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{{Short description|Capital of Venezuela}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
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{{Infobox settlement
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<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Caracas
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| official_name = Santiago de León de Caracas
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| native_name = <!-- if different from the English name -->
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| native_name_lang = es
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| other_name =
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| settlement_type = [[List of cities and towns in Venezuela|Capital City]]
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| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
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| photo1a = CaracasAvila.jpg
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| photo2a = Plaza Venezuela Sunset.jpg
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| size = 300
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| spacing = 1
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| color = white
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| border = 1
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| color_border = white
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}}
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| image_caption = Caracas as seen from [[El Ávila National Park|Ávila]]; Sunset at [[Plaza Venezuela]]
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| image_flag = Flag of Caracas.svg
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| flag_size =
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| flag_alt =
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| flag_link =
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| image_seal =
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| seal_size =
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| seal_alt =
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| seal_link =
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| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Caracas.svg
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| shield_size =
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| shield_alt =
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| shield_link =
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| nicknames = ''La Sucursal del Cielo''<br/>''La Odalisca del Ávila''<br/>''La Ciudad de la Eterna Primavera''
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| motto = ''Muy Noble y Leal Ciudad''
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| anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates ------>
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| image_map =
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| mapsize =
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| map_alt =
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| map_caption =
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| pushpin_map = Venezuela#South America
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| pushpin_map_alt =
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| pushpin_mapsize =
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Venezuela]] and South America
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| pushpin_relief = yes
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| coordinates = {{coord|10|28|50|N|66|54|13|W|region:VE-A|display=inline,title}}
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| coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) -->
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| coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref>tags -->
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<!-- location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Country
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| subdivision_name = [[Venezuela]]
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| subdivision_type1 = [[States of Venezuela|State]]
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| subdivision_type2 =
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Capital District (Venezuela)|Capital District]]
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| subdivision_name2 = <!-- established --------------->
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| established_title = Founded
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| established_date = 25 July 1567
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| established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
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| established_date1 =
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| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
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| established_date2 =
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| established_title3 =
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| established_date3 =
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| extinct_title =
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| extinct_date =
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| founder = [[Diego de Losada]]
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| named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts ------->
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| seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat -->
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| seat = <!-- government type, leaders -->
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| government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref>tags -->
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| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]
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| governing_body = [[List_of_Venezuela_governors#Other_authorities|Government of the Capital District]]
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| leader_party =
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| leader_title = [[List of Venezuela governors|Chief of Government]]
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| leader_name = [[Jacqueline Faría]]
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| leader_title1 =
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| leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 -->
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<!-- display settings --------->| total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
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| unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric -->
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<!-- area ---------------------->| area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref>tags -->
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| area_total_km2 = 433
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| area_land_km2 =
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| area_water_km2 =
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| area_water_percent =
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| area_metro_km2 = 4715.1
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| area_rank =
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| area_note = <!-- elevation ----------------->
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| elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref>tags -->
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| elevation_m = 900
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| elevation_min_m = 870
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| elevation_max_m = 1400
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| elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref>tags -->
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| elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref>tags -->
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<!-- population ---------------->| population_total = 2,245,744 <!-- Population of Distrito Metropolitano de Caracas -->
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| population_as_of = 2017
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| population_footnotes = <ref name=":3"/>
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| population_density_km2 =
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| population_est =
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| pop_est_as_of =
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| population_metro = <!-- Population of Gran Caracas -->
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| population_density_metro_km2 =
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| population_rank =
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| population_density_rank =
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| population_demonyms = [[wikt:Caraquenian|Caraquenian]] (Spanish: ''[[caraqueño]]'' (m), ''caraqueña'' (f))
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| population_note = <!-- time zone(s) -------------->
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| timezone1 = [[Time in Venezuela|VET]]
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| utc_offset1 = – 04:00
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| postal_code_type = Postal codes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.com.ve/codigospostales/codigopostal.php?e=caracas|title=Postal Codes in Caracas|publisher=Páginas Amarillas Cantv|access-date= 30 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412081052/http://www.pac.com.ve/codigospostales/codigopostal.php?e=caracas|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| postal_code = 1000–1090, 1209
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| area_code = 212
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| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Venezuela|Area code]]
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| geocode =
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| iso_code = VE-A
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| registration_plate = <!-- website, footnotes -------->
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| website = http://www.caracas.gob.ve/
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| footnotes = The area and population figures are the sum of the figures of the five municipalities (listed above) that make up the Distrito Metropolitano.
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| imagesize =
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| image_alt =
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}}
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'''Caracas''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|æ|k|ə|s|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɑː|k|-}}, {{IPA-es|kaˈɾakas|lang}}), officially '''Santiago de León de Caracas''', abbreviated as '''CCS''', is the capital and largest city of [[Venezuela]], and the center of the [[Metropolitan Region of Caracas]] (or Greater Caracas).<ref name=":122"/> Caracas is located along the [[Guaire River]] in the northern part of the country, within the Caracas Valley of the [[Coastal Range, Venezuela|Venezuelan coastal mountain range]] (Cordillera de la Costa). The valley is close to the [[Caribbean Sea]], separated from the coast by a steep 2,200-metre-high (7,200&nbsp;ft) mountain range, [[El Ávila National Park|Cerro El Ávila]]; to the south there are more hills and mountains. The Metropolitan Region of Caracas has an estimated population of almost 5 million inhabitants.
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The center of the city is still ''Catedral'', located near [[Bolivar Plaza (Caracas)|Bolívar Square]],<ref name=":322">{{cite book|last=Martín Frechilla|first=Juan José|title=Diálogos reconstruidos para una historia de la Caracas moderna|year=2004|publisher=CDCH UCV|location=Caracas, Venezuela}}</ref> though some consider the center to be [[Plaza Venezuela]], located in the Los Caobos area.<ref name=":122">{{cite journal|title=Caracas, Presente y Futuro: Ideas para Transformar una Ciudad|date=1995|journal=Alcaldía de Caracas}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Plaza Venezuela (Caracas) - Ciberturista|url=https://ciberturista.com/caracas/plaza-venezuela/|work=Ciberturista|date=2 January 2010|access-date=14 May 2018|language=es-ES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112637/https://ciberturista.com/caracas/plaza-venezuela/|archive-date=15 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{cite journal|url=http://biblioteca2.ucab.edu.ve/anexos/biblioteca/marc/texto/AAS3970.pdf|title=Una rayuela que se borra y se vuelve a dibujar cada día. Semblanza de lugar sobre la transformación urbanística y cultural de Sabana Grande.|last1=Rodríguez|first1=Verónica|last2=Valero|first2=Carla|journal=Tesis de Grado|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910052719/http://biblioteca2.ucab.edu.ve/anexos/biblioteca/marc/texto/AAS3970.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Businesses in the city include service companies, banks, and malls. Caracas has a largely service-based economy, apart from some industrial activity in its metropolitan area.<ref name="Caracas">
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{{cite web|url=http://caracas.eluniversal.com/2008/09/03/ccs_art_el-apagon-dejo-sus-s_1027497.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903221057/http://caracas.eluniversal.com/2008/09/03/ccs_art_el-apagon-dejo-sus-s_1027497.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2008|title=Caracas|publisher=Caracas.eluniversal.com |access-date=30 April 2010}}</ref> The [[Caracas Stock Exchange]] and [[Petróleos de Venezuela]] (PDVSA) are headquartered in Caracas. PDVSA is the largest company in Venezuela. Caracas is also Venezuela's cultural capital, with many restaurants, theaters, museums, and [[shopping]] centers. Caracas has some of the tallest skyscrapers in Latin America,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/compare-data/submit?type%5B%5D=building&status%5B%5D=COM&status%5B%5D=UC&status%5B%5D=UCT&status%5B%5D=STO&status%5B%5D=OH&status%5B%5D=NC&status%5B%5D=PRO&status%5B%5D=VIS&status%5B%5D=DEM&base_region=0&base_country=0&base_city=1734&base_height_range=0&base_company=All&base_min_year=1900&base_max_year=9999&comp_region=0&comp_country=0&comp_city=0&comp_height_range=3&comp_company=All&comp_min_year=1960&comp_max_year=2019&skip_comparison=on&output%5B%5D=list&dataSubmit=Show+Results|title=The Skyscraper Center|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503180422/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/compare-data/submit?type%5B%5D=building&status%5B%5D=COM&status%5B%5D=UC&status%5B%5D=UCT&status%5B%5D=STO&status%5B%5D=OH&status%5B%5D=NC&status%5B%5D=PRO&status%5B%5D=VIS&status%5B%5D=DEM&base_region=0&base_country=0&base_city=1734&base_height_range=0&base_company=All&base_min_year=1900&base_max_year=9999&comp_region=0&comp_country=0&comp_city=0&comp_height_range=3&comp_company=All&comp_min_year=1960&comp_max_year=2019&skip_comparison=on&output%5B%5D=list&dataSubmit=Show+Results|archive-date=3 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> such as the [[Parque Central Complex|Parque Central Towers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/caracas|title=Caracas The Skyscraper Center|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=1 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502064411/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/caracas|archive-date=2 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Museum of Contemporary Art of Caracas]] is one of the most important in South America.<ref>Valentina Quintero. 1998. Venezuela. Corporación Venezolana de Turismo. Caracas. 118p.</ref>
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
Caracas has one of the highest per capita murder rates in the world, with 111.19 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/most-dangerous-cities-in-the-world.html|title=The Most Dangerous Cities in the World}}</ref>
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==History==
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{{see also|Timeline of Caracas}}
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[[File:Diego de Losada - Antonio Herrera Toro Concejo Municipal de Caracas.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Diego de Losada'' by [[Antonio Herrera Toro]]]]
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Before the city was founded in 1567,<ref name=":0">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Carácas}}</ref> the valley of Caracas was populated by indigenous peoples. [[Francisco Fajardo]], the son of a Spanish [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]] and a [[Guaiqueri]] ''[[cacique|cacica]]'', who came from [[Margarita Island|Margarita]], began establishing settlements in the area of [[La Guaira]] and the Caracas valley between 1555 and 1560. Fajardo attempted to establish a plantation in the valley in 1562 after these unsuccessful coastal towns, but it did not last long: it was destroyed by natives of the region led by [[Terepaima]] and [[Guaicaipuro]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Ferry|first=Robert J.|title=The colonial elite of early Caracas: formation & crisis, 1567–1767|publisher=University of California Press|year=1989|isbn=0-585-28540-3|location=Berkeley, Calif.|oclc=45728929}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Layrisse|first1=Miguel|last2=Wilbert|first2=Johannes|last3=Arends|first3=Tulio|date=1958|title=Frequency of blood group antigens in the descendants of Guayquerí Indians|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=16|issue=3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330160304|pmid=13649899|issn=0002-9483}}</ref> Fajardo's 1560 settlement was known as Hato de San Francisco, and another attempt in 1561 by [[Juan Rodríguez de Suárez]] was called Villa de San Francisco, and was also destroyed by the same native people.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Straka|first1=Tomás|title=Historical dictionary of Venezuela|last2=Guzmán Mirabal|first2=Guillermo|last3=Cáceres|first3=Alejandro E.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|others=Rudolph, Donna Keyse|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5381-0949-6|edition=Third|location=Lanham|oclc=993810331}}</ref> The eventual settlers of Caracas came from [[Coro, Venezuela|Coro]], the German capital of their [[Klein-Venedig]] colony around the present-day coastal [[Colombia–Venezuela border]]; from the 1540s, the colony had been ''de facto'' controlled by Spaniards. Moving eastward from Coro, groups of Spanish settlers founded inland towns including [[Barquisimeto]] and [[Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]] before reaching the Caracas valley.<ref name=":1" />
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
On 25 July 1567, Captain [[Diego de Losada]] laid the foundations of the city of ''Santiago de León de Caracas''.<ref name=":0" /> De Losada had been commissioned to capture the valley, and was successful by splitting the natives into different groups to work with, then fighting and defeating each of them.<ref name=":3" /> The town was the closest to the coast of these new settlements, and the colonists retained a native workforce, which allowed a trade network to develop between Caracas, the interior, and Margarita; the towns further inland produced ample cotton products and beeswax, and Margarita was a rich source of pearls. The Caracas valley had a good environment for both agricultural and arable farming, which contributed to the system of commerce but meant that the town's population was initially sparse, as it was only large enough to support a few farms.<ref name=":1" />
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
In 1577, Caracas became the capital of the [[Spanish Empire]]'s [[Venezuela Province]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=McCudden|first=Mary Rose|title=Britannica Student Encyclopedia : an A to Z Encyclopedia|date=May 2014|isbn=978-1-62513-172-0|location=[Chicago, Illinois]|pages=36|oclc=882262198}}</ref> under the province's new governor, [[Juan de Pimentel]] (1576–1583).<ref name=":3" /> In the 1580s, Caraqueños started selling food to the Spanish soldiers in [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]], who often docked in the coastal city when collecting products from the empire in South America. Wheat was growing increasingly expensive in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and the Spanish profited from buying it from Caracas farmers. This cemented the city in the empire's trade circuit.<ref name=":1" />
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the coast of Venezuela was frequently raided by pirates. With the coastal mountains of the [[Cordillera de la Costa Central|Central Range]] as a barrier, Caracas was relatively immune to such attacks, compared to other Caribbean coastal settlements,<ref name=":1" /> but in 1595 the [[Preston–Somers expedition]] landed and around 200 English [[Privateer]]s, including [[George Somers]] and [[Amyas Preston]], crossed the mountains through a little-used pass while the town's defenders were guarding the more frequently used one. Encountering little resistance, the invaders sacked and set fire to the town after a failed ransom negotiation.<ref>John Lombardi, ''Venezuela,'' Oxford, England, 1982, p 72.</ref><ref>
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{{cite web|url=http://www.thebermudian.com/heritage/1055-the-burning-of-caracas|title=George Somers, Amyas Preston and the Burning of Caracas|work=The Bermudian |access-date = 17 May 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160513110245/http://www.thebermudian.com/heritage/1055-the-burning-of-caracas |archive-date = 13 May 2016 |url-status = dead}}</ref> The city managed to rebuild, using wheat profits and "a lot of sacrifice".<ref name=":3" /> In the 1620s, farmers in Caracas discovered that [[Cacao bean]]s could be sold, first selling them to native people of Mexico and quickly growing across the [[Caribbean]]. The city became important in the [[Viceroyalty]] of [[New Spain]], as well as moving from largely native slave labor to African slaves, the first of the Spanish colonies to become part of the [[slave trade]]. The city was successful and operated on cacao and slave trade until the 1650s, when an ''alhorra'' blight, the [[Mexican Inquisition]] of many of their Portuguese traders, and increased cacao production in [[Guayaquil]] greatly affected the market. This and the destructive [[1641 Caracas earthquake|1641 earthquake]] put the city into decline, and they likely began illegally trading with the [[Dutch Empire]], which Caraqueños later proved sympathetic to; by the 1670s, Caracas had a trading route through [[Curaçao]].<ref name=":1" />
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[[File:Vista de Caracas en 1839.jpg|thumb|left|Caracas in 1839]]
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In 1728, the [[Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas]] was founded by the king, and the cacao business grew in importance. Caracas was made one of the three provinces of [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|Nueva Granada]], corresponding to Venezuela, in 1739. Over the next three decades the Viceroyalty was variously split, with Caracas province becoming the Venezuela province. [[Luis de Unzaga]] created the [[Captaincy General of Venezuela]] in the summer of [[1777]], with Caracas as the capital.<ref name=":3" /> Venezuela then attempted to become independent, first with the 1797 [[Gual and España conspiracy]], based in Caracas,<ref name="The connection">{{cite web|title=The connection between the United Utates independence and the hispanic american independence movement, and the role played by some key books published at the beginning of the xix century|url=http://allanbrewercarias.net/Content/449725d9-f1cb-474b-8ab2-41efb849fea2/Content/I,%201,%201045.%20Brewer.%20THE%20ROLE%20OF%20SOME%20KEY%20BOOKS%20IN%20THE%20CONECTION%20BETWEEN%20THE%20U.S.%20INDEPENDENCE%20AND%20THE%20SPANISH.pdf|website=allanbrewercarias.net|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> and then the successful 1811 [[Venezuelan Declaration of Independence]].<ref name=":3" /> Caracas then came under worse luck: in 1812, an [[1812 Caracas earthquake|earthquake destroyed Caracas]], a quarter of its population migrated in 1814, and the [[Venezuelan War of Independence]] continued until 24 June 1821, when [[Simón Bolívar]] defeated [[royalist (Hispanic American Revolution)|royalist]]s in the [[Battle of Carabobo]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name="HT">Maurice Wiesenthal, ''The History and Geography of a Valley'', 1981.</ref> Urban reforms only took place towards the end of the 19th century, under [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]]: some landmarks were built, but the city remained distinctly colonial until the 1930s.<ref name=":3" />
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
[[File:Stadsgezicht met Hotel Majestica in Caracas in Venezuela, Bestanddeelnr 252-8437.jpg|250px|thumb|Caracas in 1950.]]
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Caracas grew in size, population, and economic importance during Venezuela's oil boom in the early 20th century. In the 1950s, the metropolitan area of Gran Caracas was developed, and the city began an intensive modernization program, funding public buildings, which continued throughout the 1960s and early 1970s.<ref name=":3" /> Cultural landmarks, like the [[University City of Caracas]], designed by modernist architect [[Carlos Raúl Villanueva]] and declared a World Heritage Site by [[UNESCO]] in 2000;<ref name=":23">{{cite web|title=Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/986|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=28 May 2010}}</ref> the [[Caracas Museum of Contemporary Art]]; and the [[Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex]] were built, as well as the [[Caracas Metro]] and a developed downtown area. Urban development was rapid, leading to the growth of slums on the hillsides surrounding the new city. Much of the city development also fell into disrepair come the end of the 20th century, with the [[1980s oil glut]] and political instability like the [[Caracazo]], meaning maintenance can not be sustained. The economic and social problems persist throughout the capital and country, characterized as the [[Crisis in Venezuela]]. Caracas is the most violent city in the world.<ref name=":3" />
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
==Coat of arms==
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The coat of arms was adopted in 1591. Simón de Bolívar, an ancestor of Venezuelan liberator Simón Bolívar,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sánchez|first=George Isidore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DiRO1cEYklgC|title=The Development of Education in Venezuela|publisher=U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education|year=1963|pages=13}}</ref> had been named the first [[Procuration|procurator general]] of the Venezuelan province in 1589. He served as the representative of Venezuela to the Spanish Crown, and vice versa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Oviedo y Baños|first=José|title=CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT OF VENEZUELA.|publisher=University of California Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-520-30135-1|pages=260–261|oclc=1031451450}}</ref> In 1591, de Bolívar introduced a petition to King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] for a coat of arms, which he granted by [[Royal Cedula]] on 4 September that year in San Lorenzo. The coat of arms represents the city's name with the red [[Santiago cross|Santiago (St. James') cross]]. It originally depicted "a brown bear rampant on a field of silver, holding between its paws a golden shell with the red cross of Santiago; and its seal is a crown with five golden points".<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Oviedo y Baños|first=José|title=The conquest and settlement of Venezuela|publisher=University of California Press|others=Varner, Jeannette Johnson|year=1987|isbn=0-520-05851-8|location=Berkeley|pages=190–191|oclc=14240336}}</ref> In the same act, the king declared Caracas as "The Most Noble and Very Loyal City of Santiago de León de Caracas".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rowe|first=John Carlos|title=Literary culture and U.S. imperialism : from the Revolution to World War II|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-535123-1|location=Oxford|pages=413|oclc=71801841}}</ref>
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
The anthem of the city is the ''[[Marcha a Caracas]]'', written by the composer [[Tiero Pezzuti de Matteis]] with the lyrics by [[José Enrique Sarabia]] and approved in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Himno a Caracas|url=https://htr.noticierodigital.com/2013/08/himno-a-caracas/|website=htr.noticierodigital.com|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>
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{{wide image|Plan of the City of Caracas with its Division in Neighborhoods. 1775 (cropped).jpg|600px|In the center, the (colonial) coat of arms of Caracas. On its left, a shield representing 'Justice', and on the right, 'Vigilance'. c. 1775, by Joseph Carlos de Aguero. [[General Archive of the Indies]], Seville.}}
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
==Geography==
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[[File:Avila desde el Parque del Este 2.JPG|thumb|View of Ávila from [[Parque del Este]]]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
Caracas is contained entirely within a valley of the [[Cordillera de la Costa Central|Venezuelan Central Range]], and is separated from the Caribbean coast by a roughly {{convert|15|km|0|adj=on}} expanse of [[El Ávila National Park]]. The valley is relatively small and quite irregular, and the altitude varies from between {{convert|870|and|1,043|m|ft|sp=us}} [[above sea level]]; the historic center lies at about {{convert|900|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} above sea level.<ref name=mountains>{{Cite journal|last=Parsons|first=James J.|year=1982|title=The Northern Andean Environment|journal=Mountain Research and Development|volume=2|issue=3|pages=253–264|doi=10.2307/3673089|jstor=3673089}}</ref> This, along with the rapid population growth, has profoundly influenced the [[urban planning|urban development]] of the city.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=A.S.|year=1978|title=Urban Growth Patterns in Latin America with Illustrations from Caracas|journal=Urban Studies|volume=15|issue=3|pages=299–312|doi=10.1080/713702382|issn=0042-0980}}</ref> The most elevated point of the Capital District, wherein the city is located, is the ''Pico El Ávila'', which rises to {{convert|2159|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref name=mountains/>
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
The main body of water in Caracas is the [[Guaire River]], which flows across the city and empties into the [[Tuy River]], which is also fed by the El Valle and [[San Pedro de los Altos|San Pedro]] rivers, in addition to numerous streams which descend from El Ávila. The La Mariposa and {{ill|Camatagua reservoir|lt=Camatagua|es|Embalse de Camatagua}} reservoirs provide water to the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guaire River|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guaire-River|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jaffe|first1=Rudolf|last2=Leal|first2=Ivan|last3=Alvarado|first3=Jose|last4=Gardinali|first4=Piero|last5=Sericano|first5=José|date=1 December 1995|title=Pollution effects of the Tuy River on the central Venezuelan coast: Anthropogenic organic compounds and heavy metals in Tivela mactroidea|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|language=en|volume=30|issue=12|pages=820–825|doi=10.1016/0025-326X(95)00087-4|issn=0025-326X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Exergy for a better environment and improved sustainability. 2, Applications|last1=Aloui|first1=Fethi|last2=Dinçer|first2=İbrahim|date=22 August 2018|isbn=978-3-319-62575-1|location=Cham, Switzerland|oclc=1049802575|page=716}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Steward|first=Julian Haynes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZgOAQAAIAAJ|title=Handbook of South American Indians|date=1946|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=475}}</ref> The city is occasionally subject to earthquakes – notably in [[1641 Caracas earthquake|1641]] and 1967.
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
Geologically, Caracas was formed in the [[Late Cretaceous]] period, with much of the rest of the Caribbean, and sits on what is mostly [[metamorphic rock]]. Deformation of the land in this period formed the region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dengo|first=Gabriel|title=Geology of the Caracas Region, Venezuela|date=1 January 1953|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsabulletin/article-abstract/64/1/7/4533/GEOLOGY-OF-THE-CARACAS-REGION-VENEZUELA|journal=GSA Bulletin|language=en|volume=64|issue=1|pages=7–40|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[7:GOTCRV]2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1953GSAB...64....7D|issn=0016-7606}}</ref>
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
===Climate===
I eat sperm sandwiches.
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Caracas has a mix of [[tropical savanna climate]] (''Aw'') with [[subtropical highland]] (''Cwb'') influences due to its altitude. Caracas is also intertropical, with precipitation that varies between {{convert|900|and|1,300|mm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}} (annual), in the city proper, and up to {{convert|2000|mm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}} in some parts of the Mountain range. While Caracas is within the tropics, due to its altitude temperatures are generally not nearly as high as other tropical locations at sea level. The annual average temperature is approximately {{convert|23.8|°C|0|abbr=on}}, with the average of the coldest month (January) {{convert|22.8|°C|0|abbr=on}} and the average of the warmest month (July) {{convert|25.0|°C|0|abbr=on}}, which gives a small annual thermal amplitude of {{convert|2.2|C-change|abbr=on}}.<ref name=climate/>
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
In the months of December and January abundant fog may appear, in addition to a sudden nightly drop in temperature, until reaching {{convert|8|°C|F|abbr=on}}</span>.<ref name=climate>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=61408&cityname=Caracas%2C+Venezuela&set=metric|title=Weather Base – World Weather – Average Conditions – Caracas|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 July 2013}}</ref> This peculiar weather is known by the natives of Caracas as the ''Pacheco''. In addition, nightly temperatures at any time of the year are much (14 to 20&nbsp;°C) lower than daytime highs and usually do not remain above <span style="white-space:nowrap">{{convert|24|C|F|abbr=on}}</span>, resulting in very pleasant evening temperatures. Hail storms appear in Caracas, although only on rare occasions. [[Electrical storm]]s are much more frequent, especially between June and October, due to the city being in a closed valley and the orographic action of Cerro El Ávila.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Llegó Pacheco" con su historia y origen|url=http://www.televen.com/elnoticiero/llego-el-pacheco-con-su-historia-y-origen/|date=1 December 2017|website=Televen|language=es-VE|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
{{clear}}
I eat sperm sandwiches.
<center>
I eat sperm sandwiches.
<!--Infobox begins-->
I eat sperm sandwiches.
{{Weather box
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|metric first = Yes
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|single line = Yes
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|open = Yes
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|location = Caracas (1970–1998)
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jan high C = 23.3 |Jan record high C = 31.9
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Feb high C = 23.6 |Feb record high C = 34.1
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Mar high C = 24.3 |Mar record high C = 35.3
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Apr high C = 25.0 |Apr record high C = 33.5
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|May high C = 25.8 |May record high C = 34.4
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jun high C = 26.0 |Jun record high C = 32.8
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jul high C = 25.5 |Jul record high C = 33.6
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Aug high C = 25.8 |Aug record high C = 31.5
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Sep high C = 25.5 |Sep record high C = 32.2
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Oct high C = 25.2 |Oct record high C = 31.4
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Nov high C = 24.6 |Nov record high C = 31.2
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Dec high C = 23.8 |Dec record high C = 30.8
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|year high C = 24.9 |year record high C = 35.3
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jan mean C = 19.6
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Feb mean C = 19.7
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Mar mean C = 20.2
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Apr mean C = 21.2
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|May mean C = 22.0
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jun mean C = 22.0
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jul mean C = 21.7
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Aug mean C = 21.9
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Sep mean C = 21.9
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Oct mean C = 21.8
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Nov mean C = 21.3
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Dec mean C = 20.2
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|year mean C = 21.1
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jan low C = 15.9 |Jan record low C = 7.1
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Feb low C = 15.8 |Feb record low C = 10.9
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Mar low C = 16.0 |Mar record low C = 11.4
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Apr low C = 17.5 |Apr record low C = 12.5
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|May low C = 18.2 |May record low C = 13.1
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jun low C = 18.1 |Jun record low C = 14.9
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jul low C = 17.9 |Jul record low C = 14.1
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Aug low C = 18.1 |Aug record low C = 14.3
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Sep low C = 18.3 |Sep record low C = 15.5
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Oct low C = 18.4 |Oct record low C = 13.1
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Nov low C = 18.0 |Nov record low C = 11.9
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Dec low C = 16.5 |Dec record low C = 10.0
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|year low C = 17.4 |year record low C = 7.1
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|rain colour = green
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jan rain mm = 15.3
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Feb rain mm = 13.2
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Mar rain mm = 11.4
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Apr rain mm = 59.2
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|May rain mm = 81.7
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jun rain mm = 134.1
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jul rain mm = 118.4
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Aug rain mm = 123.8
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Sep rain mm = 115.4
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Oct rain mm = 126.3
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Nov rain mm = 72.6
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Dec rain mm = 41.4
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|year rain mm = 912.8
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jan rain days = 6
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Feb rain days = 4
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Mar rain days = 3
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Apr rain days = 7
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|May rain days = 13
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jun rain days = 19
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jul rain days = 19
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Aug rain days = 18
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Sep rain days = 15
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Oct rain days = 15
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Nov rain days = 13
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Dec rain days = 10
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|year rain days = 142
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jan humidity = 73.7
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Feb humidity = 74.2
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Mar humidity = 73.0
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Apr humidity = 76.3
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|May humidity = 75.4
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jun humidity = 75.1
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jul humidity = 74.1
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Aug humidity = 74.0
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Sep humidity = 74.9
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Oct humidity = 74.7
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Nov humidity = 73.7
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Dec humidity = 74.7
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|year humidity = 74.5
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jan sun = 229.4
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Feb sun = 217.5
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Mar sun = 235.6
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Apr sun = 183.0
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|May sun = 182.9
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jun sun = 183.0
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Jul sun = 210.8
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Aug sun = 217.0
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Sep sun = 213.0
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Oct sun = 210.8
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Nov sun = 210.0
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|Dec sun = 213.9
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|year sun = 2506.9
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|source 1 = '''Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (INAMEH)'''<ref name="clima-t">{{cite web|url=http://www.inameh.gob.ve/documentos/ESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_EXTREM.pdf|title=Estadísticos Básicos Temperaturas y Humedades Relativas Máximas y Mínimas Medias|work=INAMEH|language=es |url-status=dead |access-date=31 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615065531/http://www.inameh.gob.ve/documentos/ESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_EXTREM.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="clima-tm">{{cite web|url=http://www.inameh.gob.ve/documentos/ESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_MEDIAS.pdf|title=Estadísticos Básicos Temperaturas y Humedades Relativas Medias|work=INAMEH|language=es |url-status=dead |access-date=31 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085231/http://www.inameh.gob.ve/documentos/ESTADISTICOS_BASICOS_TyHR_MEDIAS.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|source 2 = World Meteorological Organization (rainfall data),<ref name="wmo">{{cite web|url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/135/c00288.htm|title=World Weather Information Service – Caracas|publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> Hong Kong Observatory (sun only),<ref name="HKO">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/s_america/col_ve/caracas_e.htm|title=Climatological Information for Caracas, Venezuela|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |access-date= 16 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141004142036/http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/s_america/col_ve/caracas_e.htm |archive-date= 4 October 2014 |url-status= dead}}</ref> NOAA(extremes)<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-III/VN/80416.TXT|title=Caracas-La-Carlota Climate Normals 1961–1990|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date= 15 January 2013}}</ref>
I eat sperm sandwiches.
|date = October 2012}}
I eat sperm sandwiches.
<!--Infobox ends-->
I eat sperm sandwiches.
</center>
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
==Demographics==
I eat sperm sandwiches.
[[File:Av Bolivar caracas2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Bolivar Avenue]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
According to the population census of 2011 the Caracas proper (Distrito Capital) is over 1.9&nbsp;million inhabitants,<ref name="ine.gov.ve">{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/distrito_capital.pdf|title=Archived copy |access-date=30 April 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009164814/http://www.ine.gov.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/distrito_capital.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2012}}</ref> while that of the Metropolitan District of Caracas is estimated at 2.9&nbsp;million {{As of|2011|lc=y}}. The majority of the population is [[Mixed Race|mixed-race]], typically with varying degrees of [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]], [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]] and occasional [[Ethnic groups in Asia|Asian]] ancestry. There is a noteworthy [[Afro-Venezuelan]] community. Additionally, the city has a large number of both European Venezuelans and Asian Venezuelans who descend from the massive influx of various immigrants Venezuela received from all across Eurasia during the 20th century; in particular are descendants of Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians, Chinese, Colombians, Germans, Syrians and Lebanese people.<ref name="ine.gov.ve"/><ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.ine.gov.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/miranda.pdf Censo Nacional] Deciembre 2014</ref> In 2020, the poorest 55% of the Caracas population lived on about a third of its land, in poorly-planned slums that are generally dangerous to live in and access.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rethinking the informal city : critical perspectives from Latin America|date=2010|publisher=Berghahn Books|last1=Hernández|first1=Felipe|last2=Kellett|first2=Peter William|last3=Allen|first3=Lea K.|isbn=978-1-84545-972-7|location=New York|oclc=647933862|page=119}}</ref>
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
===Crime===
I eat sperm sandwiches.
{{Main|Crime in Venezuela}}
I eat sperm sandwiches.
Venezuela and its capital, Caracas, are reported to both have among the highest per capita murder rates in the world. Caracas is the [[List of cities by murder rate|city with the highest homicide rate in the world outside of a warzone]], with a 2016 rate of around 120 murders per 100,000 people.<ref name="seguridadjusticiaypaz">{{cite web|url=http://www.seguridadjusticiaypaz.org.mx/biblioteca/prensa/send/6-prensa/231-caracas-venezuela-the-most-violent-city-in-the-world|title=List of cities by murder rate|publisher=seguridadjusticiaypaz.org.mx|access-date= 26 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Most Dangerous Cities in the World|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/most-dangerous-cities-in-the-world.html|website=WorldAtlas}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Tait|first1=Robert|title=Caracas, Venezuela named as the world's most violent city|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/12126593/Caracas-named-as-the-worlds-most-violent-city.html|website=The Telegraph|date=28 January 2016|access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Grillo|first1=Ioan|title=Venezuela's Murder Epidemic Rages on Amid State of Emergency|url=http://time.com/4341450/venezuela-state-of-emergency-murder-caracas/|website=TIME|access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Tegel|first1=Simeon|title=Venezuela's capital is world's most murderous city|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/01/29/venezuelas-capital-worlds-most-murderous-city/79508586/|website=USA Today|access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Consejo Ciudadano para la Seguridad Pública y la Justicia Penal">{{cite web|title=Caracas World's Most Violent City: Report|url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/caracas-most-violent-city-in-the-world-2015-report|website=Insight Crime|date=27 March 2017|access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Most murders and other violent crimes go unsolved, with estimates of the number of unresolved crimes as high as 98%.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Woody|first1=Christopher|title=Venezuela admits homicides soared to 60 a day in 2016, making it one of the most violent countries in the world|url=http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/r-venezuela-says-murders-soared-to-60-per-day-in-2016-2017-3-1001887702|website=Business Insider|access-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423155612/http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/r-venezuela-says-murders-soared-to-60-per-day-in-2016-2017-3-1001887702|archive-date=23 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='98% Impunity Rate in Venezuela': Opposition|url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/venezuela-impunity-rate-at-98-percent|website=InSight crime|access-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926085907/http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/venezuela-impunity-rate-at-98-percent|archive-date=26 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Mendoza|first1=Samuel|title=Impunity and insecurity go hand in hand in Venezuela|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/daily-news/impunity-and-insecurity-hand-hand-venezuela_638461|website=El Universal|access-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423161130/http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/daily-news/impunity-and-insecurity-hand-hand-venezuela_638461|archive-date=23 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[U.S. Department of State]] and British [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] have issued [[travel warning]]s for Venezuela (especially Caracas) due to high rates of crime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/alertswarnings/venezuela-travel-warning.html|title=Venezuela Travel Warning|publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616232049/https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/alertswarnings/venezuela-travel-warning.html |archive-date=16 June 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/venezuela|title=Venezuela travel advice|work=GOV.UK|access-date=6 November 2018|language=en}}</ref>
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
==Economy==
I eat sperm sandwiches.
[[File:Vista PlazaVenezuela2.jpg|thumb|250px|Skyscrapers in [[Plaza Venezuela]]]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
Businesses that are located in Caracas include service companies, banks, and malls, among others. It has a largely service-based economy, apart from some industrial activity in its metropolitan area.<ref name="Caracas" /> The [[Caracas Stock Exchange]] and [[Petróleos de Venezuela]] (PDVSA) are headquartered here. PDVSA, a state-run organization, is the largest company in Venezuela,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdvsa.com/index.php?tpl=interface.en/design/biblioteca/publicaciones.tpl.html&newsid_temas=53|title=Sitio Web PDVSA|publisher=Pdvsa.com |access-date=26 June 2010}}</ref> and negotiates all the international agreements for the distribution and export of petroleum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdvsa.com/|title=Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.|publisher=PDVSA |access-date=26 June 2010}}</ref> When it existed, the airline [[Viasa]] had its headquarters in the Torre Viasa.<ref>"World Airline Directory." ''Flight International''. 30 March 1985. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1985/1985%20-%200990.html 130]." Retrieved on 17 June 2009.</ref><ref>"World Airline Directory." ''Flight International''. 26 March 1988. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%200813.html?search=%22Virgin%20Atlantic%22 125].</ref>
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
Several international companies and embassies are located in [[El Rosal, Caracas|El Rosal]] and [[Las Mercedes (district in Caracas, Venezuela)|Las Mercedes]], in the Caracas area. The city also serves as a hub for communication and transportation infrastructure between the metropolitan area and the rest of the country. Important industries in Caracas include chemicals, textiles, leather, [[food industry|food]], iron, and wood products. There are also rubber and cement factories.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.html|title=CIA – The World Factbook|publisher=Cia.gov|access-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> Its nominal GDP is US$70&nbsp;billion and the GDP (PPP) per capita is US$24,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/wrapper.aspx?ar=2758&story=true&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.mckinseyquarterly.com%2fCities_the_next_frontier_for_global_growth_2758%3fpagenum%3d1%23interactive&pgn=cine11_exhibit|title=The Online Journal of McKinsey & Company|publisher=McKinsey Quarterly|access-date=12 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714100149/http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/wrapper.aspx?ar=2758&story=true&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.mckinseyquarterly.com%2fCities_the_next_frontier_for_global_growth_2758%3fpagenum%3d1%23interactive&pgn=cine11_exhibit|archive-date=14 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
A 2009 United Nations survey reported that the [[cost of living]] in Caracas was 89% of that of the survey's baseline city, New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icsc.un.org/resources/pdfs/2009/pp/Venezuela-09.pdf|title=Archived copy |access-date=18 September 2009 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224200725/http://icsc.un.org/resources/pdfs/2009/pp/Venezuela-09.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2009}}</ref> However, this statistic is based upon a fixed currency-exchange-rate of 2003 and might not be completely realistic, due to the elevated inflation rates of the last several years.<ref>[http://www.eluniversal.com/2007/06/13/en_eco_art_venezuela-with-the-h_13A884453 En_eco_art_venezuela With The H_13A884453 – 2007 – El Universal<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112225819/http://www.eluniversal.com/2007/06/13/en_eco_art_venezuela-with-the-h_13A884453 |date=12 January 2014 }}</ref>
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
===Tourism===
I eat sperm sandwiches.
In 2013, the [[World Economic Forum]] evaluated countries in terms of how successful they were in advertising campaigns to attract foreign visitors. Out of the 140 countries evaluated, Venezuela came last. A major factor that has contributed to the lack of foreign visitors has been poor transport for tourists. Venezuela has limited railway systems and airlines. High crime rates and the negative attitude of the Venezuelan population towards tourism also contributed to the poor evaluation.<ref name=tourism2013>{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TT_Competitiveness_Report_2013.pdf|title=The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013|last1=Blanke|first1=Jennifer|last2=Chiesa|first2=Thea|publisher=World Economic Forum|year=2013|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
In an attempt to attract more foreign visitors, the Venezuelan Ministry of Tourism invested in multiple hotel infrastructures. The largest hotel investment has been in the Hotel Alba Caracas. The cost for the general maintenance of the north and south towers of the hotel is approximately 231.5&nbsp;million Venezuelan bolivars. Although the Venezuelan Ministry of Tourism has taken the initiative to recognize the importance of the tourism industry, the Venezuelan government has not placed the tourism industry as an economic priority. In 2013, the budget for the Ministry of Tourism was only 173.8&nbsp;million bolivars, while the Ministry of the Youth received approximately 724.6&nbsp;million bolivars.<ref name=tourism2013/> The tourism industry in Venezuela contributes approximately 3.8 percent of the country GDP. The World Economic Forum predicts Venezuela's GDP to rise to 4.2 percent by 2022.<ref>MARTÍNEZ RODRÍGUEZ, M. (2013). Venezuela: un destino nada chévere. Debates IESA, 18(4), 73–75.</ref>
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
==Government==
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On 8 March 2000, the year after a new constitution was introduced in Venezuela, it was decreed in ''Gaceta Official'' N° 36,906 that the Metropolitan District of Caracas would be created and that some of the powers of the [[Libertador Bolivarian Municipality|Libertador]], [[Chacao Municipality|Chacao]], [[Baruta Municipality|Baruta]], [[Sucre Municipality, Miranda|Sucre]], and [[El Hatillo Municipality, Miranda|El Hatillo]] municipalities would be delegated to the ''Alcaldía Mayor'', physically located in the large Libertador municipality, in the center of the city.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goldfrank|first1=Benjamin|title=Deepening Local Democracy in Latin America: Participation, Decentralization, and the Left|date=2011|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-07451-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_AqJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT190|language=en|page=190}}</ref> The Metropolitan District of Caracas was suppressed on 20 December 2017 by the [[2017 Constituent National Assembly|Constituent National Assembly of Venezuela]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ANC aprobó supresión y liquidación del Área Metropolitana de Caracas|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/gobierno/anc-aprobo-supresion-liquidacion-del-area-metropolitana-caracas_216247|access-date=21 April 2018|publisher=El Nacional|date=20 December 2017|language=es}}</ref>
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
==Landmarks==
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{{main|Landmarks of Caracas}}
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
==Culture==
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[[File:Pastor de Nubes o Formes de Lutin.JPG|thumb|''[[Berger des nuages|Cloud Shepherd]]'', by [[Hans Arp]], [[Central University of Venezuela|UCV]]]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
Caracas is Venezuela's [[cultural capital]], with many restaurants, theaters, museums, and [[shopping]] centers. The city is home to many immigrants from Spain, Italy, Portugal, the Middle East, Germany, China, and other Latin American countries.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ingham|first=James|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6576413.stm|title=Americas &#124; Airships to tackle Caracas crime|work=BBC News|date=20 April 2007 |access-date=7 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1059.html|title=Venezuela|publisher=Travel.state.gov |access-date=7 July 2009 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111012601/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1059.html|archive-date=11 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/South_America/Venezuela/Warnings_or_Dangers-Venezuela-BR-1.html|title=Venezuela Warnings or Dangers – Travel Guide|publisher=VirtualTourist.com |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503123757/http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/South_America/Venezuela/Warnings_or_Dangers-Venezuela-BR-1.html |archive-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Feinman|first=Sacha|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2154426|title=Crime and class in Caracas. – By Sacha Feinman – Slate Magazine|publisher=Slate.com|date=27 November 2006 |access-date=7 July 2009}}</ref>
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
===Sports===
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Professional sports teams in the city include the [[association football|football]] clubs [[Caracas Fútbol Club]], [[Deportivo Petare]], [[Atlético Venezuela]], [[SD Centro Italo Venezolano]], [[Estrella Roja FC]] and [[Deportivo La Guaira]]. Deportivo Petare has reached the semi-finals of international tournaments, such as the [[Copa Libertadores]], while the Caracas Fútbol Club has reached the quarterfinals.{{cn|date=May 2020}} Baseball teams [[Tiburones de La Guaira]] and [[Leones del Caracas]] play at [[Estadio Universitario de Caracas|University Stadium]], with a capacity of nearly 26,000 spectators.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Estadio Universitario|url=http://www.ucv.ve/organizacion/fundaciones-asociaciones-y-centros/fundacionucv/instalaciones/estadio-universitario.html|website=www.ucv.ve|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
The football stadiums in the city include the [[Estadio Olímpico (Caracas)|Olympic Stadium]], home to Caracas Fútbol Club and Deportivo La Guaira, with a capacity of 30,000 spectators, and the [[Brígido Iriarte Stadium]], home to Atlético Venezuela, with a capacity of 12,000 spectators. In basketball, the [[Cocodrilos de Caracas]] play their games in the [[Poliedro de Caracas]] in the [[El Paraíso, Caracas|El Paraíso]] neighborhood.{{cn|date=May 2020}}
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
Caracas is the seat of the [[National Institute of Sports (Venezuela)|National Institute of Sports]] and of the [[Venezuelan Olympic Committee]]. The city hosted the [[1983 Pan American Games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/14/sports/pan-am-games-open-today-in-caracas.html |title=PAN AM GAMES OPEN TODAY IN CARACAS |access-date=23 July 2020 }}</ref>
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
==Education==
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[[File:Laberinto Cromovegetal - Universidad Simón Bolívar.jpg|thumb|''Laberinto Cromovegetal'', at the Simón Bolívar University]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
===Central University of Venezuela===
I eat sperm sandwiches.
{{Main|Central University of Venezuela}}
I eat sperm sandwiches.
The Central University of Venezuela (''Universidad Central de Venezuela'', UCV) is a public university founded in 1721: it is the oldest university in Venezuela.<ref>Abner J. Colmenares, "Urban and Real Estate Development of the Central University of Venezuela's Rental Zone", in Wim Wiewel and David C. Perry, eds., ''Global Universities and Urban Development: Case Studies and Analysis'' (Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), 181. {{ISBN|9780765638922}}</ref> The [[University City of Caracas|university campus]] was designed by architect [[Carlos Raúl Villanueva]] and declared a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/986/|title=Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=[[Unesco]]|language=en|access-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325011006/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/986/|archive-date=25 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
===Simón Bolívar University===
I eat sperm sandwiches.
{{Main|Simón Bolívar University (Venezuela)}}
I eat sperm sandwiches.
The Simón Bolívar University (''Universidad Simón Bolívar'', USB) is a public institution in Caracas that focuses on science and technology. Its motto is ''"La Universidad de la Excelencia"'' ("University of Excellence").{{cn|date=May 2020}}
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
===Other universities===
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*Academia Militar de Venezuela
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*Escuela de Formación de Oficiales de las Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperación
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Universidad Católica Andrés Bello]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[National Experimental University of the Greater Caracas|Universidad Nacional Experimental de la Gran Caracas]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Universidad Metropolitana]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*Universidad Nacional Experimental de las Artes
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Universidad Monteávila]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Universidad Nueva Esparta]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Universidad Santa María (Caracas)|Universidad Santa Maria]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Universidad Alejandro de Humboldt]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[National Experimental University of the Armed Forces|Universidad Nacional Experimental de las Fuerzas Armadas]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Universidad José María Vargas]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Universidad Experimental Politécnica Antonio José de Sucre]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
===International schools===
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*[[The British School - Caracas|British School of Caracas]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Colegio Internacional de Caracas]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Escuela Campo Alegre]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[International Christian School - Caracas|International Christian School]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Tomchei Tmimim]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.
*[[Lycée Français de Caracas - Colegio Francia]]
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
==Transportation==
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[[File:Iafetren.JPG|thumb|Railway Caracas – Cúa]]
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The [[Caracas Metro]] has been in operation since 27 March 1983. With 4 lines, 47 stations and about 10 more to be constructed. It covers a great part of the city and also has an integrated ticket system that combines the route of the ''Metro'' with those offered by the ''Metrobús'', a bus service of the Caracas Metro. In 2010, the first segment of a new ariel cable car system opened, [[Metrocable (Caracas)|Metrocable]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/am/cara/pix/caracas-gallery5.htm|title=Caracas Metro Cable|website=www.urbanrail.net}}</ref> which feeds into the larger metro system.
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
Buses are the main means of [[Public transport|mass transportation]]. There are two bus systems: the traditional system and the ''Metrobús''. Other transportation services include the [[Instituto Autónomo de Ferrocarriles del Estado|IFE]] train to and from the Tuy Valley cities of [[Charallave]] and [[Cúa]]; the [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Simón Bolívar International Airport]], the biggest and most important in the country; the metro additional services [[Caracas Aerial Tramway]] and [[Los Teques Metro]] (connecting Caracas with the suburban city of [[Los Teques]]); and the [[Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda Air Base]] used by military aviation and government airplanes.{{cn|date=May 2020}}
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
==Notable people==
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{{Main|List of people from Caracas}}
I eat sperm sandwiches.

I eat sperm sandwiches.
==International relations==
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===Twin towns – sister cities===
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{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in South America}}
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Caracas is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
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I eat sperm sandwiches.
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
I eat sperm sandwiches.
* [[Honolulu]], United States<ref name=sci>{{cite web|url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Caracas,%20Venezuela|title=Caracas, Venezuela|website=Sister Cities International |access-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210044749/http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Caracas%2C%20Venezuela |archive-date=10 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
I eat sperm sandwiches.
* [[New Orleans]], United States<ref name=sci/>
* [[Melilla]], Spain<ref>{{cite web |title=Melilla y Venezuela, más cerca que nunca |url=https://www.diariosur.es/prensa/20070210/melilla/melilla-venezuela-cerca-nunca_20070210.html |website=Diario Sur |access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref>
* [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]], Argentina, since 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosario.gov.ar/mr/mri/www/city-city-program/town-twinning-agreements|title=Town Twinning Agreements|publisher=Municipalidad de Rosario – Buenos Aires 711 |access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref>
* [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], Spain, since 1981<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santacruzmas.com/SantaCruzMas.asp?IdMenu=4&IdSeccion=39&IdSubseccion=129|title=Ciudades hermanadas con Santa Cruz de Tenerife|author=Santa Cruz más|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716004257/http://www.santacruzmas.com/SantaCruzMas.asp?IdMenu=4&IdSeccion=39&IdSubseccion=129|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
* [[Guadalajara]], Mexico , since 1972 <ref>https://www.cronicajalisco.com/notas/2013/3637.html</ref>

===Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities===
Caracas is part of the [[Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.munimadrid.es/UnidadWeb/Contenidos/EspecialInformativo/RelacInternac/RRII/HermanamientosyAcuerdos/Files/hermanamiento_UCCI.pdf|title=Declaración de Hermanamiento múltiple y solidario de todas las Capitales de Iberoamérica (12-10-82)|date=12 October 1982 |access-date=12 March 2015 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510114810/http://www.munimadrid.es/UnidadWeb/Contenidos/EspecialInformativo/RelacInternac/RRII/HermanamientosyAcuerdos/Files/hermanamiento_UCCI.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> from 12 October 1982 establishing brotherly relations with the following cities:

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Andorra la Vella]], Andorra
*[[Asunción]], Paraguay
*[[Bogotá]], Colombia
*[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
*Caracas, Venezuela
*[[Guatemala City]], Guatemala
*[[Havana]], Cuba
*[[Quito]], Ecuador
*[[La Paz]], Bolivia
*[[Lima]], Peru
*[[Lisbon]], Portugal
*[[Madrid]], Spain<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Madrid-International?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=97806a71fca62410VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&idCapitulo=7189053|title=Madrid International|website=Ayuntamiento de Madrid |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210052621/http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Madrid-International?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=97806a71fca62410VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&idCapitulo=7189053 |archive-date=10 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Managua]], Nicaragua
*[[Mexico City]], Mexico
*[[Montevideo]], Uruguay
*[[Panama City]], Panama
*[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
*[[San Jose (Costa Rica)|San Jose]], Costa Rica
*[[San Juan (Puerto Rico)|San Juan]], Puerto Rico, United States
*[[San Salvador]], El Salvador
*[[Santiago]], Chile
*[[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic
*[[Tegucigalpa]], Honduras
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Greater Caracas]]
* [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]]
* [[La Silsa]]
* [[List of metropolitan areas of Venezuela]]
* [[Caracazo]]
* [[Venezuela 60-day state of emergency]]

== Notes and references ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{See also|Timeline of Caracas#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Caracas}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Caracas}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Caracas}}

{{Authority control}}
{{List of South American capitals}}
{{State capitals of Venezuela}}
{{Pan American Games host cities}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Caracas}}
{{Authorities of Caracas}}
{{Divisions of Caracas}}
{{Administrative divisions of Venezuela}}
{{Capital cities of Mercosur member states}}
}}

[[Category:Caracas| ]]
[[Category:Capitals in South America]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1567]]
[[Category:Populated places in Venezuela]]
[[Category:1567 establishments in the Spanish Empire]]

Revision as of 03:31, 14 January 2021

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