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Gambling in the United States

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The casino floor at Wynn Las Vegas in Paradise, Nevada

In the United States, gambling is subject to a variety of legal restrictions. In 2008, gambling activities generated gross revenues (the difference between the total amounts wagered minus the funds or "winnings" returned to the players) of $92.27 billion in the United States.[1]

The American Gaming Association, an industry trade group, states that gaming in the U.S. is a $240 billion industry, employing 1.7 million people in 40 states.[2] In 2016, gaming taxes contributed $8.85 billion in state and local tax revenues.[3]

In 2018, the United States Supreme Court declared a federal ban on sports gambling to be unconstitutional in Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association.[4] In the years that followed, dozens of states legalized sports gambling,[5] and the sports gambling industry has recorded record profits year-by-year.[6]

Critics of gambling argue it leads to increased political corruption, compulsive gambling, and higher crime rates. Others argue that gambling is a type of regressive tax on the individuals in local economies where gambling venues are located.

History

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Main article: History of gambling in the United States

Authorized types

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Many levels of government have authorized multiple forms of gambling in an effort to raise money for needed services without raising direct taxes. These include everything from bingo games in church basements, to multimillion-dollar poker tournaments. Sometimes states advertise revenues from certain games to be devoted to particular needs, such as education.

When New Hampshire authorized a state lottery in 1963, it represented a major shift in social policy. No state governments had previously directly run gambling operations to raise money. Other states followed suit, and now the majority of the states run some type of lottery to raise funds for state operations. Some states restrict this revenue to specific forms of expenditures, usually oriented toward education, while others allow lottery revenues to be spent on general government. This has brought about morally questionable issues, such as states' using marketing firms to increase their market share, or to develop new programs when old forms of gambling do not raise as much money.

The American Gaming Association breaks gambling down into the following categories:[1]

Legality

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While gambling is legal under U.S. federal law, there are significant restrictions pertaining to interstate and online gambling, as each state is free to regulate or prohibit the practice within its borders.

The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992 effectively outlawed sports betting nationwide, excluding a few states: however, on May 14, 2018, the United States Supreme Court declared the entire law unconstitutional (Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association).

If state-run lotteries are included, then 48 states allow some form of gambling (the exceptions are Hawaii, where gambling was outlawed prior to statehood, and Utah, which has a Latter-day Saint majority population and also bans gambling in the state constitution).

However, casino-style gambling is much less widespread. Federal law provides leeway for Native American Trust Land to be used for games of chance if an agreement is put in place between the state and the tribal government (e.g. a "Compact" or "Agreement") under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988.

As of 2023, Louisiana and Nevada are the only states in which casino-style gambling is legal statewide, with both state and local governments imposing licensing and zoning restrictions. All other states that allow casino-style gambling restrict it to small geographic areas (e.g., Atlantic City, New Jersey or Deadwood, South Dakota), or to American Indian reservations, some of which are located in or near large cities.

As domestic dependent nations, American Indian tribes have used legal protection to open casinos, which has been a contentious political issue in California and other states. In some states, casinos are restricted to "riverboats", large multi-story barges that are permanently moored in a body of water.

Online gambling has been more strictly regulated: the Federal Wire Act of 1961 outlawed interstate wagering on sports, but did not address other forms of gambling; it has been the subject of court cases. The Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 (UIGEA) did not specifically prohibit online gambling; instead, it outlawed financial transactions involving online gambling service providers—some offshore gambling providers reacted by shutting down their services for US customers.

Other operators, however, have continued to circumvent UIGEA and have continued to service US customers. For this reason, UIGEA has received criticism from notable figures within the gambling industry.[7]

Legality of gambling types in U.S. states and territories (commercial, Native American, racetrack casinos, etc.)
State/district/territory Charitable Pari-mutuel Lotteries Commercial Tribal Racetrack Online Sports betting
 Alabama Yes Yes No No Yes No No No
 Alaska Yes No No No Yes No No No
 American Samoa Yes No No No — No No No
 Arizona Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes
 Arkansas Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes No Yes
California Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No
 Colorado Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Connecticut Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes
 Delaware Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes
 District of Columbia Yes No Yes No — No No Yes
 Florida Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
 Georgia Yes No Yes No — No No No
 Guam Yes No Yes No — No No No
 Hawaii No No No No No No No No
 Idaho Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No
 Illinois Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes
Indiana Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
 Iowa Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
 Kansas Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes
Kentucky Yes Yes Yes No — Yes Yes Yes
 Louisiana Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Maine Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes
Maryland Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes No Yes
Massachusetts Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
 Michigan Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
 Minnesota Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No
 Mississippi Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
 Missouri Yes No Yes Yes — No No No
 Montana Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes
 Nebraska Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
 Nevada Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
New Hampshire Yes Yes Yes No — No Yes Yes
New Jersey Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes[8] Yes
 New Mexico Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes
New York Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
North Carolina Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes
 North Dakota Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No
 Northern Mariana Islands Yes No Yes Yes — No No No
 Ohio Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes
 Oklahoma Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No
Oregon Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes
Pennsylvania Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes
 Puerto Rico Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes No Yes
 Rhode Island Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
 South Carolina No No Yes No No No No No
 South Dakota Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes[9]
 Tennessee No No Yes No — No No Yes
Texas Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No
 U.S. Virgin Islands Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes No No
 Utah No No No No No No No No
 Vermont Yes No Yes No — No No No
 Virginia Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes
 Washington Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
 West Virginia Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes
 Wisconsin Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No
 Wyoming Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No

Recriminalization

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On July 1, 2000, a new law took effect in the state of South Carolina, whereby the ownership, possession, or operation of a video poker machine, for either commercial or personal use, became illegal. Violators are subject to prosecution and substantial fines. Through at least 2007, the only type of legalized gambling in that state is the South Carolina Education Lottery.[10]

Types

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Commercial casinos

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The MGM Grand Las Vegas as seen in 2019

Commercial casinos are founded and run by private or public companies on non-Native American land. There are 24 states (and three U.S. territories) that allow commercial casinos in some form: Arkansas,[11] Colorado, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Northern Marianas Islands, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Dakota, U.S. Virgin Islands, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia.

The approximately 450 commercial casinos in total produced a gross gambling revenue of $34.11 billion in 2006.[12]

Native American gaming

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Main article: Native American gaming
The Foxwoods Casino in Mashantucket, Connecticut, operated by the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation

The history of Native American commercial gambling began in 1979, when the Seminoles began running bingo games.[13] Prior to this, the Native Americans had no previous experience with large-scale commercial gambling. Native Americans were familiar with the concept of small-scale gambling, such as placing bets on sporting contests. For example, the Iroquois, Ojibwes, and Menominees would place bets on games of snow snake.[13] Within six years after commercial gambling among Native Americans developed, seventy-five to eighty of the three hundred federally recognized tribes became involved. By 2006, about three hundred Native American groups hosted some sort of gaming.[13]

Some Native American tribes operate casinos on tribal land to provide employment and revenue for their government and their tribe members. Tribal gaming is regulated on the tribal, state, and federal level. Native American tribes are required to use gambling revenue to provide for governmental operations, economic development, and the welfare of their members. Federal regulation of Native American gaming was established under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988. Under the provisions of that law, games are divided into three distinct categories:

Of the 562 federally recognized tribes in 1988, 201 participated in class II or class III gaming by 2001.[13] Tribal gambling had revenues of $14.5 billion in 2002 from 354 casinos. Approximately forty percent of the 562 federally recognized tribes operate gaming establishments.[14]

Like other Americans, many indigenous Americans have dissension over the issue of casino gambling. Some tribes are too isolated geographically to make a casino successful, while some do not want non-Native Americans on their land. Though casino gambling is controversial, it has proven economically successful for most tribes, and the impact of American Indian gambling has proven to be far-reaching.

The Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa in Cabazon, California operated by the Morongo Band of Mission Indians

Gaming creates many jobs, not only for Native Americans, but also for non-Native Americans, and in this way can positively affect relations with the non-Native American community. On some reservations, the number of non-Native American workers is larger than the number of Native American workers because of the scale of the casino resorts.[15] Also, some tribes contribute a share of casino revenues to the state in which they are located, or to charitable and non-profit causes. For example, the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians of California gave 4 million dollars to the UCLA Law School to establish a center for American Indian Studies. The same tribe also gave $1 million to the state for disaster relief when the area was ravaged by wildfires in 2003.[15]

Although casinos have proven successful for both the tribes and the surrounding regions, state residents may oppose construction of Native American casinos, especially if they have competing projects. For example, in November 2003, the state of Maine voted against a $650 million casino project proposed by the Penobscots and Passamaquoddies. The project's objective was to create jobs for the tribes' young people. The same day the state voted against the Indian casino project, Maine voters approved a plan to add slot machines to the state's harness racing tracks.[15]

The National Indian Gaming Commission oversees Native American gaming for the federal government. The National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC) was established under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act in 1988. Under the NIGC, Class I gaming is under the sole jurisdiction of the tribe. Class II gaming is governed by the tribe, but it is also subject to NIGC regulation. Class III gaming is under the jurisdiction of the states. For instance, in order for a tribe to build and operate a casino, the tribe must work and negotiate with the state in which it is located. These Tribal-State compacts determine how much revenue the states will obtain from the Indian casinos.[15]

The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act requires that gaming revenues be used only for governmental or charitable purposes.[16] The tribal governments determine specifically how gaming revenues are spent. Revenues have been used to build houses, schools, and roads; to fund health care and education; and to support community and economic development initiatives. Indian gaming is the first and essentially the only economic development tool available on Indian reservations. The National Gaming Impact Study Commission has stated that "no...economic development other than gaming has been found".[16] Tribal governments, though, use gaming revenues to develop other economic enterprises such as museums, malls, and cultural centers.

There are currently 30 states that have Native American gaming: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Lotteries

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Main article: Lotteries in the United States
A lottery ticket issued in California

The classic lottery is a drawing in which each contestant buys a combination of numbers. Plays are usually non-exclusive, meaning that two or more ticket holders may buy the same combination. The lottery organization then draws the winning combination of 5-8 numbers, usually from 1 to 50, using a randomized, automatic ball tumbler machine.

To win, contestants match their combinations of numbers with the drawn combination. The combination may be in any order, except in some "mega ball" lotteries, where the "mega" number for the combination must match the ball designated as the "mega ball" in the winning combination. If there are multiple winners, they split the winnings, also known as the "Jackpot". Winnings are currently subject to federal income taxes as ordinary income. Winnings can be awarded as a yearly annuity or as a lump sum, depending on lottery rules.

Most states have state-sponsored and multi-state lotteries. There are only five states that do not sell lottery tickets: Alabama, Alaska, Hawaii, Nevada, and Utah. In some states, revenues from lotteries are designated for a specific budgetary purpose, such as education. Other states put lottery revenue into the general fund.

Multi-jurisdictional lotteries generally have larger jackpots due to the greater number of tickets sold. The Mega Millions and Powerball games are the biggest of such lotteries in terms of numbers of participating states.

Scratchcard games

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Some state lotteries run games other than the lotteries. Usually, these are in the scratchcard format, although some states use pull-tab games. In either format, cards are sold that have opaque areas. In some games, all of the opaque material is removed to see if the contestant has won, and how much. In other scratchcard games, a contestant must pick which parts of a card to scratch, to match amounts or play another form of game.

Sports betting

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Main article: History of gambling in the United States § Legalisation of sports gambling
Map of sports betting legality as of January 2024[17]
  Sports betting legal
  Sports betting illegal
The sports book at Peppermill Reno in Reno, Nevada

In 1992, the U.S. Congress passed the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA). It mandated states not to legalize sports betting apart from parimutuel horse racing, dog racing and jai alai. The sports lotteries conducted in Oregon, Delaware, and Montana were exempt, as well as the licensed sports pools in Nevada.[18][19] It also provided a one-year window for states which operated licensed casino gaming to legalize sports wagering, which New Jersey intended to do but did not reach the deadline.

In 2018, PASPA was overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States in Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, ruling that it conflicted with the Tenth Amendment.[20][21] New Jersey, Delaware, and other states quickly drafted bills legalizing sports betting soon after.[22][23] States had to determine which department would oversee state-regulated sportsbooks, usually choosing between their respective gambling commissions, lottery boards or, in the case of Kentucky, the state horse racing commission.[24][25]

As of September 2023, sportsbooks are legal in 38 states, the District of Columbia, and the territory of Puerto Rico, Online sports betting also legal in 30 states, Washington D.C. and Puerto Rico. The American Gaming Association reported a 2022 handle of $93.2 billion and a revenue of $7.5 billion in commercial sportsbooks.[26] Americans legally bet over $115 billion on sports in 2023.[27] This marked a significant increase from 2018, when approximately 25 million fewer Americans wagered on sporting events.

State Sports betting legalized Sports betting operational Retail sports betting Online sports betting Notes
Alabama No No No No
Alaska No No No No
Arizona Yes Yes Yes Yes April 15, 2021; effective May 24, 2021
Arkansas Yes Yes Yes Yes November 2018; effective July 1, 2019.[28] Online sports betting allowed since February 22, 2022.[29]
California No No No No
Colorado Yes Yes Yes Yes November 5, 2019; effective May 2020
Connecticut Yes Yes Yes Yes
Delaware Yes Yes Yes No Offered parlay betting and championship futures for the NFL prior to PASPA being struck down; expanded on June 5, 2018[30][31]
Florida Yes Yes Yes Yes
Georgia No No No No
Hawaii No No No No
Idaho No No No No
Illinois Yes Yes Yes Yes June 2, 2019
Indiana Yes Yes Yes Yes May 2019; effective September 1, 2019
Iowa Yes Yes Yes Yes May 2019; effective August 15, 2019[32]
Kansas Yes Yes Yes Yes Effective July 1, 2022, casinos and sportsbooks can start accepting bets on September 1, 2022.[33]
Kentucky Yes Yes Yes Yes March 2023, effective June 28, 2023. In-person sportsbook location bets allowed since September 7, 2023. Online betting allowed since September 28, 2023.[34][35]
Louisiana Yes Yes Yes Yes Only in the 55 out of 64 parishes that voted to legalize sports betting in the November 2020 election.[36]
Maine Yes Yes Yes Yes Legalized May 2, 2022.[37] Online sports betting went live on November 3, 2023, with in person betting allowed but no authorized entity yet licensed.[38]
Maryland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Massachusetts Yes Yes Yes Yes Legalized on August 10, 2022.[39]
Michigan Yes Yes Yes Yes December 2019; in-person sports betting allowed starting March 2020; online and mobile betting allowed starting January 22, 2021[40]
Minnesota No No No No
Mississippi Yes Yes Yes No August 1, 2018; mobile betting not allowed[41]
Missouri No No No No
Montana Yes Yes Yes Yes May 3, 2019[42] *Online gaming in Montana is only permitted on the premises of gaming facilities.
Nebraska Yes No Yes No
Nevada Yes Yes Yes Yes Legalized in 1949 (prior to PASPA)
New Hampshire Yes Yes Yes Yes July 2019[43][44]
New Jersey Yes Yes Yes Yes June 14, 2018[45]
New Mexico Yes Yes Yes No October 16, 2018[46]
New York Yes Yes Yes Yes July 17, 2019.[28] Online sports betting allowed since January 8, 2022.[47]
North Carolina Yes Yes Yes Yes July 26, 2019; tribal casinos only; mobile betting not allowed[28]
North Dakota Yes Yes Yes No Only at the Dakota Magic Casino and Hotel in Hankinson, owned by the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate Tribe[48][49]
Ohio Yes Yes Yes Yes March 23, 2022; effective January 1, 2023[50]
Oklahoma No No No No
Oregon Yes Yes Yes Yes Legal prior to PASPA but limited; expanded on August 27, 2019[28]
Pennsylvania Yes Yes Yes Yes November 16, 2018[51]
Rhode Island Yes Yes Yes Yes November 26, 2018
South Carolina No No No No
South Dakota Yes Yes Yes No Limited to the city of Deadwood; allowed constitutionally as of November 3, 2020[52]
Tennessee Yes Yes No Yes April 30, 2019; allows only online betting[53]
Texas No No No No
Utah No No No No
Vermont Yes No No Yes Online sports betting was legalized in Vermont on June 14, 2023. Online sportsbooks are expected to launch in VT early in 2024.[54]
Virginia Yes Yes Yes Yes July 1, 2020
Washington Yes Yes Yes No
West Virginia Yes Yes Yes Yes August 30, 2018
Wisconsin Yes No Yes No
Wyoming Yes Yes Yes Yes
American Samoa No No No No
District of Columbia Yes Yes Yes Yes May 2019[55]
Guam No No No No
Northern Mariana Islands No No No No
Puerto Rico No No No No
US Virgin Islands No No No No

Gambling revenues

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According to the Center for Gaming Research University Libraries, legal gambling revenues for 2007 were as follows:[1]

According to the American Gaming Association, legal gambling revenues at commercial establishments (not including tribal casinos) for 2024 were as follows:[56]

  • Total: $ 66.6 billion
  • Casinos: $ 49.4 billion
  • Sports gambling (not including parimutuel): $ 11.0 billion
    • Online: $ 10.4 billion
    • Retail: $ 0.6 billion
  • Online casino: $ 6.2 billion
  • Online (sports and casino): $ 16.6 billion

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Industry Information: Fact Sheets: Statistics: Gaming revenues for 2007". American Gaming Association. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
  2. ^ "About AGA".
  3. ^ "2016 STATE OF THE STATES" (PDF).
  4. ^ Liptak, Adam; Draper, Kevin (2018-05-14). "Supreme Court Ruling Favors Sports Betting". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  5. ^ "Where is sports betting legal in the U.S.?". The Washington Post. 2022.
  6. ^ "Sports betting hits record $11B in 2023 revenue". ESPN.com. 2024-02-20.
  7. ^ CasinoReviews (31 January 2024). "CasinoReviews Interviews – Michael Shackleford – The Wizard of Odds".
  8. ^ "CHAPTER69O" (PDF).
  9. ^ "Gaming". 12 September 2023.
  10. ^ About.com Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine, accessed February 21, 2007
  11. ^ "Arkansas Casinos Open Doors for the First Time". OZARKSFIRST. 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
  12. ^ "Casino State Statistics" (PDF). American Gaming Association. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
  13. ^ a b c d Johansen, Bruce. The Praeger Handbook on Contemporary Issues in Native America, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2007.
  14. ^ a b "Indian Gaming Facts". Archived from the original on 2006-11-05. Retrieved 2006-04-02.
  15. ^ a b c d Welch, Deborah. Contemporary Native American Issues: Political Issues. Chelsea House Publishers, 2006.
  16. ^ a b Darian-Smith, Eve. New Capitalists: Law, Politics, and Identity Surrounding Casino Gaming on Native American Land, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2004
  17. ^ "Interactive Map: Sports Betting in the U.S." American Gaming Association. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  18. ^ Lambert, Troy (18 July 2017). "Supreme Gamble: The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act". Huffington Post.
  19. ^ "N.J. Gov. Chris Christie: "Let them try to stop us" from sports betting". Associated Press. May 25, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2018 – via CBS News.
  20. ^ Liptak, Adam; Draper, Kevin (May 14, 2018). "Supreme Court Ruling Favors Sports Betting". New York Times.
  21. ^ de Vogue, Ariane; Vazquez, Maegan (May 14, 2018). "Supreme Court lets states legalize sports gambling". CNN. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  22. ^ "How close is my state to legalizing sports betting?". ESPN.com. June 11, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
  23. ^ Gregg, Katherine (June 19, 2018). "R.I. Senate committee passes budget bill". Providence, RI: Providence Journal. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
  24. ^ "Wanna bet? Here's where all 50 states stand on legalizing sports gambling". CBSSports.com. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  25. ^ Kentucky Horse Racing Commission approves in-person, mobile sites for sports betting
  26. ^ "Study: US sportsbooks post record US$7.5bn revenue in 2022". SportsPro. 17 February 2023.
  27. ^ Hollenbeck, Brett; Larsen, Poet; Proserpio, Davide (2024). "The Financial Consequences of Legalized Sports Gambling". Working Paper.
  28. ^ a b c d Fucillo, David (2018-09-24). "Here's every state you can bet on sports, MAPPED". SBNation.com. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  29. ^ Hoffman, Amber (2023-03-22). "Arkansas Sports Betting". GamingToday.com. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  30. ^ Lehman, Tom (May 31, 2018). "Delaware to Begin Offering Full-Scale Sports Betting on Tuesday". Salisbury, MD: WBOC-TV. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
  31. ^ Lehman, Tom (June 5, 2018). "Delaware Launches Expanded Sports Betting". Salisbury, MD: WBOC-TV. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  32. ^ Gothner, Chris (2019-05-14). "Gov. Kim Reynolds approves bill to legalize sports betting in Iowa". KCCI. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  33. ^ https://www.kansascity.com/sports/article264642889.html [bare URL]
  34. ^ "How will sports betting work in Kentucky?". Lexington, KY: WKYT-TV. March 31, 2023.
  35. ^ "What to expect as sports betting begins in Kentucky on Thursday". Lexington, KY: WLEX-TV. September 7, 2023.
  36. ^ Sentell, Will (2020-11-04). "Louisiana parishes embrace sports betting. So when might it start?". Advocate.com. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
  37. ^ Rogers, Sam (2022-05-06). "Hold on to your sports bets for now, Mainers". www.newscentermaine.com. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  38. ^ Rogers, Sam (2023-11-02). "Maine launches sports betting". www.newscentermaine.com. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  39. ^ Everything you need to know about Massachusetts' new sports betting law
  40. ^ Reindl, JC (January 19, 2021). "Michigan legal online gambling and sports betting to start Friday". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  41. ^ Goldberg, Rob (August 1, 2018). "Mississippi Joins Delaware, New Jersey as States to Allow Legal Sports Betting". Bleacher Report. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  42. ^ Dorson, Jill R. (April 18, 2019). "Montana First to Send Sports Betting Bills To Governor". Sports Handle. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  43. ^ Ramer, Holly (July 12, 2019). "NH legalizes sports betting". seacoastonline.com. AP. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
  44. ^ @GovChrisSununu (July 12, 2019). "Today I signed HB480 into law, legalizing sports betting in NH" (Tweet). Retrieved July 13, 2019 – via Twitter.
  45. ^ Edelson, Stephen (August 23, 2018). "NJ sports betting: Will Monmouth Park be online by start of NFL season?". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  46. ^ Rodenberg, Ryan (1 May 2020). "United States of sports betting: An updated map of where every state stands". ESPN.com.
  47. ^ Grubb, Harrison (January 8, 2022). "Online Sports Betting Is Officially Legal In NY. Here's What To Know". Gothamist. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
  48. ^ Staff (July 27, 2021). "Dakota Nation Sports Book to Launch in Fall". Indiangaming.com. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  49. ^ Butler, Ryan (March 23, 2021). "North Dakota Legislature Rejects Online Sports Betting Ballot Measure Bill". Actionnetwork.com. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  50. ^ "Sports Gaming". casinocontrol.ohio.gov. Ohio Casino Control Commission. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  51. ^ Rotstein, Gary (September 4, 2018). "No legal sports betting yet in Pennsylvania, but it's on the way". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  52. ^ "South Dakota Constitutional Amendment B, Deadwood Sports Betting Legalization Amendment (2020)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  53. ^ Allison, Natalie (April 30, 2019). "Tennessee Governor to allow sports betting to become law without signature". The Tennessean. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  54. ^ Tang, Jenny (2024-01-12). "Vermont Online Sports Betting Launches with Three Sportsbooks Live". Gambling Industry News. Retrieved 2024-01-14.
  55. ^ Harrison-Millan, Robin (May 8, 2019). "Washington DC sports betting legislation becomes law". Retrieved May 9, 2019.
  56. ^ American Gaming Association (2023). "Commercial Gaming Revenue Tracker" (PDF) (Press release).

Further reading

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  • Abt, Vicki, James F. Smith, and Eugene Martin Christiansen, eds. The business of risk: Commercial gambling in mainstream America (University Press of Kansas, 1985).
  • Burnham, John C., ed. Bad Habits: Drinking, smoking, taking drugs, gambling, sexual misbehavior and swearing in American History (NYU Press, 1992).
  • Chafetz, Henry. Play the Devil: A History of Gambling in the United States from 1492 to 1955 (1960), popular history.
  • Clotfelter, Charles T., and Philip J. Cook. Selling hope: State lotteries in America (Harvard UP, 1991).
  • Ferentzy, Peter, and Nigel Turner. "Gambling and organized crime-A review of the literature." Journal of Gambling Issues 23 (2009): 111–155. Online Archived 2018-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
  • Findlay, John M. People of Chance: Gambling in American Society from Jamestown to Las Vegas (Oxford University Press, 1986).
  • Goodman, Robert. The luck business (Simon and Schuster, 1996), attacks the business
  • Haller, Mark H. "The changing structure of American gambling in the twentieth century." Journal of Social Issues 35.3 (1979): 87–114.
  • Lears, Jackson. Something for Nothing: Luck in America (2003).
  • Lang, Arne K. Sports betting and bookmaking: An American history (Rowman & Littlefield, 2016).
  • Longstreet, Stephen. Win or Lose: A Social History of Gambling in America (1977)
  • Meyer-Arendt, Klaus, And Rudi Hartmann, eds. ''Casino Gambling in America: Origins, Trends, and Impacts (1998)
  • O'Brien, Timothy L. Bad Bet: The Inside Story of the Glamour, Glitz, and Danger of America's Gambling Industry (1998).
  • Sallaz, Jeff. The labor of luck: Casino capitalism in the United States and South Africa (U of California Press, 2009).
  • Thompson, William N. Gambling in America: An encyclopedia of history, issues, and society (Abc-Clio, 2001).
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