two 1949 films it only distributed), and also included was the film Chain Lightning (produced in 1949 and released in 1950). Also included were the live-action short subjects released prior to September 1, 1948.

The cartoon library included every color Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies short released prior to August 1, 1948, and all of the Merrie Melodies produced by Harman-Ising Productions from 1931 to 1933, except Lady, Play Your Mandolin! (1931). The remaining black-and-white Merrie Melodies made from 1933 to 1934 and the black-and-white Looney Tunes were not included in the library. Former Warner cartoon director Bob Clampett was hired to catalog the Warner cartoon library.

Film archive

In 1969, the United Artists Corporation presented to the Library of Congress the earliest surviving preprint material from the pre-1950 film library of Warner Bros. (including First National library). The collection contains 200 silent features (1918–29), 800 sound features (1926–50), 1,800 sound shorts (1926–48), and 337 Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts (1931–48). While consisting largely of Warner Bros. releases, the collection includes nearly two hundred sound features released by Monogram Pictures Corporation between 1936 and 1946 and 231 Popeye cartoons produced by Fleischer Studios and Famous Studios released between 1933 and 1957. Most motion pictures exist in the original black-and-white/Technicolor camera negatives. The Library is converting those items on nitrate to safety film stock and has obtained reference prints for seventy of the better known Warner Bros. features, such as Gold Diggers of 1935 (1935), High Sierra (1941), I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932), The Jazz Singer (1927), and Little Caesar (1930). There are no United Artists films (such as James Bond and The Pink Panther franchise; these are owned by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) in the United Artists Collection. The early synchronized sound Vitaphone shorts are lacking accompanying sound discs.

This is a large collection of nitrate negatives and masters, which are still undergoing transfer to acetate stock. Most of the safety film copies exist only in the preservation master stage, limiting accessibility for viewing and duplication. Some years ago, the Library of Congress obtained 16mm prints (though many are television prints, flat in picture quality and occasionally edited) for the pre-1950 Warner Bros. features. Additional prints have been added to the collection, ranging from "reject fine grain master positives" (copies made for preservation but deemed inadequate) suitable for reference use, to high-quality 35mm prints reserved for theatrical projection. United Artists also sent 16mm prints of most of the Warner Bros. and Monogram films to the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research, such as My Four Years in Germany (1918),[17] Conductor 1492 (1924), Midnight Lovers (1926) and Joe Palooka in Triple Cross (1951).

Titles and holdings are listed in the various M/B/RS catalogs. There are a number of published reference books on Warner Bros. films.[18] Copyrights are still in effect for most of the films in this collection; a donor restriction also applies. United Artists has passed through various hands, but current ownership of this material resides with Turner Entertainment Co.

Ownership of properties

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer purchased United Artists, including the a.a.p. library, from Transamerica Corporation in May 1981 and became MGM/UA Entertainment Co.

The rights to Alfred Hitchcock's 1948 film Rope, originally distributed by Warner Bros. (with MGM) and later copyrighted by UATV, reverted to the director in 1968. Distribution rights were later acquired by Universal Pictures in 1983.

Turner Broadcasting System (via Turner Entertainment Co.) took over the library in 1986 after Ted Turner's short-lived ownership of MGM/UA. When Turner sold back the MGM/UA production unit, he kept the MGM library, including select portions of the a.a.p. library – limited to the Warner Bros. films and the Popeye cartoons – for his own company. The 1936–1946 Monogram films were not included with the purchase, and thus some of these films remain with MGM.

On June 16, 1982, Warner Communications began to buy MGM/UA's assets including United Artists Music Co. as well as the pre-1950 Warner Bros. library (with the pre-1948 Warner Bros. live-action and animation shorts) from MGM/UA. In addition, Warner would bring back the pre-1950 Warner Bros. films to its library: the first half of WB was sold to a.a.p. in 1956, which United Artists bought most of the oldest Warner Bros. films two years later, while Warner owns only the post-1950 films.[19] The MGM-Warner deal was terminated on July 28 of that same year, after two companies failed to complete acquisitions of MGM/UA's record company asset and the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries; the main reason is that the negotiations fell apart because of dozens of unresolved points, probably relating to the oldest Warner Bros. films.[20] The Warner Bros. film libraries were reunited when Time Warner (now WarnerMedia), the studio's parent company since the 1990 merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications, bought Turner in 1996. Turner remains the copyright owner in name only to the former Associated Artists Productions properties, while WarnerMedia handles their distribution.

UA originally leased video rights to their library, including the a.a.p. library, to Magnetic Video, the first home video company. Magnetic Video was sold to 20th Century Fox in 1982, becoming 20th Century-Fox Video. In 1982, Fox and CBS formed CBS/Fox Video, which continued to distribute the UA/a.a.p. library under license from MGM/UA Home Entertainment Group, Inc. until the rights reverted to MGM/UA Home Video. After Turner's purchase of the MGM/UA library, MGM/UA Home Video continued to distribute the films on video under license until 1999. MGM paid Time Warner US$225 million to end their contract of distributing the Associated Artists Productions library early.[21] The rights to distribute were then transferred to Warner Home Video in 2000. Laboratory in Brooklyn to Consolidated Labs in N.J. thus avoiding the New York sales tax on the purchase. Subsequently, the negatives were split up between several labs in the NY area including DuArt, Mercury, Deluxe and CFI. Each lab made new acetate 16mm internegatives and re-recorded sound tracks. Some of the color films were in Technicolor and, as was Technicolor's policy, they held the 3 color negatives and mage prints. TV stations used 16mm prints for their telecasting and each lab made the prints for the titles they held.

These same prints would be the ones used on pre-1999 VHS and laserdisc releases of former a.a.p.-owned films. The a.a.p. versions of these films were also later used for cable television broadcasts (even as recently as March 2011, a.a.p. prints of WB cartoons have been seen on TV). Early releases of WB films released between 1918 and 1931 bore an a.a.p. copyright renewal notice, since these renewals came before the UA purchase, however those copyrights have since been reassigned to Turner.[22]

In 1995, Turner began removing the a.a.p. logos from many of the films (although this process started before that by both UA and local television stations). With the a.a.p. logos being removed, Turner also began creating "dubbed versions" that same year, which are available in American and European formats and most had altered ending cards and color borders in the opening titles for the print given, which they kept, for the Warner Bros. cartoons. These "dubbed" prints attempted to make the material look better with whatever prints they had access to, though some ended up looking worse. One hundred twenty-three of the Warner Bros. cartoons purchased by a.a.p. were restored from their original negatives for inclusion in Warner Home Video's series of six Looney Tunes Golden Collection DVD box sets. Several more WB cartoons formerly owned by a.a.p. have been restored for other Looney Tunes DVD releases since 2010. The black and white Popeye cartoons (and the three Color Specials) were also restored from their original negatives for a series of three Popeye the Sailor DVD sets.[23]

In 2020, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment also currently handled home media distribution of the post-1952 United Artists library (under distribution licensed by MGM Home Entertainment), which already owns and distributes some material from United Artists (including the a.a.p. library) through their ownership of Turner Entertainment Co.

Subsidiaries

  • a.a.p. Records, Inc. was a music arm of a.a.p., which distributed the Official Popeye TV Album.
  • United Telefilms Limited was the Canadian division of a.a.p., which existed around the same time. Live action films used a variation of the main a.a.p. logo, but the initials "UTL" would be spelled out, and a notice at the bottom said "Distributed in Canada by United Telefilms Limited".
    • United Telefilm Records was a music label of United Telefilms.
  • Dominant Pictures Corporation was a subsidiary of a.a.p., which distributed the features that the company purchased to theaters. It re-released a number of films from the pre-1950 WB library, as well as a number of British films which a.a.p. bought the rights to. Dominant also sold and/or leased 16mm prints of WB library titles to non-theatrical rental libraries. The subsidiary was later folded into UA's main theatrical distribution arm after the company was sold to UA. Some pre-1931 WB library is considered lost.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Hyman Returns to Distrib Business, Reactivates Associated Artist Org. New York City. August 28, 1954. p. 6. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Alcott v. Hyman, A.2d 501 (1965).
  3. ^ Fleischer v. Phillips, F.2d 515 (1959).
  4. ^ a b "NTA to Buy Control of AAP Corp". Broadcasting Telecasting. November 18, 1957. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  5. ^ "Finalize $21,000,000 WB Backlog Sale of 1,000 Features to Hyman". Variety. February 29, 1956. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  6. ^ "Warner Sells 750 Features to PRM, Inc". Motion Picture Daily. March 2, 1956. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  7. ^ "Complete Rights to PRM in WB Deal". Motion Picture Daily. March 5, 1956. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  8. ^ Balio, Tino (1987). United Artists: Part 2. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). p. 106. ISBN 978-0299230135.
  9. ^ "Warner Bros. Features Sale Gets Capital Gains Sanction" (PDF). Broadcasting * Telecasting. June 11, 1956. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  10. ^ "Change PRM name to Associated Artists Corp". Motion Picture Daily. December 5, 1956.
  11. ^ "AAP Buys "Popeye" Films for Tv Station Release" (PDF). Broadcasting Telecasting. Broadcasting Publications, Inc. June 11, 1956. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  12. ^ "https://archive.org/details/motionpicturedai81unse/page/n113/mode/2up". Internet Archive. Retrieved 2020-08-22. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  13. ^ "AAP Control Flight Put Off". Billboard. December 16, 1957. p. 7.
  14. ^ "UA Signals Aggressive TV Drive". Broadcasting Telecasting. October 27, 1958. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  15. ^ Balio, Tino (1987). United Artists: The Company That Changed the Film Industry. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-11440-4.
  16. ^ Beck, Jerry (February 16, 2013). "When A.A.P. became U.A.A." Cartoon Research. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  17. ^ My Four Years in Germany (1918)
  18. ^ Catalog of Holdings The American Film Institute Collection and The United Artists Collection at The Library of Congress by The American Film Institute, c. 1978.
  19. ^ "M-G-M TRYING TO SELL UA MUSIC CO". The New York Times. The New York Times. June 17, 1982. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
  20. ^ "MGM UA AND WARNER ENDS TALKS". The New York Times. The New York Times. July 29, 1982. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
  21. ^ Bates, James. "MGM Buys Its Way Out of Pact for $225 Million". Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  22. ^ "Little Caesar [RCA] {76476034122} U - Side 2 - CED Title - Blu-ray DVD Movie Precursor"". Cedmagic.com. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  23. ^ "Popeye DVD". Cartoon Brew. April 2, 2007. Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
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