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Keir Starmer

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The Right Honourable Sir
Keir Starmer
KCB KC
Portrait photograph of Keir Starmer
Official portrait, 2017
Leader of the Opposition
Assumed office
4 April 2020
Monarchs
Prime Minister
DeputyAngela Rayner
Preceded byJeremy Corbyn
Leader of the Labour Party
Assumed office
4 April 2020
DeputyAngela Rayner
Preceded byJeremy Corbyn
Shadow portfolios
Shadow Secretary of State
2016–2020Exiting the European Union
Shadow Minister
2015–2016Immigration
Assumed office
7 May 2015
Preceded byFrank Dobson
Director of Public Prosecutions
In office
1 November 2008 – 1 November 2013
Appointed byPatricia Scotland
Preceded byKen Macdonald
Succeeded byAlison Saunders
Personal details
Born
Keir Rodney Starmer

(1962-09-02) 2 September 1962 (age 61)
London, England
Political partyLabour
Spouse
Victoria Alexander
​
(m. 2007)​
Children2
EducationReigate Grammar School
Alma mater
OccupationPolitician, barrister, lawyer
Signature
Websitekeirstarmer.com

Sir Keir Rodney Starmer KCB KC (/ˈkɪər/ ⓘ; born 2 September 1962) is a British politician and barrister who has served as Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party since 2020. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Holborn and St Pancras from 2015 to 2024, and was previously Director of Public Prosecutions from 2008 to 2013. He ideologically identifies as progressive and as being part of the centre-ground.

Starmer was born in London and raised in Surrey, where he attended the selective state Reigate Grammar School, which became a private school while he was a student. He was politically active from an early age, joining the Labour Party Young Socialists at the age of 16. Starmer graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Leeds in 1985 and gained a postgraduate Bachelor of Civil Law degree at St Edmund Hall at the University of Oxford in 1986. After being called to the bar, Starmer practised predominantly in criminal defence work, specialising in human rights. He served as a human rights adviser to the Northern Ireland Policing Board and was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 2002, later citing his work on policing in Northern Ireland as being a key influence on his decision to pursue a political career. Starmer was Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) and Head of the Crown Prosecution Service between 2008 and 2013; during his time in the role, Starmer dealt with a number of major cases including the Stephen Lawrence murder case. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to law and criminal justice.

Starmer was elected to the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. As a backbencher, Starmer supported the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe campaign in the 2016 European Union membership referendum. He was appointed Shadow Minister for Immigration by Jeremy Corbyn, but resigned from this role in June 2016 as part of the wider shadow cabinet resignations in protest of Corbyn's leadership. Starmer accepted a new post under Corbyn that year as Shadow Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, and advocated a proposed second referendum on Brexit.

Following Corbyn's resignation after the party lost the 2019 general election, Starmer won the 2020 party leadership election to succeed him. Starmer's leadership has been characterised by his moving toward the political centre and his abandonment of much of the left-wing and socialist platform of his leadership campaign, and he has emphasised the importance of eliminating antisemitism within the party. In 2023 Starmer set out five missions for a Labour government, targeting issues such as economic growth, health, clean energy, crime, and education. Since 2021, the party has maintained leads in opinion polling over the governing Conservative Party, often by very wide margins. Starmer has led his party into the 2024 general election.

Early life and education

Reigate Grammar School, where Starmer studied (pictured in 2009)

Keir Rodney Starmer was born on 2 September 1962 in Southwark, London.[1][2] He grew up in the town of Oxted in Surrey.[3][4][5] He was the second of the four children of Josephine (née Baker), a nurse, and Rodney Starmer, a toolmaker.[5][6] His mother had Still's disease.[7][8] His parents were Labour Party supporters, and reportedly named him after the party's first parliamentary leader, Keir Hardie,[9][10] though Starmer said in 2015 that he did not know whether this is true.[11] He passed the 11-plus examination and gained entry to Reigate Grammar School, then a voluntary aided selective grammar school.[10] The school was converted into an independent fee-paying school in 1976, while he was a student. He was exempt from paying fees until the age of 16, and his sixth-form study fees were paid by a bursary he received from the private school's charity.[12][13][14] Among his classmates were the musician Norman Cook, alongside whom Starmer took violin lessons; Andrew Cooper, who went on to become a Conservative peer; and the future conservative journalist Andrew Sullivan. According to Starmer, he and Sullivan "fought over everything ... Politics, religion. You name it."[5]

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In his teenage years, Starmer was active in Labour politics; he was a member of the Labour Party Young Socialists at the age of 16.[6][5] He was a junior exhibitioner at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama until the age of 18, and played the flute, piano, recorder, and violin.[15] In the early 1980s, Starmer was caught by police illegally selling ice creams while trying to raise money during a holiday to the French Riviera. He escaped the incident without punishment, beyond the ice creams being confiscated.[16][17] Starmer studied law at the University of Leeds, becoming a member of the university's Labour Club and graduating with first class honours and a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree in 1985, becoming the first member of his family to graduate.[9][18] He undertook postgraduate studies at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, graduating from the University of Oxford as a Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) in 1986.[19][9] From 1986 to 1987, Starmer served as the editor of Socialist Alternatives, a Trotskyist radical magazine. The magazine was produced by an organisation under the same name, which represented the British section of the International Revolutionary Marxist Tendency (IRMT).[20][21]

Legal career

Main article: Legal career of Keir Starmer

Barrister

Starmer became a barrister in 1987 at the Middle Temple, becoming a bencher there in 2009.[1] He served as a legal officer for the campaign group Liberty until 1990.[9] He was a member of Doughty Street Chambers from 1990 onwards, primarily working on human rights issues.[7][9] He was called to the bar in several Caribbean countries,[22] where he defended convicts sentenced to the death penalty.[5] Starmer assisted Helen Steel and David Morris in the McLibel case, in the trial and appeal in English courts, also represented them at the European court.[23] The case was seen as a David and Goliath case; a large team of leading lawyers represented McDonald's and the legal bills were estimated at £10m. By contrast Steel and Morris were denied legal aid; they acted on their own with help from lawyers including Starmer.[24]

Starmer was appointed Queen's Counsel on 9 April 2002, aged 39.[25] In the same year, he became joint head of Doughty Street Chambers. Starmer served as a human rights adviser to the Northern Ireland Policing Board and the Association of Chief Police Officers, and was also a member of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office's death penalty advisory panel from 2002 to 2008.[1][9] The Northern Island board was an important part of bringing communities together following the Good Friday Agreement, and Starmer later cited his work on policing in Northern Ireland as being a key influence on his decision to pursue a political career: "Some of the things I thought that needed to change in police services we achieved more quickly than we achieved in strategic litigation ... I came better to understand how you can change by being inside and getting the trust of people".[26] During this time he also marched and authored legal opinions against the Iraq War, stating in 2015 that he believed that the Iraq War was "not lawful under international law because there was no UN resolution expressly authorising it."[27][5] In 2007, he was named "QC of the Year" by Chambers and Partners.[9]

Director of Public Prosecutions

Starmer as Director of Public Prosecutions, c. 2012

In July 2008, Patricia Scotland, Attorney General for England and Wales, named Starmer as the new head of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) and Director of Public Prosecutions. He took over from Ken Macdonald on 1 November 2008.[9] Macdonald, himself a former defence lawyer, publicly welcomed the appointment.[10] Starmer was considered to be bringing a focus on human rights into the legal system.[9] In 2011, he introduced reforms that included the "first test paperless hearing".[28] During his time in the role, Starmer dealt with a number of major cases including helping to bring two men accused of murdering Stephen Lawrence to justice.[29]

In February 2010, Starmer announced the CPS's decision to prosecute three Labour MPs and a Conservative peer for offences relating to false accounting in the aftermath of the parliamentary expenses scandal, who were all found guilty.[30][31] During the 2011 England riots, Starmer prioritised rapid prosecutions of rioters over long sentences, which he later thought had helped to bring "the situation back under control".[32][33]

In February 2012, Starmer announced that Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, Chris Huhne, and his former wife, Vicky Pryce, would be prosecuted for perverting the course of justice in R v Huhne. Huhne became the first UK cabinet minister in history to be compelled to resign as a result of criminal proceedings.[34] In 2013, Starmer announced changes to how sexual abuse investigations are handled in the wake of the Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal, including a panel to review historic complaints.[35][36]

Starmer left office in November 2013, and was replaced by Alison Saunders.[37][38] From 2011 to 2014, Starmer received honorary degrees from several universities, and he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) by Prince Charles in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to law and criminal justice.[39]

Political career

Member of Parliament

Starmer was selected in December 2014 to be the Labour Party's prospective parliamentary candidate for the Labour UK constituency of Holborn and St Pancras, a safe seat, following the decision of the sitting MP Frank Dobson to retire.[40] Starmer was elected at the 2015 general election with a majority of 17,048.[41] He was re-elected at the 2017 general election with an increased majority of 30,509, and re-elected again at the 2019 general election but with a reduced majority of 27,763.

Starmer made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 28 May 2015, in which he paid tribute to his predecessor, saying "Widely respected and widely regarded, he served the people of Holborn and St Pancras for 36 years. Although I doubt I will clock up 36 years, I intend to follow in Frank Dobson’s footsteps—albeit my jokes are likely to seem tame when compared with his, and I might give the beard a miss."[42] As a backbencher, Starmer supported the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe campaign in the 2016 European Union membership referendum.[43]

Starmer was urged by a number of activists to stand in the 2015 Labour Party leadership election following the resignation of Ed Miliband after the party lost the 2015 general election; he ruled this out, citing his relative lack of political experience.[44][45] During the campaign, Starmer supported Andy Burnham, who finished second to Jeremy Corbyn, the new Leader of the Labour Party.[46]

Shadow portfolios

Starmer discussing the Labour Party's Brexit policies with Jeremy Corbyn, December 2019

Starmer was appointed to the Corbyn shadow cabinet as Shadow Minister for Immigration; part of the ministerial team for the Shadow Home Secretary Andy Burnham. In June 2016, Starmer resigned fro this role as part of the widespread shadow cabinet resignations in protest at Corbyn's leadership; in his resignation letter he wrote that it was "simply untenable now to suggest we can offer an effective opposition without a change of leader".[47][48] Following Corbyn's win in the 2016 Labour Party leadership election in September, Starmer accepted an appointment as Shadow Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, replacing Emily Thornberry.[49] On taking up the role, Starmer resigned from a consultancy position with the law firm specialising in human rights, Mishcon de Reya, that had acted for Gina Miller in bringing legal proceedings against the government in R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union.[50]

In his role as Shadow Brexit Secretary, Starmer questioned the government's destination for the UK outside of the European Union (EU), as well as calling for Brexit plans to be made public. On 6 December 2016, the prime minister Theresa May confirmed the publication of Brexit plans, in what some considered a victory for Starmer.[51] He argued that the government would be needed to pass a large number of new laws quickly, or risk what he called an "unsustainable legal vacuum", if Britain left the EU without a deal.[52] At the 2018 Labour Party Conference on 25 September, Starmer advocated for a referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement, saying that "our options must include campaigning for a public vote, and nobody is ruling out remain as an option".[53]

In January 2017, Starmer called for a reform to the EU free movement rules following Brexit and for a "fundamental rethink of immigration rules from start to finish".[54] In his first interview after being appointed to the shadow cabinet, Starmer said that immigration should be reduced after Britain left the EU by "making sure we have the skills in this country".[55] Starmer had told Politico in November 2016 that negotiations with the EU should start on the understanding that there must be "some change" to freedom of movement rules, given that remaining in the EU single market is no longer a reality.[56]

In May 2017, Starmer said that "free movement has to go" but that it was important to allow EU citizens to migrate to the UK once they had a job offer, given the importance of immigration for the UK's economy.[57] Starmer was a supporter of a proposed second referendum on Brexit.[58] This position was included as a Labour Party policy in the party's 2019 general election manifesto.[59] During the 2019 general election campaign, Starmer supported Corbyn and said he "would make a great prime minister." In the 2019 general election, Labour suffered its fourth consecutive general election defeat and worst election defeat since 1935, with the Conservative Party earning an 80-seat majority.[60][61] Starmer began to distance himself from Corbyn's leadership and many of the policies he put forward at the election, revealing in 2024 that he was "certain that we would lose the 2019 election".[62] Corbyn responded by saying "Well, he never said that to me, at any time. And so I just think rewriting history is no help. It shows double standards, shall we say, that he now says he always thought that but he never said it at the time or anything about it. He was part of the campaign. He and I spoke together at events and I find it actually quite sad."[63] Following the party's defeat at the 2019 election, Corbyn announced that he would stand down as Leader of the Labour Party following a "process of reflection".[64]

Leader of the Opposition

Further information: 2020 Labour Party leadership election (UK) and Labour Party leadership of Keir Starmer
Logo for Starmer's leadership bid

On 4 January 2020, Starmer announced his candidacy for the 2020 Labour Party leadership election.[65][66][67] By 8 January, it was reported that he had gained enough nominations from Labour MPs and MEPs to get onto the ballot paper, and that the trade union Unison was backing him. Unison, with 1.3 million members, said Starmer was the best placed candidate to unite the party and regain public trust.[68] He also gained support from former Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Mayor of London Sadiq Khan.[69]

During the leadership election, Starmer positioned himself in opposition to austerity, stating that Corbyn was "right" to position Labour as the "party of anti-austerity".[70][71] He indicated he will continue with the Labour policy of scrapping tuition fees. He also pledged "common ownership" of rail, mail, energy and water companies and called for ending outsourcing in the NHS, local governments and the justice system.[72]

Starmer speaking during Prime Minister's Questions, 7 February 2024

Starmer was announced as the winner of the leadership contest on 4 April 2020, defeating rivals Rebecca Long-Bailey and Lisa Nandy, with 56.2% of the vote in the first round,[73] and subsequently became Leader of the Opposition.[74][75] In his acceptance speech, Starmer said it was "the honour and the privilege of my life" to be elected as leader of the Labour Party and said he would "lead this great party into a new era, with confidence and with hope so that when the time comes, we can serve our country again in government."[76] He also said he would refrain from "scoring party political points" and that he planned to "engage constructively with the government in the national interest", having become the Leader of the Opposition amid the COVID-19 pandemic.[77]

Upon becoming leader of the Labour Party, he tasked former Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown with recommending constitutional reforms to British democracy.[78] The report was published in 2022 and was endorsed and promoted by Starmer, and recommended the abolition of the House of Lords, greater powers given to local councils and mayors, and deeper devolution to the countries of the United Kingdom.[79] However, in 2024, early plans for Labour's election manifesto for the 2024 general election reportedly would not call for abolition of the House of Lords, instead committing only to removal of the remaining hereditary peers from the Lords during the first term of a Labour government.[80]

Starmer's tenure has seen the party move closer towards the political centre.[81][82][83] Speaking at the party's annual conference in 2021, the first time Starmer addressed the annual conference in person since becoming the leader, he presented his focus on stronger economy and tougher stances on crime, repositioning the party away from the previous leadership.[84] By 2022, Starmer had dropped most of the socialist policies he advocated during his leadership run, including pledges made to nationalise water and energy, scrap tuition fees, and defend free movement within the EU.[85][86] Starmer responded to criticism in 2023 by stating that they remained "important statements of value and principle", but cited the COVID-19 pandemic, the War in Ukraine, and the economic crisis resulting from the 2022 mini-budget as having meant that these pledges have had to be adapted.[87]

Following past accusations of antisemitism in the party during Corbyn's tenure, Starmer pledged to end antisemitism in the party during his acceptance speech, saying "Anti-semitism has been a stain on our party. I have seen the grief that it's brought to so many Jewish communities. On behalf of the Labour Party, I am sorry. And I will tear out this poison by its roots and judge success by the return of Jewish members and those who felt that they could no longer support us."[88][89] In October 2020, following the release of the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)'s report into antisemitism in the party, Starmer accepted its findings in full and apologised to Jews on behalf of the party.[90][91] Later that day, Corbyn stated that "the scale of the problem was also dramatically overstated for political reasons".[92] He was later suspended over his response to the report.[92] On 14 November 2022, it was reported that the leadership of the Labour Party would not restore the whip to Corbyn, preventing him from standing for election on behalf of the Labour Party.[93] In February 2023, Starmer's antisemitism reforms resulted in the party no longer being monitored by the EHRC.[94]

Under Starmer's tenure, the party still supports the renationalisation of Britain's railways,[95] and has pledged to create a publicly owned energy company, GB Energy, to "compete with private industry and promote clean energy", differentiated from full nationalisation of the energy industry as previously pledged.[96][97] In a speech on 23 February 2023, Starmer set out five "national missions" which would be the basis for Labour's manifesto for the 2024 general election, whilst calling for "a decade of national renewal".[98] In the speech, Starmer aimed for the UK to obtain the highest sustained growth in the G7 by the end of his first term.[99] He also aimed for the UK to be a "clean energy superpower" with zero-carbon electricity by 2030.[99] Starmer also committed to health and care reform, improving the justice system and also to "break down the barriers to opportunity" with education and childcare reforms.[99] Starmer has been accused of being authoritarian during his leadership of the Labour Party, such as via not committing to overturn the Conservative Party’s anti-protest bill and via intolerance for dissent within the Labour Party; the latter of which has also been described as "anti-democratic and above all illiberal".[100][101][102][103]

During the Israel–Hamas war, Starmer has emphasised his support for Israel, stated he would favour military aid to the country and called the actions of Hamas and other militants terrorism.[104][105] In an interview with LBC on 11 October 2023, Starmer was asked whether it would be appropriate for Israel to totally cut off power and water supplies to Gaza, with Starmer replying that "I think that Israel does have that right" and that "obviously everything should be done within international law".[106][107] On 20 October, after criticism and resignations of Labour councillors, Starmer said that he only meant that Israel had the right to defend itself.[107][108] Starmer had said that a ceasefire would only benefit Hamas for future attacks, instead calling for a humanitarian pause to allow aid to reach Gaza.[109] As of 6 November 2023, 50 of Labour's councillors had resigned over the issue.[110] On 16 November 2023, Starmer suffered a major rebellion when 56 of his MPs (including ten frontbenchers) defied a three-line whip in voting for an SNP motion to support an immediate ceasefire in Gaza.[111][112] Prior to the vote, Starmer stated that Labour MPs with positions in his Shadow Cabinet would be sacked if they voted in favour of the ceasefire vote.[111] This then led to the loss of ten frontbenchers, including eight shadow ministers.[111]

In December 2023, Starmer followed Prime Minister Rishi Sunak in changing his stance by calling for a "sustainable ceasefire" in relation to the conflict in Gaza. This also came after the Foreign Secretary David Cameron's same change in position. Starmer stated his support for a "two-stage" "two-state solution".[113][114][115] The Labour Party under Starmer suspended several parliamentary candidates and MPs, including Graham Jones, Andy McDonald, Azhar Ali and Kate Osamor, for allegedly making anti-Semitic comments about Israel during the Israel-Hamas war, or for describing its conduct as genocide.[116][117] On 18 February 2024, Starmer called for a "ceasefire that lasts" and said it must "happen now", having previously refused to call for a ceasefire.[118][119][120]

Starmer considered quitting after the party's mixed results in the 2021 local elections but later felt "vindicated" by his decision to stay on, saying "I did [consider quitting] because I didn't feel that I should be bigger than the party and that if I couldn't bring about the change, perhaps there should be a change. But actually, in the end, I reflected on it, talked to very many people and doubled down and determined, no, it is the change in the Labour Party we need.[121] Since the end of 2021, the party has maintained leads in opinion polling over the governing Conservative Party,[122] often by very wide margins, as the governments under prime ministers Boris Johnson, Liz Truss, and Rishi Sunak were affected by high-profile scandals and issues such as Partygate, the cost of living crisis, the July 2022 government crisis, the September 2022 mini-budget, the October 2022 government crisis, the industrial disputes including National Health Service strikes, railway strikes and postal workers strikes, and a number of scandals involving Conservative MPs.[citation needed] Labour have maintained a poll lead over the Conservatives, including the highest poll lead of any party in over 20 years during the Premiership of Liz Truss.[123][124] During the 2023 local elections, Labour gained more than 500 councillors and 22 councils, becoming the largest party in local government for the first time since 2002.[125] Labour made gains in the 2024 local elections, including winning the West Midlands mayoral election.[126]

Shadow Cabinet appointments
Main article: Shadow Cabinet of Keir Starmer
Starmer with his deputy leader Angela Rayner, February 2024

His Shadow Cabinet appointments included MPs associated with the various wings of the party. Angela Rayner was appointed deputy labour leader and shadow deputy prime minister, while Rachel Reeves and Yvette Cooper were appointed as shadow chancellor and shadow home secretary, respectively. Former Labour leader Ed Miliband was appointed shadow energy and climate secretary. Other notable appointments included David Lammy as shadow foreign secretary and Wes Streeting as shadow health secretary. A reshuffle of the Shadow Cabinet was undertaken in September 2023, which was described by the media as being dominated by Blairites and demoting MPs on the soft left.[127][128][129][130][131]

2024 general election

Starmer has led his party in the 2024 general election, which he said was an "opportunity for change" and offered three reasons why voters should vote Labour, firstly to "stop the chaos", secondly "because it’s time for change" and thirdly because Labour have "a long-term plan to rebuild Britain" that "is ready to go, fully-costed and fully funded."[132] On 13 June, the Labour Party released its manifesto Change, which focused on economic growth, planning system reforms, infrastructure, what they describe as ‘clean energy’, healthcare, education, childcare, and strengthening workers' rights.[133][134]

Policies and views

Main article: Political positions of Keir Starmer
Starmer campaigning during the 2020 Labour Party leadership election

Starmer's politics have been described as unclear and "hard to define".[135][136][137] When he was elected as Labour leader, Starmer was widely believed to belong to the soft left of the Labour Party.[138] However, he has since moved to the political centre-ground.[139][140] By the 2023 shadow cabinet reshuffle, most analysts concluded that Starmer had moved to the right of the party, and had demoted and marginalised those on the soft left, replacing them with Blairites.[141][142][143][131][130]

The term Starmerism has been coined to refer to Starmer's political ideology and his supporters have been called Starmerites.[144][145] In June 2023, Starmer gave an interview to Time where he was asked to define Starmerism:[146]

Recognizing that our economy needs to be fixed. Recognizing that [solving] climate change isn’t just an obligation; it’s the single biggest opportunity that we’ve got for our country going forward. Recognizing that public services need to be reformed, that every child and every place should have the best opportunities and that we need a safe environment, safe streets, et cetera.

In April 2023, Starmer gave an interview to The Economist on defining Starmerism.[145][147] In this interview, two main strands of Starmerism were identified.[147] The first strand focused on a critique of the British state for being too ineffective and over-centralised. The answer to this critique was to base governance on five main missions[broken anchor] to be followed over two terms of government; these missions would determine all government policy. The second strand was the adherence to an economic policy of "modern supply-side economics" based on expanding economic productivity by increasing participation in the labour market, mitigating the impact of Brexit and simplifying the construction planning process.[147]

Domestic issues

Starmer has repeatedly emphasised the reform of public institutions (against a so-called tax and spend approach), localism, and devolution. He has pledged to abolish the House of Lords, which he has described as "indefensible", during the first term of a Labour government and to replace it with a directly-elected 'Assembly of the Regions and Nations', but the details of which will be subject to public consultation. He criticised the Conservative Party for handing peerages to "cronies and donors".[148]

Starmer supports social ownership and investment in the UK's public services, including the National Health Service (NHS).[149][150][151] During the 2020 Labour leadership election, he pledged to increase income tax for the top 5% of earners and to end corporate tax avoidance,[149] but receded from the income tax commitment in 2023.[152] He advocates the reversal of the Conservative Party's cuts in corporation tax and supported Labour's anti-austerity proposals under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership.[149][150] On social inequality, Starmer proposes "national wellbeing indicators" to measure the country's performance on health, inequality, homelessness, and the environment.[153] He has called for an "overhaul" of the UK's Universal Credit scheme.[154]

Starmer strongly favours green policies to tackle climate change and decarbonise the British economy. He has committed to eliminate fossil fuels from the UK electricity grid by 2030, five years earlier than the Conservative government's target.[155] In 2021, Starmer and his Shadow Chancellor Rachel Reeves pledged that a Labour government would invest an extra £28 billion a year in green industries if elected; in June 2023 this was changed to £28 billion per year by the middle of their first term of government.[156]

Starmer vowed in 2021 and 2022 to strip independent schools of their VAT-exempt charitable status, a move opposed by the Independent Schools Council.[157][158][159] During the 2020 Labour leadership election, Starmer pledged to scrap university tuition fees; he dropped this pledge in May 2023, citing a "different financial situation" following Liz Truss' premiership. Starmer instead said that he aimed to reform the tuition fee system, which he said was unfair to both students and universities.[160] He is supportive of faith schools, and said he would not change policy on faith schools.[161] He has ruled out extending free school meals to all primary school pupils in England,[162] instead pledging to extend breakfast clubs including free breakfasts for every primary school in England.[163]

Starmer's position on public ownership over national infrastructure has changed over time. In the 2020 Labour Party leadership election, Starmer ran on a pledge to renationalise rail, mail, water, and energy back into common ownership; he dropped this pledge in July 2022 and said he would take a "pragmatic approach" to public ownership.[164][165] As of September 2023, he remained committed to renationalising the railways as existing contracts expire, the creation of a publicly owned energy company, and stricter regulation of water companies.[166][167][168][169] Starmer favours partnership between government and business, having said: "A political party without a clear plan for making sure businesses are successful and growing ... which doesn't want them to do well and make a profit ... has no hope of being a successful government."[170]

Starmer has pledged to halve the rates of violence against women and girls, halve the rates of serious violent crime, halve the incidents of knife crime, increase confidence in the criminal justice system, and create a 'Charging Commission' which would be "tasked with coming up with reforms to reverse the decline in the number of offences being solved".[171] He has also committed to placing specialist domestic violence workers in the control rooms of every police force responding to 999 calls to support victims of abuse.[172]

Foreign affairs

Starmer meets with United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken at the Munich Security Conference, February 2024

Starmer has advocated an end to "illegal wars" and a review of UK arms exports.[149] During his leadership campaign, he pledged to create a Prevention of Military Intervention Act, which would only permit lawful military action with the support of the House of Commons.[173][174] Starmer called for sanctions against Chinese officials who have been involved in human rights abuses.[175] He criticised the Johnson government for approving of major UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia used in the Saudi military campaign in Yemen, which intensified the humanitarian crisis in that country.[176][177]

Starmer supports maintaining the UK's nuclear arsenal as a nuclear deterrent, and voted for renewal of the Trident programme; he supports the general post-Cold War British policy of a gradual reduction in nuclear stockpiles.[178][179]

In 2021, Starmer said that Israel "must respect international law" and called on the Israeli government to work with Palestinian leaders to de-escalate the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[180] Starmer opposes Israeli settlements, proposals for Israeli annexation of the West Bank, and "the eviction of Palestinians" in the Israeli-occupied territories; he also opposes the Palestinian-led Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement.[181][182] Starmer also has expressed support for the creation of an "inverse OPEC" to promote renewable energy.[183] He has rejected the contention that Israel is an apartheid state.[184] During a June 2023 meeting with Palestinian Mission to the United Kingdom head Husam Zomlot, Starmer recommitted the Labour Party to the recognition of a Palestinian state if it wins the 2024 general election.[185] In January 2024, Starmer said that a future Labour government would recognize a State of Palestine as part of a multi-national peace process, rather than extending recognition immediately or unilaterally; this confirmed a recommendations from the party's policy forum in October 2023.[186]

During the prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Starmer met with Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg and said in an interview with the BBC that his predecessor Jeremy Corbyn was "wrong" to be a critic of NATO and that the Labour Party's commitment to NATO was "unshakeable"; he added that "stand united in the UK ... Whatever challenges we have with the [Boris Johnson's] government, when it comes to Russian aggression we stand together."[178] Starmer called for "widespread and hard-hitting" economic sanctions against Russia.[187] He also criticised the Stop the War Coalition in an op-ed for The Guardian, writing that the group's members were "not benign voices for peace" but rather "[a]t best they are naive, at worst they actively give succour to authoritarian leaders" such as Russian President Vladimir Putin "who directly threaten democracies."[188] In February 2023 he met Ukrainian President Volodomyr Zelenskyy, and pledged support for Ukraine during the Russian invasion of the country; Starmer that if he became prime minister, there would be no change in Britain's position on the war in Ukraine.[189][190] He also called for Russian leaders, including Putin, to be tried at The Hague for crimes against humanity.[191][192] Starmer supported the International Criminal Court's issuance of an arrest warrant for Putin, after he was indicted in the ICC.[193]

Personal life

Starmer married Victoria Alexander in 2007.[194] She was previously a solicitor but now works in NHS occupational health.[5][195] The couple's two children - a boy aged nearly 16 and a girl aged 13 - are being brought up to know the Jewish faith and background of their maternal grandparents.[196] Starmer said he does not believe in God, but does believe in faith and its power to bring people together.[197] He is a pescatarian and his wife is a vegetarian. They raised their children as vegetarians until they were 10 years old, at which point they were given the option of eating meat.[198] In an interview during the 2024 general election, Starmer revealed the thing he feared the most about potentially becoming prime minister is the impact it would have on his children, due to their "difficult ages" and how it would have been easier if they were younger or older.[199]

Starmer is a keen footballer, having played for Homerton Academicals, a north London amateur team,[10] and supports Premier League side Arsenal.[5] He said that football "has run through my veins since I was small boy", and still plays it every Sunday with friends. Starmer takes his children to Arsenal football matches and commented on seeing "the joy they also get from sport."[200]

While speaking in the House of Commons on 31 January 2022, then prime minister Boris Johnson falsely blamed Starmer for the non-prosecution of the serial sex offender Jimmy Savile when Starmer was Director of Public Prosecutions in the Crown Prosecution Service. Starmer was DPP in the years immediately prior to Savile's death but there is no evidence he was involved in the decision to not have him prosecuted.[201] On 3 February, during an interview with Sky News, Johnson defended his comments, saying Starmer had apologised because the CPS had not investigated Savile; however, he conceded that Starmer "had nothing to do personally with those decisions".[202]

In May 2022 Starmer said he would resign if he received a fixed penalty notice for breaching COVID-19 regulations while campaigning during the run-up to the Hartlepool by-election and local elections the previous year.[203] The controversy surrounding the event was dubbed "Beergate".[204] He and Angela Rayner were both cleared by Durham Police in July 2022 who said there was "no case to answer".[205]

Awards and honours

The star given to those appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, including Starmer
Honorary degrees issued to Keir Starmer
Date School Degree
21 July 2011 University of Essex Doctor of university (D.U.)[213]
16 July 2012 University of Leeds Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[214]
19 November 2013 University of East London Doctor of university (D.U.)[39]
19 December 2013 London School of Economics Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[215][216]
14 July 2014 University of Reading Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[217]
18 November 2014 University of Worcester Doctor of university (D.U.)[218]

Publications

Starmer is the author and editor of several books about criminal law and human rights, including:[1]

  • Justice in Error (1993), edited with Clive Walker, London: Blackstone, ISBN 1-85431-234-0.
  • The Three Pillars of Liberty: Political Rights and Freedoms in the United Kingdom (1996), with Francesca Klug and Stuart Weir, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-09641-3.
  • Signing Up for Human Rights: The United Kingdom and International Standards (1998), with Conor Foley, London: Amnesty International United Kingdom, ISBN 1-873328-30-3.
  • Miscarriages of Justice: A Review of Justice in Error (1999), edited with Clive Walker, London: Blackstone, ISBN 1-85431-687-7.
  • European Human Rights Law: the Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention on Human Rights (1999), London: Legal Action Group, ISBN 0-905099-77-X.
  • Criminal Justice, Police Powers and Human Rights (2001), with Anthony Jennings, Tim Owen, Michelle Strange, and Quincy Whitaker, London: Blackstone, ISBN 1-84174-138-8.
  • Blackstone's Human Rights Digest (2001), with Iain Byrne, London: Blackstone, ISBN 1-84174-153-1.
  • A Report on the Policing of the Ardoyne Parades 12 July 2004 (2004), with Jane Gordon, Belfast: Northern Ireland Policing Board.

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Further reading

External links

Legal offices
Preceded by Director of Public Prosecutions
2008–2013 		Succeeded by
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of Parliament
for Holborn and St Pancras
2015–present 		Incumbent
Political offices
Preceded by Shadow Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
2016–2020 		Office abolished
Preceded by Leader of the Opposition
2020–2024 		Incumbent
Party political offices
Preceded by Leader of the Labour Party
2020–present 		Incumbent
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