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'''''Colobopsis saundersi''''', synonym '''''Camponotus saundersi''''', is a [[species]] of [[ant]] found in [[Malaysia]] and [[Brunei]], belonging to the [[genus]] ''[[Colobopsis]]''. A worker can explode suicidally and aggressively as an ultimate act of defense, an ability it has in common with several other species in this genus and a few other [[insects]].<ref name=Jones>{{cite journal | last1 = Jones | first1 = T. H. | last2 = Clark | first2 = D. A. | last3 = Edwards | first3 = A. A. | last4 = Davidson | first4 = D. W. | last5 = Spande | first5 = T. F. | authorlink6 = Roy Snelling | last6 = Snelling | first6 = Roy R. | date = 2004 | title = The chemistry of exploding ants, ''Camponotus'' spp. (''cylindricus'' complex) | journal = [[Journal of Chemical Ecology]] | volume = 30 | issue = 8 | pages = 1479–1492 | doi = 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042063.01424.28 | pmid = 15537154 }}</ref> The ant has an enormously enlarged [[submandibular gland|mandibular]] (jaw) gland, many times the size of a normal ant, which produces defense adhesive secretions.<ref name=Betz>{{cite book | last = Betz | first = Oliver | date = 2010 | chapter = Adhesive Exocrine Glands in Insects: Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Adhesive Secretion | title = Biological Adhesive Systems | url = https://archive.org/details/biologicaladhesi00byer | url-access = limited | pages = [https://archive.org/details/biologicaladhesi00byer/page/n121 111]–152 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-7091-0286-2_8 | editor1-last = von Byern | editor1-first = Janek | editor2-last = Grunwald | editor2-first = Ingo | isbn = 978-3-7091-0141-4 }}</ref>
'''''Colobopsis saundersi''''', synonym '''''Camponotus saundersi''''', is a [[species]] of [[ant]] found in [[Malaysia]] and [[Brunei]], belonging to the [[genus]] ''[[Colobopsis]]''. A worker can explode suicidally and aggressively as an ultimate act of defense, an ability it has in common with several other species in this genus and a few other [[insects]].<ref name=Jones>{{cite journal | last1 = Jones | first1 = T. H. | last2 = Clark | first2 = D. A. | last3 = Edwards | first3 = A. A. | last4 = Davidson | first4 = D. W. | last5 = Spande | first5 = T. F. | authorlink6 = Roy Snelling | last6 = Snelling | first6 = Roy R. | date = 2004 | title = The chemistry of exploding ants, ''Camponotus'' spp. (''cylindricus'' complex) | journal = [[Journal of Chemical Ecology]] | volume = 30 | issue = 8 | pages = 1479–1492 | doi = 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042063.01424.28 | pmid = 15537154 }}</ref> The ant has an enormously enlarged [[submandibular gland|mandibular]] (jaw) gland, many times the size of a normal ant, which produces defense adhesive secretions.<ref name=Betz>{{cite book | last = Betz | first = Oliver | date = 2010 | chapter = Adhesive Exocrine Glands in Insects: Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Adhesive Secretion | title = Biological Adhesive Systems | url = https://archive.org/details/biologicaladhesi00byer | url-access = limited | pages = [https://archive.org/details/biologicaladhesi00byer/page/n121 111]–152 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-7091-0286-2_8 | editor1-last = von Byern | editor1-first = Janek | editor2-last = Grunwald | editor2-first = Ingo | isbn = 978-3-7091-0141-4 }}</ref> According to a recent study, this species forms a [[species complex]] and is probably related to ''[[Colobopsis explodens|C. explodens]]'', which is part of the ''[[Colobopsis cylindrica|C. cylindrica]]'' group<ref name="Laciny&Zettel2018">{{cite journal|last1=Laciny|first1=A.|last2=Zettel|first2=H.|last3=Kopchinskiy|first3=A.|last4=Pretzer|first4=C.|last5=Pal|first5=A.|last6= Salim|first6=K.A.|last7=Rahimi|first7=M.J|last8=Hoenigsberger|first8=M.|last9=Lim|first9=L.|last10=Jaitrong|first10=W.|last11=Druzhinina|first11=IS| year=2018|title=Colobopsis explodens sp. n., model species for studies on "exploding ants" (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), with biological notes and first illustrations of males of the Colobopsis cylindrica group|journal=ZooKeys|issue=751|pages=1–40|doi=10.3897/zookeys.751.22661|pmc=5919914|url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/22661/}}</ref>.


==Defenses==
==Defenses==

Revision as of 19:14, 24 January 2021

Colobopsis saundersi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hymenoptera
Family:
Formicidae
Genus:
Colobopsis
Species:
C. saundersi
Binomial name
Colobopsis saundersi
(Emery, 1889)
Synonyms
  • Camponotus saundersi

Colobopsis saundersi, synonym Camponotus saundersi, is a species of ant found in Malaysia and Brunei, belonging to the genus Colobopsis. A worker can explode suicidally and aggressively as an ultimate act of defense, an ability it has in common with several other species in this genus and a few other insects.[1] The ant has an enormously enlarged mandibular (jaw) gland, many times the size of a normal ant, which produces defense adhesive secretions.[2] According to a recent study, this species forms a species complex and is probably related to C. explodens, which is part of the C. cylindrica group[3].

Defenses

Colobopsis saundersi's two oversized, poison-filled mandibular glands run the entire length of its body from its head to its bulbous gaster at its posterior (back). If necessary, it may perform a final act of suicidal altruism by violently contracting its abdominal muscles to rupture its gaster at the intersegmental fold, which then bursts its mandibular glands and sprays a sticky secretion in all directions from the anterior region of its head.

Its defensive behaviours include self-destruction by autothysis, a term coined by Maschwitz and Maschwitz (1974).[4] Two oversized, poison-filled mandibular glands run the entire length of the ant's body. When combat takes a turn for the worse, the worker ant violently contracts its abdominal muscles to rupture its gaster at the intersegmental fold, which also bursts the mandibular glands, thereby spraying a sticky secretion in all directions from the anterior region of its head.[5][6] The glue, which also has corrosive properties and functions as a chemical irritant, can entangle and immobilize all nearby victims.[2][7][8]

Direct observation by Jones (2004) found that C. saundersi adhesive secretions range from bright white at the end of the wet season to cream or pale yellow in the dry season and start of the wet season. These variations in coloration represent a shift in internal pH, likely due to seasonal changes in diet.[1]

Territorial defense

Autothysis in C. saundersi is common during territorial battles with other ant species or groups. Territorial weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) are known to stalk and attack C. saundersi for territory as well as for predation.[1] Self-sacrifice of C. saundersi workers is likely to help the colony as a whole by ensuring that the colony retains its foraging territory.[1] Therefore, such behavior would continue within a population given that the behavior was already genetically present within the majority of workers.

Defense against predation

C. saundersi uses autothysis to defend against predation by other arboreal arthropods (weaver ants, spiders), which are believed to be the main predatory threat to C. saundersi for two reasons:

  • Jones (2004) noted through direct observation that C. saundersi is "remarkably sensitive" to even slight leaf vibration.[1]
  • The inherent adhesive qualities of C. saundersi's secretion are more effective in immobilizing the appendages of arthropods as opposed to those of vertebrates.[4]

C. saundersi also uses autothysis to defend against vertebrate predators because the chemicals involved are inedible, which could deter certain predators from engaging this species of ant in the future.[9]

Chemicals

The "toxic glue" of C. saundersi is predominately composed of polyacetates, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and alcohols.[1][2] Branched-skeleton lactones and methylated isocoumarins produced in the hindgut function as trail pheromones, while straight-chain hydrocarbons and esters produced in the Dufour's glands act as alarm pheromones in C. saundersi and related species.[1] Jones, et al. (2004) identified the following chemicals within the secretion:

Phenols

  • m-cresol (traces found), a corrosive compound
  • 2,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone
  • 2-Methyl-5,7-dihydroxychromone
  • Orcinol (traces found)

Aliphatics

Terpenoids

Both 2,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone and 2-Methyl-5,7-dihydroxychromone are phenolic ketones which cause the pH-dependent color changes of the secretion.

(6R)-(E)-2,6-Dimethyl-2-octen-1,8-dionic acid is an acyclic monoterpene previously undocumented in insects. However, the chemical is well known to be a urinary metabolite in mammals, with overproduction resulting in toxic acidosis in various species.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Jones, T. H.; Clark, D. A.; Edwards, A. A.; Davidson, D. W.; Spande, T. F.; Snelling, Roy R. (2004). "The chemistry of exploding ants, Camponotus spp. (cylindricus complex)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30 (8): 1479–1492. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042063.01424.28. PMID 15537154.
  2. ^ a b c Betz, Oliver (2010). "Adhesive Exocrine Glands in Insects: Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Adhesive Secretion". In von Byern, Janek; Grunwald, Ingo (eds.). Biological Adhesive Systems. pp. 111–152. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0286-2_8. ISBN 978-3-7091-0141-4.
  3. ^ Laciny, A.; Zettel, H.; Kopchinskiy, A.; Pretzer, C.; Pal, A.; Salim, K.A.; Rahimi, M.J; Hoenigsberger, M.; Lim, L.; Jaitrong, W.; Druzhinina, IS (2018). "Colobopsis explodens sp. n., model species for studies on "exploding ants" (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), with biological notes and first illustrations of males of the Colobopsis cylindrica group". ZooKeys (751): 1–40. doi:10.3897/zookeys.751.22661. PMC 5919914.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b Maschwitz, Ulrich; Maschwitz, Eleonore (1974). "Platzende Arbeiterinnen: Eine neue Art der Feindabwehr bei sozialen Hautflüglern". Oecologia (in German). 14 (3): 289–294. doi:10.1007/BF01039798. JSTOR 4214927. PMID 28308625.
  5. ^ Emery, Carlo (1889). Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XX. Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885-87). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) 2 7(27): 485-520. [PDF]
  6. ^ Bauman, Joe (September 11, 2002). "Utahn enters world of exploding ants". Deseret News. They've been called kamikaze ants by other researchers because they tend to explode or self-destruct when they're attacked or harassed in any way.
  7. ^ Vittachi, Nury (June 6, 2008). "The Malaysian ant teaches us all how to go out with a bang". Daily Star (Dhaka).
  8. ^ Ridley, Mark (1995). Animal Behaviour (Second ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 0-86542-390-3. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  9. ^ Shorter, J. R.; Rueppell, O. (2012). "A review on self-destructive defense behaviors in social insects" (PDF). Insectes Sociaux. 59 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1007/s00040-011-0210-x.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camponotus saundersi.
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