From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of notable Jewish American politicians , arranged chronologically. For other Jewish Americans, see Lists of Jewish Americans .
Federal government [ edit ]
Members of Congress [ edit ]
Cabinet officials [ edit ]
Position
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
President(s)
Secretary of Commerce and Labor
Oscar Straus [1]
December 17, 1906
March 5, 1909
Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
Secretary of the Treasury
Henry Morgenthau [1]
January 1, 1934
July 22, 1945 [2]
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
Acting Secretary of Commerce
Lewis Strauss [1]
November 13, 1958
June 30, 1959
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
Secretary of Labor
Arthur Goldberg [1]
January 21, 1961
September 20, 1962
John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
Abe Ribicoff [1]
January 21, 1961
July 13, 1962
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
Wilbur Cohen [1]
May 16, 1968
January 20, 1969
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
Secretary of State
Henry Kissinger [1]
September 22, 1973
January 20, 1977 [3]
Richard Nixon (1969–1974)
Gerald Ford (1974–1977)
Attorney General
Edward Levi [1]
January 14, 1975
January 20, 1977
Secretary of Defense
Harold Brown [1]
January 20, 1977
January 20, 1981
Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
Secretary of the Treasury
Michael Blumenthal [1]
January 23, 1977
August 4, 1979
Secretary of Transportation
Neil Goldschmidt [1]
August 15, 1979
January 20, 1981
Secretary of Commerce
Philip Klutznick [1]
January 9, 1980
January 20, 1981
Secretary of Labor
Bob Reich [1]
January 22, 1993
January 20, 1997
Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
Secretary of the Treasury
Bob Rubin [1]
January 11, 1995
July 2, 1999
Secretary of Agriculture
Dan Glickman [1]
March 30, 1995
January 20, 2001
Secretary of Commerce
Mickey Kantor [1]
April 12, 1996
January 21, 1997
Secretary of Defense
William Cohen [4]
January 24, 1997
January 20, 2001
Secretary of the Treasury
Larry Summers [1]
July 2, 1999
January 20, 2001
Secretary of Homeland Security
Michael Chertoff [5]
February 15, 2005
January 21, 2009
George W. Bush (2001–2009)
Attorney General
Michael Mukasey [6]
November 9, 2007
January 20, 2009
Acting Secretary of the Treasury
Stuart Levey [7]
January 20, 2009
January 26, 2009
Barack Obama (2009–2017)
–
Acting Secretary of Labor
Seth Harris
January 22, 2013
July 23, 2013
Acting Secretary of the Treasury
Neal Wolin [8]
January 25, 2013
February 28, 2013
Secretary of the Treasury
Jack Lew [9]
February 28, 2013
January 20, 2017
Acting Secretary of Commerce
Cam Kerry [10]
June 1, 2013
June 26, 2013
Secretary of Commerce
Penny Pritzker [11]
June 26, 2013
January 20, 2017
Acting Secretary of the Treasury
Adam Szubin [8]
January 20, 2017
February 13, 2017
Donald Trump (2017–2021)
Secretary of the Treasury
Steve Mnuchin
February 13, 2017
January 20, 2021
Secretary of Veteran Affairs
David Shulkin [12]
February 14, 2017
March 28, 2018
Acting Attorney General
Jeff Rosen [13]
December 23, 2020
January 20, 2021
Secretary of State
Tony Blinken [14]
January 26, 2021
Incumbent
Joe Biden (2021–present)
Secretary of the Treasury
Janet Yellen [14]
January 26, 2021
Incumbent
Secretary of Homeland Security
Alejandro Mayorkas [14]
February 2, 2021
Incumbent
Attorney General
Merrick Garland [14]
March 11, 2021
Incumbent
Cabinet-level officials [ edit ]
Position
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
President(s)
United States Ambassador to the United Nations
Arthur Goldberg [1]
July 28, 1965
June 24, 1968
Lyndon B. Johnson (1964–1969)
United States Trade Representative
Robert Strauss [15]
March 30, 1977
August 17, 1979
Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
White House Chief of Staff
Ken Duberstein [16]
July 1, 1988
January 20, 1989
Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
United States Trade Representative
Mickey Kantor [1]
January 22, 1993
April 12, 1996
Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
Director of Central Intelligence
John Deutch [17]
May 10, 1995
December 15, 1996
United States Trade Representative
Charlene Barshefsky [18]
April 12, 1996
March 18, 1997
March 18, 1997
January 20, 2001
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
Jack Lew [9]
May 21, 1998
January 19, 2001
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
Josh Bolten [19]
June 26, 2003
April 14, 2006
George W. Bush (2001–2009)
White House Chief of Staff
April 14, 2006
January 20, 2009
White House Chief of Staff
Rahm Emanuel [20]
January 20, 2009
October 1, 2010
Barack Obama (2009–2017)
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
Peter Orszag [21]
January 20, 2009
July 30, 2010
Acting Director of the Office of Management and Budget
Jeff Zients [22]
July 30, 2010
November 18, 2010
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
Jack Lew [9]
November 18, 2010
January 27, 2012
White House Chief of Staff
January 27, 2012
January 20, 2013
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
Alan Krueger [23]
November 7, 2011
August 2, 2013
Acting Director of the Office of Management and Budget
Jeff Zients [22]
January 27, 2012
April 24, 2013
United States Trade Representative
Mike Froman [24]
June 21, 2013
January 20, 2017
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
Jason Furman [25]
August 2, 2013
January 20, 2017
White House Chief of Staff
Ron Klain [26] [27]
January 20, 2021
February 8, 2023
Joe Biden (2021–present)
Director of National Intelligence
Avril Haines [28]
January 21, 2021
Incumbent
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy
Eric Lander [14]
June 2, 2021
February 18, 2022
White House Chief of Staff
Jeff Zients [22]
February 8, 2023
Incumbent
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
Jared Bernstein
July 10, 2023
Incumbent
State government [ edit ]
Governors [ edit ]
State
Portrait
Name
Party
Assumed office
Left office
Notes
Georgia
David Emanuel [29]
Democratic-Republican
March 3, 1801
November 7, 1801
Emanuel may not have been an openly practicing Jew. As an adult he became a Presbyterian, but modern historians accept he was Jewish.[30]
Wisconsin
Edward Salomon [31]
Republican
April 19, 1862
January 4, 1864
Washington
Edward Salomon [32] [33]
Republican
March 4, 1870
May 26, 1872
California
Washington Bartlett [34]
Democratic
January 8, 1887
September 12, 1887
California's first and only Jewish governor
Idaho
Moses Alexander [29]
Democratic
January 4, 1915
January 6, 1919
Idaho's first and only Jewish governor
Utah
Simon Bamberger [29]
Democratic
January 1, 1917
January 1, 1921
Utah's first and only Jewish governor
New Mexico
Arthur Seligman [29]
Democratic
January 1, 1931
September 25, 1933
New Mexico's first Jewish governor
Oregon
Julius Meier [29]
Independent
January 12, 1931
January 14, 1935
Oregon's first Jewish governor
New York
Herbert Lehman [29]
Democratic
January 1, 1933
December 3, 1942
New York's first Jewish governor
Florida
David Sholtz [35]
Democratic
January 3, 1933
January 5, 1937
Illinois
Henry Horner [29]
Democratic
January 9, 1933
October 6, 1940
Illinois' first Jewish governor
Wisconsin
Julius Heil [36]
Republican
January 2, 1939
January 4, 1943
Alaska
Ernest Gruening [29]
Democratic
December 6, 1939
April 10, 1953
Alaska's first and only Jewish governor
Connecticut
Abe Ribicoff [1]
Democratic
January 5, 1955
January 21, 1961
Connecticut's first and only Jewish governor
Illinois
Samuel Shapiro [29]
Democratic
May 21, 1968
January 13, 1969
Rhode Island
Frank Licht [29]
Democratic
January 7, 1969
January 2, 1973
Rhode Island's first Jewish governor
Maryland
Marvin Mandel [29]
Democratic
January 7, 1969
January 17, 1979
Maryland's first and only Jewish governor *Blair Lee III served as Acting Governor from June 4, 1977, to January 15, 1979
Pennsylvania
Milton Shapp [29]
Democratic
January 19, 1971
January 16, 1979
Pennsylvania's first Jewish governor
Vermont
Madeleine Kunin [29]
Democratic
January 10, 1985
January 10, 1991
Oregon
Neil Goldschmidt [1]
Democratic
January 12, 1987
January 14, 1991
Rhode Island
Bruce Sundlun [29]
Democratic
January 1, 1991
January 3, 1995
Hawaii
Linda Lingle [37]
Republican
December 2, 2002
December 6, 2010
Hawaii's first Jewish governor
Pennsylvania
Ed Rendell [38]
Democratic
January 21, 2003
January 18, 2011
New York
Eliot Spitzer [39]
Democratic
January 1, 2007
March 17, 2008
Delaware
Jack Markell [40]
Democratic
January 20, 2009
January 17, 2017
Vermont
Peter Shumlin [41]
Democratic
January 6, 2011
January 5, 2017
Missouri
Eric Greitens [42]
Republican
January 9, 2017
June 1, 2018
Colorado
Jared Polis [43]
Democratic
January 8, 2019
Incumbent
Illinois
J. B. Pritzker [44]
Democratic
January 14, 2019
Incumbent
Hawaii
Josh Green
Democratic
December 5, 2022
Incumbent
Pennsylvania
Josh Shapiro
Democratic
January 17, 2023
Incumbent
Lieutenant governors [ edit ]
State
Portrait
Name
Party
Assumed office
Left office
Louisiana
Henry Hyams [40]
Democratic
January 23, 1860
January 25, 1864
New York
Herbert Lehman [29]
Democratic
January 1, 1929
December 31, 1932
Illinois
Samuel Shapiro [29]
Democratic
January 9, 1961
May 21, 1968
Vermont
Madeleine Kunin [29]
Democratic
January 10, 1979
January 10, 1983
Missouri
Ken Rothman [45]
Democratic
January 12, 1981
January 15, 1985
Rhode Island
Richard Licht [46]
Democratic
January 1, 1985
January 1, 1989
Missouri
Harriett Woods [40]
Democratic
January 14, 1985
January 9, 1989
Maryland
Melvin Steinberg [40]
Democratic
January 21, 1987
January 18, 1995
Pennsylvania
Robert Jubelirer [47]
Republican
October 5, 2001
January 21, 2003
Ohio
Lee Fisher [48]
Democratic
January 8, 2007
January 10, 2011
Delaware
Matthew Denn [49]
Democratic
January 20, 2009
January 6, 2015
New York
Richard Ravitch [50]
Democratic
July 9, 2009
December 31, 2010
Louisiana
Jay Dardenne [51]
Republican
November 22, 2010
January 11, 2016
Hawaii
Brian Schatz [52]
Democratic
December 6, 2010
December 26, 2012
Connecticut
Nancy Wyman [53]
Democratic
January 5, 2011
January 9, 2019
Kentucky
Jerry Abramson [54]
Democratic
December 13, 2011
November 13, 2014
Florida
Carlos Lopez-Cantera [55]
Republican
February 3, 2014
January 7, 2019
Vermont
David Zuckerman [56]
Vermont Progressive Party
January 5, 2017
January 7, 2021
Hawaii
Josh Green [57]
Democratic
December 3, 2018
December 5, 2022
Vermont
David Zuckerman
Vermont Progressive Party
January 5, 2023
Incumbent
State Attorneys General [ edit ]
State
Portrait
Name
Party
Assumed office
Left office
New York
Simon Rosendale [58]
Democratic
January 1, 1892
December 31, 1893
Maryland
Isidor Rayner [59]
Democratic
1899
1903
Maryland
Isaac Straus [40]
Democratic
1907
1911
New York
Carl Sherman [60]
Democratic
January 1, 1923
December 31, 1924
New York
Albert Ottinger [61]
Republican
January 1, 1925
December 31, 1928
Ohio
Gilbert Bettman [40]
Republican
January 14, 1929
January 12, 1933
New Jersey
David Wilentz [62]
Democratic
1934
1944
New York
Nathaniel Goldstein [40]
Republican
January 1, 1943
December 31, 1954
Delaware
Albert Young [63]
Independent
1951
1955
Massachusetts
George Fingold [64]
Republican
January 8, 1953
August 31, 1958
New York
Jacob Javits [40]
Republican
January 1, 1955
January 9, 1957
New York
Louis Lefkowitz [40]
Republican
January 10, 1957
December 31, 1978
California
Stanley Mosk [40]
Democratic
January 5, 1959
1964
New Hampshire
Warren Rudman [40]
Republican
1970
1976
Rhode Island
Richard Israel [40]
Republican
January 5, 1971
January 7, 1975
Florida
Robert Shevin [40]
Democratic
January 5, 1971
January 2, 1979
Vermont
Jerome Diamond [40]
Democratic
1975
1981
Rhode Island
Julius Michaelson [40]
Democratic
January 7, 1975
January 2, 1979
New York
Robert Abrams [40]
Democratic
January 1, 1979
January 31, 1993
Maryland
Stephen Sachs [40]
Democratic
January 17, 1979
January 21, 1987
Connecticut
Joe Lieberman [40]
Democratic
January 5, 1983
January 3, 1989
Connecticut
Richard Blumenthal [40]
Democratic
January 9, 1991
January 5, 2011
Ohio
Lee Fisher [40]
Democratic
January 14, 1991
January 9, 1995
New York
G. Oliver Koppell [65]
Democratic
January 1, 1993
December 31, 1994
Rhode Island
Jeffrey Pine [40]
Republican
January 5, 1993
January 2, 1999
New Jersey
Deborah Poritz [66]
Republican
1994
1996
New York
Eliot Spitzer [40]
Democratic
January 1, 1999
December 31, 2006
New Jersey
David Samson [67]
Independent
January 15, 2002
February 15, 2003
New Jersey
Stuart Rabner [68]
Democratic
September 26, 2006
June 26, 2007
Maryland
Doug Gansler [69]
Democratic
January 17, 2007
January 21, 2015
Louisiana
Buddy Caldwell [70]
Democratic
January 14, 2008
February 2, 2011
Republican
February 2, 2011
January 11, 2016
New York
Eric Schneiderman [71]
Democratic
January 1, 2011
May 8, 2018
Arizona
Tom Horne [72]
Republican
January 3, 2011
January 5, 2015
Georgia
Sam Olens [73]
Republican
January 10, 2011
November 1, 2016
Oregon
Ellen Rosenblum [74]
Democratic
June 29, 2012
Incumbent
Delaware
Matthew Denn [49]
Democratic
January 6, 2015
January 1, 2019
Maryland
Brian Frosh [75]
Democratic
January 21, 2015
January 3, 2023
North Carolina
Josh Stein [76]
Democratic
January 1, 2017
Incumbent
Pennsylvania
Josh Shapiro [77]
Democratic
January 17, 2017
January 17, 2023
Michigan
Dana Nessel [78]
Democratic
January 1, 2019
Incumbent
Colorado
Phil Weiser [79]
Democratic
January 8, 2019
Incumbent
Washington D.C.
Brian Schwalb
Democratic
January 2, 2023
Incumbent
State Secretaries of State [ edit ]
State
Portrait
Name
Party
Assumed office
Left office
New York
Samuel Koenig [40]
Republican
January 1, 1909
December 31, 1910
New York
Mitchell May [40]
Democratic
January 1, 1913
December 31, 1914
New York
Caroline Simon [80]
Republican
1959
1963
Connecticut
Mildred Allen
Republican
January 3, 1955
January 3, 1959
Florida
Richard Stone [40]
Democratic
January 5, 1971
July 8, 1974
Florida
George Firestone [40]
Democratic
1979
1989
Vermont
Deborah Markowitz [40]
Democratic
January 1999
January 2011
Louisiana
Jay Dardenne [51]
Republican
November 10, 2006
November 22, 2010
Missouri
Jason Kander [81]
Democratic
January 14, 2013
January 9, 2017
Colorado
Jena Griswold [82]
Democratic
January 8, 2019
Incumbent
State Treasurers [ edit ]
State
Portrait
Name
Party
Assumed office
Left office
New Jersey
David Naar
Democratic
1865
1865
New Jersey
Katharine White [40] Acting
Democratic
1961
1961
Maine
Samuel Shapiro [40]
Democratic
1981
1996
Rhode Island
Nancy Mayer [40]
Republican
1993
1997
Delaware
Jack Markell [40]
Democratic
January 16, 1999
January 20, 2009
Kentucky
Jonathan Miller [40]
Democratic
December 1999
December 11, 2007
Massachusetts
Steve Grossman [83]
Democratic
January 17, 2011
January 21, 2015
Ohio
Josh Mandel [84]
Republican
January 10, 2011
January 14, 2019
Nevada
Dan Schwartz [85]
Republican
January 5, 2015
January 7, 2019
Rhode Island
Seth Magaziner [86]
Democratic
January 6, 2015
January 3, 2023
Massachusetts
Deb Goldberg [87]
Democratic
January 21, 2015
Incumbent
Other State Cabinet Positions [ edit ]
Municipal government [ edit ]
Mayors of major cities [ edit ]
Current mayors of major cities [ edit ]
City
State
Portrait
Name
Party
Assumed office
Left office
Austin
Texas
Steve Adler [89]
Democratic
January 6, 2015
Incumbent
Burlington
Vermont
Miro Weinberger [90]
Democratic
April 2, 2012
Incumbent
Chattanooga
Tennessee
Andy Berke [91]
Democratic
April 15, 2013
Incumbent
Jersey City
New Jersey
Steven Fulop [92]
Democratic
July 1, 2013
Incumbent
Las Vegas
Nevada
Carolyn Goodman [93]
Independent
July 6, 2011
Incumbent
Oakland
California
Libby Schaaf
Democratic
January 5, 2015
Incumbent
Sacramento
California
Darrell Steinberg [94]
Democratic
December 13, 2016
Incumbent
San Antonio
Texas
Ron Nirenberg [95]
Independent
June 21, 2017
Incumbent
St. Petersburg
Florida
Rick Kriseman [95]
Democratic
January 2, 2014
Incumbent
Minneapolis
Minnesota
Jacob Frey [96]
Democratic
January 2, 2018
Incumbent
Former mayors of major cities [ edit ]
Jerry Abramson (D-Louisville, KY: 1986–1999; 2003–2011)[54]
Moses Alexander (D-Boise, ID: 1897–1899; 1901–1903)[29]
Abe Aronovitz (R-Miami, FL: 1953–1955)[97]
Harry Bacharach (R-Atlantic City, NJ: 1912; 1916–1920; 1930–1935)[98]
Walt Bachrach (R-Cincinnati, OH: 1960–1967[99]
Abraham Beame (D-New York, NY: 1974–1977)
Martin Behrman (D-New Orleans, LA: 1904–1920; 1925–1926)[100]
Richard Berkley (R-Kansas City, MO: 1979–1991)[101]
Ethan Berkowitz (D-Anchorage, AK: 2015–2020)[102]
Bruce Blakeman (R-First Presiding Officer of Nassau County, NY)
Michael Bloomberg (D-New York, NY: 2002–2013)[103]
David Cicilline (D-Providence, RI: 2003–2011)[104]
Josh Cohen (D-Annapolis, MD: 2009–2013)[105]
Larry Cohen (D-Saint Paul, MN: 1972–1976)[106]
Norm Coleman (R-Saint Paul, MN: 1997–2002)[107]
Leopold David (Anchorage, AK: 1920–1923), first mayor of Anchorage[108]
Rahm Emanuel (D-Chicago, IL: 2011–2019)[20]
Mutt Evans (D-Durham, NC: 1951–1963)[109]
Bob Filner (D-San Diego, CA: 2012–2013)[110]
Samuel Folz (D-Kalamazoo, MI: 1903)[111]
Lois Frankel (D-West Palm Beach, FL: 2003–2011)[104]
Sandra Freedman (D-Tampa, FL: 1986–1995)[112]
Jeffrey Friedman (D-Austin, TX: 1975–1977)[113]
Eva Galambos (R-Sandy Springs, GA: 2005–2014)[114]
Eric Garcetti (D-Los Angeles, CA; 2013–2022)[115]
Bailey Gatzert (I-Seattle, WA: 1875–1876)[116]
Susan Golding (R-San Diego, CA: 1992–2000)[117]
Neil Goldschmidt (D-Portland, OR: 1973–1979)[1]
Stephen Goldsmith (R-Indianapolis, IN: 1992–2000)[118]
Phil Gordon (D-Phoenix, AZ: 2004–2012)[119]
Bill Gradison (R-Cincinnati, OH: 1971)[120]
Robert Harris (D-Ann Arbor, MI: 1969–1973)[121]
Adlene Harrison (D-Dallas, TX: 1976)[122]
Max Heller (D-Greenville, SC: 1971–1979) [123]
Julius Houseman (D-Grand Rapids, MI: 1872–1873; 1874–1875)[124]
Vera Katz (D-Portland, OR: 1993–2005)[125]
Ed Koch (D-New York, NY: 1978–1989)[126]
Joseph Lazarow (R-Atlantic City, NJ: 1976–1982)[127]
Oscar Leeser (D-El Paso, TX: 2013-2017, 2021-Present)[128]
Henry Loeb (D-Memphis, TN: 1960–1963; 1968–1971),[129] later converted to Episcopalianism
Zachariah J. Loussac (D-Anchorage, AK: 1948–1951)[130]
Sophie Masloff (D-Pittsburgh, PA: 1988–1994)[131]
Sam Massell (D-Atlanta, GA: 1970–1974)[132]
Laura Miller (D-Dallas, TX: 2002–2007)[133]
Arthur Naftalin (D-Minneapolis, MN: 1961–1969)[106]
Meyera Oberndorf (D-Virginia Beach, VA: 1988–2009)[134]
Jonathan Rothschild (D-Tucson, AZ: 2011–2019)[135]
Kel Seliger (R-Amarillo, TX: 1993–2001)[136]
Florence Shapiro (R-Plano, TX: 1990–1992)[137]
Joseph Simon (R-Portland, OR: 1909–1911)[138]
Paul Soglin (D-Madison, WI: 1973–1979; 1989–1997; 2011–2019)[139]
Jerry Springer (D-Cincinnati, OH: 1977–1978)[140]
Annette Strauss (D-Dallas, TX: 1987–1991)[141]
Adolph Sutro (R-San Francisco, CA: 1895–1897)[142]
Susan Weiner (R-Savannah, GA: 1992–1996)[143]
Edward Zorinsky (R-Omaha, NE: 1973–1976)[144]
Presidential and vice presidential candidates [ edit ]
Tonie Nathan was the vice presidential nominee of the Libertarian Party in 1972 . She received one electoral vote for vice president (from a faithless elector that had pledged his vote for Republicans Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew ), thus becoming the first Jew to receive an electoral vote for either president or vice president.[146]
Arlen Specter ran for the Republican nomination in 1996 , but dropped out before the Iowa caucuses. He later became a Democrat.[citation needed ]
Joe Lieberman was the Democratic nominee for vice president in 2000 , receiving 266 electoral votes for vice president. Four years later, he ran for the Democratic presidential nomination for the 2004 election .[147] [148] [149] He became an Independent in 2006.
Jill Stein was the Green Party nominee in 2012 . She lost with 0.36% of the vote, or 470,000 votes. She ran in the 2016 Presidential Election , but lost with just over one percent.[citation needed ]
Bernie Sanders ran for president in 2016 as a Democrat. He became the first Jewish candidate to win a Democratic party primary with a victory in New Hampshire . He lost the nomination to Hillary Clinton .[150] He ran again in 2020 . Sanders received one vote in the electoral college in 2016 from David Mulinix of Hawaii , thus making him the first Jew to receive a vote for president in the college. In addition to this, he received two invalidated votes from other voters in the electoral college.[151]
Michael Bennet ran in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries .[152]
Michael Bloomberg ran in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries .[153]
Marianne Williamson , raised in a Jewish family, ran in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries .[154]
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Louis Sandy Maisel (2001). Jews in American Politics . Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 445–. ISBN 978-0-7425-0181-2 .
^ "Prior Secretaries" . United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved August 21, 2019 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Henry A. (Heinz Alfred) Kissinger (1923–)" . U.S. Department of State – Office of the Historian .
^ Guttman, Nathan (October 3, 2007). "Former Secretary of Defense Puts Up Mezuza After D.C. Rabbi Reaches Out" . Forward. Retrieved November 16, 2022 .
^ Kitaeff, Jack Jews in Blue: The Jewish American Experience in Law Enforcement
^ "Orthodox Jew tapped to replace Gonzalez" . JTA. September 17, 2007. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. .
^ The Jewish Week: "Stuart Levey: The Man Trying to Make Iran Sanctions Work" by Ron Kampeas Archived January 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine July 1, 2010
^ New York Times: "WEDDINGS/CELEBRATIONS; Nicole Elkon, Neal Wolin" June 01, 2003
^ a b c "Jack Lew's Life Shaped by Faith and Service" . The Forward . Retrieved January 22, 2017 .
^ Neuman, Johanna (October 29, 2004). "Kerry's entree to Jewish vote" . Los Angeles Times .
^ "Penny Pritzker, Jewish Hotel Heiress, Tapped for Commerce Job" . The Forward . May 2, 2013. Archived from the original on March 10, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017 .
^ Dolsten, Josefin (January 27, 2017). "Meet the top Jewish officials in the Trump administration" . JPost. Retrieved February 15, 2018 .
^ "Jews in the Trump Administration" . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved December 14, 2020 .
^ a b c d e Kornbluh, Jacob (January 18, 2021). "Enough for a Minyan: A Jewish Who's Who of Biden's Cabinet-to-Be" . The Forward . Retrieved January 22, 2021 .
^ "NewsBank for Statesman | www.prod.statesman.com" . Nl.newsbank.com. Retrieved March 21, 2014 .
^ "Kenneth M. Duberstein" . The University of Arizona. January 23, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2015 .
^ "John Deutch — Central Intelligence Agency" . www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2018 .
^ Jewish Woman's Archive: "Charlene Barshefsky" by Robert D. Johnson retrieved November 19, 2012
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