Bulgar calendar

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The Bulgar calendar was a solar calendar system used by the Bulgars, a seminomadic people, originally from Central Asia, who from the 4th century onwards dwelt in the Eurasian steppes north of the Caucasus and around the banks of river Volga. In 681, part of the Bulgars settled in the Balkan peninsula and established First Bulgarian Empire. The main source of information used for reconstruction of the Bulgar calendar is a short 15th century transcript in Church Slavonic called Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans,[1] which contains 10 pairs of calendar terms. Additionally, the same dating system is used in a marginal note in a manuscript by 10th century monk Tudor Doksov and in the Chatalar Inscription by the 9th-century Bulgaria ruler Omurtag (r. 814-831), who also provides the Byzantine imperial dating equivalent (the indiction). According to the reconstructed calendar, the Bulgars used a 12-year cyclic calendar similar to the one adopted by Turkic peoples from the Chinese calendar, with names and numbers that are deciphered as in Bulgar language.[2] The reading, along with the "cyclic calendar" interpretation itself, was originally proposed by Finnish Slavist Jooseppi Julius Mikkola in 1913. Later, there have been various modifications and elaborations during the 20th century by scholars such as Géza Fehér, Omeljan Pritsak, Mosko Moskov and other scientists.[3]

Reconstructions vary slightly, because some of the names are unattested, and the exact form of a few is debatable. The following list is based on Mosko Moskov's and description of the average mainstream interpretation, as well as his own reconstruction, and takes into account the existing disagreements:[4]

Years:

  1. Mouse (In Bulgar: Somor)
  2. Ox (In Bulgar: Shegor)
  3. Uncertain, probably Tiger / Wolf (In Bulgar: Ver?)
  4. Rabbit (In Bulgar: Dvan[sh])
  5. Uncertain, probably Dragon (In Bulgar: Ver[eni])
  6. Snake (In Bulgar: Dilom)
  7. Horse (In Bulgar: Imen[shegor]?)
  8. Ram (In Bulgar: Teku[chitem]?)
  9. Unattested, probably Monkey
  10. Hen or Rooster (In Bulgar: Toh)
  11. Dog (In Bulgar: Eth)
  12. Boar (In Bulgar: Dohs)

Months: The following list is based on a hypothesis of the economist Peter Dobrev. Dobrev, who supports an "Iranian" fringe theory about the origin of the Bulgars,[5][6] argues the Turkic names of the animals show that the Turkic peoples had borrowed these words from the Iranian Bulgars.[7] He claims that the names of the months below are derived by him by a purely mathematical way and not under the influence of any linguistic or historical hypothesis. However his scientific works in this field have been defined by other authors as too loose interpretation of sources and artifacts.[8]

  1. First Month (In Bulgar: Alem)
  2. Second Month (In Bulgar: Tutom)
  3. Third Month (In Bulgar: Chitem)
  4. Fourth Month (In Bulgar: Tvirem)
  5. Fifth Month (In Bulgar: Vechem)
  6. Sixth Month (In Bulgar: Shehtem)
  7. Unknown/Unattested
  8. Unknown/Unattested
  9. Unknown/Unattested
  10. Tenth Month (In Bulgar: Elem)
  11. Eleventh Month (In Bulgar: Enialem)
  12. Twelfth Month (In Bulgar: Altem)

References and notes

  1. ^ "dtrif/abv: Name list of Bulgarian hans". theo.inrne.bas.bg. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  2. ^ Образуване на българската държава. проф. Петър Петров (Издателство Наука и изкуство, София, 1981) стр. 171.
  3. ^ Zlatarski, Vasil. 1918. Istoriya na balgarskata darzhava prez srednite vekove. Balgarsko letobroene (in Bulgarian).
  4. ^ Именник на българските ханове – ново тълкуване. М.Москов. С. 1988 г. § 80,70
  5. ^ According to Prof. Raymond Detrez, who is a specialist in Bulgarian history and language, such views are based on anti-Turkish sentiments and in serious scholarly circles it is well known that the Bulgar language was a Turkic one: Developing cultural identity in the Balkans: convergence vs divergence, Raymond Detrez, Pieter Plas, Peter Lang, 2005, ISBN 90-5201-297-0, p. 29.
  6. ^ However the linguistic impact of the Iranian world on the Turkic Bulgars is indisputable. For instance the name of the founder of Danubian Bulgaria was Asparukh, which is old Iranian in origin: "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", Hyun Jin Kim, Cambridge University Press, 2013, ISBN 1107009065, p. 68.
  7. ^ "Inscriptions and Alphabet of the Proto-Bulgarians, by Peter Dobrev". Archived from the original on 2012-06-09. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  8. ^ Станилов, Станислав. Другата археология, Класика и Стил, София, 2006, с. 23. ISBN 9543270198.

External links

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