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Hainan people

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Hái-nâm-nâng
海南人
Total population
6 million+ worldwide
Regions with significant populations
Hainan, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia), British Isles, Oceania, Americas
Languages
lingua: Hainamese, Standard Chinese
others: Hlai languages, Lingao dialect, Kim Mun, Tsat, Danzhou dialect and various other languages of the counties that they inhabit
Religion
Atheism, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity, etc.
Related ethnic groups
Putian people, Cantonese people, Tanka people, Hlai people, etc.

The Hainan people (Chinese: 海南人 Hái-nâm nâng), or Hainam people (pronounced in Hainamese) or Hainamese people, is a geographic term referring to the natives of Hainan, the southernmost and smallest Chinese province. The term "Hainanese" was frequently used to refer to all natives of Hainan island. Hainam Min speakers often refer to themselves as Qiongwen to distinguish themselves from other groups of Hainan such as the Cantonese, Tanka, Hlai, etc.

History[edit]

Hainanese students playing.

Hainan Han people trace their origins to Han colonists from the mainland of South China, including the Putian and Ningde prefectures of Fujian and the villages and towns of Guangdong.[1] By contrast, the Lingaoese, Hlai, Tanka migrated to the island much earlier and are regarded as part of the Nanyue or Baiyue peoples.[2]

Putian colonists colonised Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan island from Putian city, displacing the native aborigines, who moved to mountain areas. As a result of immigration from adjacent provinces, some studies show that Hainanese genetically cluster closely with Guangxi and Guangdong Han Chinese.[3] In the main, Hainanese Han cluster most closely with Singapore Chinese and Taiwan Han.[4]

Similarly to Fujian and Guangdong provinces, Hainan has been a source for emigration. Towards the turn of the 20th century, many Hainanese migrated to various Southeast Asian nations, where they worked in the service industry as cooks, restaurateurs, coffee shop owners, clothes makers, sailors and hoteliers, filling the niches left unoccupied by earlier and more numerous waves of Hokkien, Teochew, and Cantonese immigrants.[5]

Famous Persons[edit]

Chan Sing, one of the "villain" movie stars that dotted the Hong Kong movie industry was of Hainanese ancestry, as was the bartender who invented the world-famous Singapore Sling at the renowned Singapore Raffles Hotel, Mr. Ngiam Tong Boon.

In Thailand, the Thailand Prime Minister Pote Sarasin, Bank of Bangkok President Boonchu Rojanastien, singer Nichkhun of 2PM, media mogul Sondhi Limthongkul, the politically influential Sarasin family, as well as two of the wealthiest business families, the Chirathivats and the Yoovidhyas, are all Hainanese.

In Laos, former deputy prime minister Somsavat Lengsavad is also of Hainanese descent.

In Singapore, notable Hainanese politicians and statesmen include the current Prime Minister Lawrence Wong, as well as former education minister Lee Chiaw Meng, Cedric Foo, Chin Harn Tong and Mah Bow Tan.

In Malaysia, notable Hainanese businesspersons and philanthropists include famous Malaccan Pang Chin Hin, the founder of popular snack brand Mamee[6].

Singapore model-turned-photographer and influencer Tan Chuando, known for his good looks and extremely youthful appearance, is of Hainanese descent.[7]

Hong Kong actor and entertainer Alex Fong (born Fu Li, 17 March 1963, Macau) is of Hainanese ancestry.[8]

  • HK-based actor Alex Fong Chung Sun, of Hainan Han ancestry
    HK-based actor Alex Fong Chung Sun, of Hainan Han ancestry
  • Singapore Prime Minister Lawrence Wong
    Singapore Prime Minister Lawrence Wong
  • Thai singer Nichkhun of 2PM, of Hainan Han ancestry
    Thai singer Nichkhun of 2PM, of Hainan Han ancestry
  • Tos Chirathivat, Thai businessperson of Hainanese Han ancestry
    Tos Chirathivat, Thai businessperson of Hainanese Han ancestry

Culture[edit]

Language[edit]

In Hainan, the lingua franca and language of prestige is referred to as Hainanese.[9] Hainanese is a southern Min language, in the same family of Chinese languages or dialects such as Hokkien and Teochew.[10] It has also developed unique phonological characteristics such as the use of implosives. Linguists hypothesize this characteristic resulted from the contact between Han Chinese settlers in garrison towns and their Tai-Kradai tribal neighbours.[11] Numerous Wenchang Hainanese descended from Jinshi (metropolitan scholars) and merchants from Putian as many of their Jiapu (family genealogies) show.[12] Standard Chinese is also the lingua franca in the island province as in the rest of China.

Min dialect map

Architecture[edit]

Hainanese architecture follows the same design plan as Han Chinese architecture with buildings aligned around a central courtyard or series of courtyards. The style for public buildings follows essentially that from the southern regions such as Fujian, with upturned eaves and ready use of colour. A well-preserved example of Hainanese architecture can actually be seen in Hoi An, Vietnam in the Hoi An Hainanese Assembly Hall.

Hoi An Hainanese Assembly Hall


Puppet shows[edit]

Hainanese rod puppet shows were often performed at weddings and other important events. These rod puppets featured colourful headdresses, and dramatic features such as movable eye parts and gaping mouths. With the advent of modern entertainment such puppet shows have fallen into decline.[13]

Cuisine[edit]

Main article: Hainan cuisine

Numerous signature dishes such as the Hainanese chicken rice, Wenchang chicken, Hainanese pork chop, Hainanese mutton soup, Hainanese salted fish soup and beef noodle soup. Hainanese chicken rice is a recognised dish throughout Southeast Asia due to the Hainanese diaspora in these areas who famed it.

All these signature dishes are served at the various eateries located along Purvis Street, within the Hainanese enclave; as a result, Purvis Street is often referred to as "Hainan Second Street", while Middle Road and Seah Street are referred to as "Hainan First Street" and "Hainan Third Street" respectively.[14] It is often labelled as Singapore's national dish.[15]

Wenchang chicken
Hainanese chicken rice






Hainan rice noodles












Music and Arts[edit]

Hainanese opera (Qiong opera) is a passion for many Hainanese, particularly for the older generation. Enriched with local flavours, Hainanese opera is part and parcel of Hainanese culture.

In addition, Hainan has one of China's oldest musical traditions - known as the "Ba Yin" or "Eight Tone" school of music.[16] It derives from the mainland Chinese musical tradition and was brought over by Han settlers. Traditional Chinese instruments such as string, qin, flute, pipe, flute, gong, drum and cymbal are deployed. However, materials such as coconut shells and rosewood are employed in the crafting of instruments. Historically, almost all villages in Hainan each had their own Bayin troupe and performances were ubiquitous at weddings and funerals.[17] About 500 musical scores from over the last 1000 years, dating to the time of the Song dynasty, have been preserved until today.[18] The art is currently being transmitted amongst the overseas diaspora in Malaysia and Singapore.

Hainan opera performance


[19]


Vintage skirt with human figures woven by the Run Li people of Hainan, courtesy the Wovensouls collection









Genetics[edit]

Hainanese Han represent the southernmost branch of the different types of Han Chinese, first being Han colonists to the island in significant numbers civilizing the island, particularly after the fall of the Northern Song dynasty. At this time, the island was considered a place of exile. More Han colonists migrated throughout the 16th and 17th centuries.[20]

According to an analysis of autosomal loci using the Huaxia platinum system, the Hainanese Han grouped together with geographically close Taiwan Han, even while showing subtle differentiation from other Han populations.[21]

According to an article published in the European Journal of Genetics on 2 March 2020, the Hainanese Han[22] cluster first with the Singapore Chinese and the Minnan Han population, followed by the Cantonese population. The same article states that Hainanese Han showed a close genetic relationship with the wider Han population with a pairwise FST of 0.002.[23]



See also[edit]


References[edit]

  1. ^ Koen De Ridder (2001). "Weiying Gu". Authentic Chinese Christianity: Preludes to Its Development (nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries). Leuven University Press. ISBN 90-586-7102-X.
  2. ^ David Goodman (2002). China's Provinces in Reform: Class, Community and Political Culture. Routledge. ISBN 11-347-1270-7.
  3. ^ "A comprehensive map of genetic variation in the world's largest ethnic group - Han Chinese". bioRxiv 10.1101/162982.
  4. ^ He, Guanglin; Wang, Zheng; Guo, Jianxin; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Tang, Renkuan; Liu, Jing; Zhang, Han; Li, Yingxiang; Hu, Rong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Chen, Gang; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Hou, Yiping (August 2020). "Inferring the population history of Tai-Kadai-speaking people and southernmost Han Chinese on Hainan Island by genome-wide array genotyping". European Journal of Human Genetics. 28 (8): 1111–1123. doi:10.1038/s41431-020-0599-7. PMC 7381617. PMID 32123326.
  5. ^ "Hainanese community". www.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2024-06-18.
  6. ^ wackymonsteradmin (2022-10-09). "Opening Ceromony of SJK (C) Malim's Basketball Court". Mamee. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  7. ^ Boey, Dylan. "Chuando, the fashion revolutionary". The Straits Times.
  8. ^ "Alex Fong, Douban". Douban.
  9. ^ "Wenchang City". Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
  10. ^ Denlinger, Paul B. (1992). Ta-an), Ho Dah-an (Ho; Hashimoto, Anne Yue; Yue-Hashimoto, Anne O.; Pang-hsin, Ting (eds.). "ADVANCES IN MINNAN DIALECT STUDIES: The Role of 文/白 Distinctions in Chinese Historical Phonology". Monumenta Serica. 40: 397–420. ISSN 0254-9948.
  11. ^ Liu, Chuntao (2023-05-05). "Social status, contact history and the implosives in the Chinese dialects of Hainan". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 38 (1): 135–150. doi:10.1075/jpcl.00107.liu.
  12. ^ "莆田先民移民广东海南缘由初探 - 莆田文化网". www.ptwhw.com. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  13. ^ "Hainanese community". www.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  14. ^ Abigail Ng WY (23 March 2017). "Youth camps keep Hainanese alive". The Straits Times Singapore. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
  15. ^ Kugiya, Hugo (March 18, 2010). "Singapore's national dish: Hainan chicken rice". Crosscut. Archived from the original on 2011-08-31. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
  16. ^ "Across China: In China's Hainan, 86-yr-old artist gives modern makeover to traditional music-Xinhua". english.news.cn. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  17. ^ "The Forefathers Project". The TENG Company. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  18. ^ "Across China: In China's Hainan, 86-yr-old artist gives modern makeover to traditional music-Xinhua". english.news.cn. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  19. ^ Tim Doling (1996). Visiting Arts regional profile: Asia Pacific arts directory. UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 92-310-3254-2.
  20. ^ "Hainan - Chinese Province, Tropical Island, Maritime Silk Road | Britannica".
  21. ^ Wang, Mengge; Wang, Zheng; He, Guanglin; Jia, Zhenjun; Liu, Jing; Hou, Yiping (5 February 2018). "Genetic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of three Chinese ethnic groups using the Huaxia Platinum System". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 2429. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.2429W. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20871-7. PMC 5799253.
  22. ^ https://foa-media.arch.hku.hk/media/upload/ZHANG-Huali.pdf
  23. ^ He, Guanglin; Wang, Zheng; Guo, Jianxin; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Tang, Renkuan; Liu, Jing; Zhang, Han; Li, Yingxiang; Hu, Rong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Chen, Gang; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Hou, Yiping (August 2020). "Inferring the population history of Tai-Kadai-speaking people and southernmost Han Chinese on Hainan Island by genome-wide array genotyping". European Journal of Human Genetics. 28 (8): 1111–1123. doi:10.1038/s41431-020-0599-7. PMC 7381617. PMID 32123326.
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