Kerinci language
| Kerinci | |
|---|---|
| |
| Pronunciation | ba.sə kiɲ.t͡ʃai̯ |
| Native to | Indonesia (Jambi and Bengkulu) |
| Region | Sumatra |
| Ethnicity | Kerinci |
Native speakers | 254,125 (Jambi, 2000)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin (Indonesian alphabet) Kaganga | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kvr |
| Glottolog | keri1250 |
| Linguasphere | 33-AFA-da |
 Areas where the Kerinci language is predominantly spoken. | |
The Kerinci language (basê Kinci or basê Kincai) is an Austronesian language primarily spoken by the Kerinci people in Sungai Penuh city, Kerinci Regency, and parts of Merangin and Bungo Regency in Jambi,[2] as well as several hamlets in Mukomuko Regency in Bengkulu.[3] This language is also spoken by the Kerinci diaspora in other regions of Indonesia, such as West Sumatra and Java; as well as outside Indonesia, such as in Negeri Sembilan and Selangor in Malaysia.[4][5] The total number of Kerinci language speakers is estimated to be around 250,000 in 2000.[1] As an Austronesian language from the Malay-Polynesian sub-group, the Kerinci language is also closely related to the Minangkabau and Jambi Malay languages.[6]
The Kerinci language exhibits very high diversity; it is estimated that there are 130 sub-dialects and 7 main dialects, namely Gunung Raya dialect, Danau Kerinci dialect, Sitinjau Laut dialect, Sungai Penuh dialect, Pembantu Sungai Tutung dialect, Belui Air Hangat dialect, and Gunung Kerinci dialect.[7] Based on dialectometric calculations, the percentage difference between these seven dialects ranges from 51% to 65.50%. In comparison, the Kerinci language has a percentage difference ranging from 81% to 100% when compared to the Bengkulu and Minangkabau languages.
Classification[edit]
The Kerinci language is one of the many varieties of the Malayic languages. Linguists believe that the Malay language—one of the varieties of the Malayic languages—originally derived from Proto-Malayic, which was spoken in the area stretching from West Kalimantan to the northern coast of Brunei around 1000 BCE. Its ancestor, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, is estimated to have originated from Proto-Austronesian, which split around 2000 BCE due to the large-scale expansion of the Austronesian people into Maritime Southeast Asia from the island of Taiwan.[8]
The Kerinci language is a member of the Austronesian language family, which encompasses various languages in Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, and as far as Madagascar, as well as some languages in mainland Asia. Uniquely, the Kerinci language also shares some phonemes with Austroasiatic languages.[9] The Malagasy language, Filipino, the indigenous languages of Taiwan, and Māori are also members of this language family. Although each language in this family is not mutually intelligible, their similarities are quite striking. Many basic words have remained almost unchanged from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian. There are numerous cognates found in basic words for kinship, health, body parts, and common animals. Even the words for numbers exhibit a remarkable level of similarity.[10]
The Kerinci language has a high degree of mutual intelligibility with the Minangkabau language. This is partly due to the historical fact that the Kerinci chiefdoms were once part of the Pagaruyung Kingdom's territory.[11]
Geographic distribution and usage[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Badan Pusat Statistik". jambi.bps.go.id. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
- ^ Sugono, Dendy; Sasangka, S. S. T. Wisnu; Rivay, Ovi Soviaty (2017). Sugono, Dendy; Sasangka, S. S. T. Wisnu; Rivay, Ovi Soviaty (eds.). Bahasa dan peta bahasa di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. p. 37.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Aliana, Zainul Arifin; Ratnawati, Latifah; Suhardi; Martojo, Soedjiono (1993). Fonologi dan Morfologi Bahasa Muko-Muko [Phonology and Morphology of the Muko-Muko Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture. ISBN 979-459--304-4.
- ^ "Ceramah Linguistik "Teka-Teki Bahasa Kerinci"" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-12-27.
- ^ Between worlds : linguistic papers in memory of David John Prentice. K. Alexander Adelaar, D. J. Prentice, R. A. Blust, Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, the Australian National University. 2002. ISBN 0-85883-478-2. OCLC 51647238.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Sholeha, Monica; Hendrokumoro (2022). "Kekerabatan Bahasa Kerinci, Melayu Jambi, dan Minangkabau" [Kinship of Kerinci, Jambi Malay, and Minangkabau Language]. DIGLOSIA: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya (in Indonesian). 5 (2). doi:10.30872/diglosia.v5i2.404. eISSN 2615-8655. ISSN 2615-725X.
- ^ Budi (2018-08-22). "Kemendikbud Ungkap Penyebab Bahasa Kerinci Terancam Punah". JPNN.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-12-27.
- ^ Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001), "The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu" (PDF), Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 32 (3): 315–330, doi:10.1017/s0022463401000169, JSTOR 20072349, S2CID 62886471, archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 13 October 2019
- ^ Van Reijn, E.O. (1974). "Some Remarks on the Dialects of North Kerintji: A link with Mon-Khmer Languages." Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 31, 2: 130-138.
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755095.
- ^ Djamaris, Edwar, (1991), Tambo Minangkabau, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Bibliography[edit]
- Van Reijn, E.O. (1974). "Some Remarks on the Dialects of North Kerintji: A link with Mon-Khmer Languages." Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 31, 2: 130-138.
- Nikelas, Syahwin; Amir, Zainuddin; Rusmali, Marah; Usman, Amir Hakim; Anwar, Jolsnidar (1981). Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Kerinci [Morphology and Syntax of the Kerinci Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture.
- Nikelas, Syahwin; Rusmali, Marah; Ayub, Asni; Kasim, Yuslina; Usman, Amir Hakim (1985). Kata Tugas Bahasa Kerinci [Function Words in the Kerinci Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture.
Further reading[edit]
- Ernanda. (2011). On the loss of the phrasal alternation in Pondok Tinggi dialect of Kerinci: A Stochastic Optimality Theory Approach (Master thesis). Faculty of *Arts. Radboud University Nijmegen.
- Ernanda. (2017). Phrasal alternation in Kerinci (Doctoral Dissertation). Leiden University Centre for Linguistics. Leiden University.
- McKinnon, Timothy A. (2011). The Morphology and Morphosyntax of Kerinci Word Shape Alternations. University of Delaware, Doctoral Dissertation.
- McKinnon, Timothy, Yanti, Peter Cole, Gabriella Hermon. 2012. Divergent Varieties of Malay in Upstream Jambi. Paper given at ISMIL 16.
- McKinnon, Timothy A. What is Kerinci? An closer look at the geography of its core properties Archived 2015-06-15 at the Wayback Machine.
- Usman, A. Hakim (1988). Fonologi dan Morfologi Bahasa Kerinci Dialek Sungai Penuh. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Fakultas Pascasarjana Doctoral Dissertation.
- Yanti; Mckinnon, Timothy; Cole, Peter; Hermon, Gabriella (2018). "The Phonological Basis of Syntactic Change in Kerinci". Oceanic Linguistics. 57 (2): 433–483. doi:10.1353/ol.2018.0018. ISSN 1527-9421. S2CID 149686433.
