Trochilinae: Difference between revisions

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New article based on redefined subfamily per H&M4 and more recent molecular studies - lists of genera and species moved to articles on tribes
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{{short description|Subfamily of hummingbirds}}{{Automatic taxobox
{{short description|Subfamily of hummingbirds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = BroadbilledHummingbird.jpg
|image = Violet-headed Hummingbird (f) JCB.jpg
|image_caption = Broad-billed Hummingbird male ''[[Cynanthus latirostris]]'', [[Madera Canyon, Arizona]]
|image_caption = Female violet-headed hummingbird (''Klais guimeti'')
|taxon = Trochilinae
|taxon = Trochilinae
|authority = [[William Jardine (naturalist)|Jardine]], 1833
|authority = [[Ludwig Reichenbach|Reichenbach]], 1854
|subdivision_ranks = Genera
|subdivision_ranks = Tribes
|subdivision = About 100, see text
|subdivision = 3, see text
}}
}}


'''Trochilinae''' is one of the six [[subfamily|subfamilies]] that make up the hummingbird [[family (biology)|family]] [[Trochilidae]].
'''Trochilinae''' is a [[subfamily]] of the hummingbird [[family (biology)|family]] ([[Trochilidae]]). Members of the subfamily Trochilinae are sometimes called '''typical hummingbirds'''. They typically display [[iridescent]] plumage in metallic reds, oranges, greens and/or blues. Strong [[sexual dimorphism]] in plumage and size is evident in many species.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Beautiful World: Hummingbirds - Apodiformes, Trochilidae, Trochilinae, Phaethornithinae, Apodidae, swifts, Hemiprocnidae, treeswifts,|url=http://www.vulkaner.no/n/birds/hum/hummingbirds.html|access-date=2020-07-27|website=www.vulkaner.no}}</ref>


The subfamily is divided into three [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]: [[Lampornithini]] (mountain gems) containing 18 species, [[Mellisugini]] (bees} containg 37 species and [[Trochilini]] (emeralds) containing 115 species.<ref name=mcguire2014>{{ cite journal | last1=McGuire | first1=J. | last2=Witt | first2=C. | last3=Remsen | first3=J.V. | last4=Corl | first4=A. | last5=Rabosky | first5=D. | last6=Altshuler | first6=D. | last7=Dudley | first7=R. | date=2014 | title=Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds | journal=Current Biology | volume=24 | issue=8 | pages=910-916 | doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2021 | title=Hummingbirds | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/hummingbirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=25 January 2021 }}</ref>
==Distribution==
Hummingbirds in Trochilinae are found in America, from [[Alaska]] to the archipelago of [[Tierra del Fuego]]. There is great diversity in almost the entire Central American isthmus, [[Colombia]], and [[Venezuela]]. The country with the greatest diversity of this species is [[Ecuador]], which has 132 species equivalent to 40% of the world total, however the country with the highest number of these is [[Colombia]] with up to 165 species throughout its territory.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Change the generic classification of the Trochilinae (part 2)|url=https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop781.htm|access-date=2020-07-27|website=www.museum.lsu.edu}}</ref>


==Reproduction==
==Phylogeny==
The hummingbirds were formerly divided into two subfamilies, the hermits (Paethorninae) and the nonhermits (Trochilinae). The results from a 2007 [[Nucleic acid hybridization|DNA hybidization]] study suggested that the hermits were basal to the rest of the family.<ref name=bleiweiss>{{Cite journal | last1=Bleiweiss | first1=R. | last2=Kirsch | first2=J.A. | last3=Matheus | first3=J.C. | date=1997 | title=DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae) | journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=14 | issue=3 | pages=325-343 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Calliope-nest.jpg|thumb|left|[[Calliope Hummingbird]] (''Selasphorus calliope'') female feeding two chicks ]]
To court the interest of the female, the male performs a dance. After the females have been fertilized, they build a small nest lined internally with spider web, cotton, lichen or moss. The nest is often built in a low bush. The female lays two eggs in a period of two days and hatches within 14 to 19 days. Then, the hummingbirds feed their young for about three to four weeks at this time the female travels from the nest up to 140 times a day to feed her young.
{{clear}}


A [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the hummingbirds published in 2007 found that the family consisted of nine [[clades]].<ref name=mcguire2007>{{Cite journal | last1=McGuire | first1=J.A. | last2=Witt | first2=C.C. | last3=Altshuler | first3=Dg.L. | last4=Remsen | first4=J.V. | date=2007 | title=Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=56 | issue=5 | pages=837-856 | doi=10.1080/10635150701656360 | doi-access=free }}</ref> When [[Edward C. Dickinson|Edward Dickinson]] and [[James Van Remsen, Jr.]] updated the ''[[Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World]]'' for the 4th edition in 2013, based on the molecular results they divided the hummingbird family into six [[subfamily|subfamilies]] and proposed redefining the subfamily Trochilinae to contains the three [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]] [[Lampornithini]] (mountain gems), [[Mellisugini]] (bees) and [[Trochilini]] (emeralds).{{sfn|Dickinson|Remsen|2013|p=111}} A comprehensive 2014 [[molecular phylogenetic]] study sampled 284 hummingbird species. It confirmed the nine clades found in the earlier study but found that the hermits were sister to a topazes clade (subfamily Florisuginae) containing the genera [[Topaza]] and [[Florisuga]]. Many of the traditional genera in the emerald clade (Trochilini) were shown to be [[polyphyletic]]<ref name=mcguire2014/>. As a result, many of the genera in this part of the tree have been revised.<ref name=ioc/><ref name=stiles2017b>{{ cite journal | last1=Stiles | first1=F.G. | last2=Remsen | first2=J.V. Jr. | last3=Mcguire | first3=J.A. | year=2017 | title=The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny | journal=Zootaxa | volume=4353 | issue=3 | pages=401-424 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J_Remsen/publication/321277435 }}</ref>
==Taxonomic list==
{| class="wikitable"
{{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|-
|label1=Trochilidae
! Image !! Genus !! Living species
|1={{clade
|-
|1={{clade
|[[File:Crimson Topaz (Topaza pella).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Topaza]]'' ||
|1=[[Florisuginae]] – topazes
*[[Crimson topaz]], ''Topaza pella''
|2=[[Phaethornithinae]] – hermits
*[[Fiery topaz]], ''Topaza pyra'
}}
|-
|2={{clade
|[[File:White-necked jacobin (Florisuga mellivora mellivora) male Tr.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Florisuga]]'' ||
|1=[[Polytminae]] – mangoes
*[[White-necked jacobin]], ''Florisuga mellivora''
|2={{clade
*[[Black jacobin]], ''Florisuga fuscus''
|label1=[[Lesbiinae]]
|-
|1={{clade
|[[File:Doryfera ludovicae.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Doryfera]]'' ||
|1=[[Heliantheini]] – brilliants
*[[Green-fronted lancebill]], ''Doryfera ludovicae''
|2=[[Lesbiini]] – coquettes
*[[Blue-fronted lancebill]], ''Doryfera johannae''
}}
|-
|2={{clade
|[[File:Schistes geoffroyi (Pico de cuña) (22653616465).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Schistes]]'' ||
|1=[[Patagoninae]] – [[giant hummingbird]]
*[[Geoffroy's daggerbill]], ''Schistes geoffroyi''
|label2=[[Trochilinae]]
*[[White-throated daggerbill]], ''Schistes albogularis''
|2={{clade
|-
|1={{clade
|[[File:Beija-flor-de-gravata-verde (Augastes scutatus) (2).JPG|120px]] || ''[[Augastes]]'' ||
|1=[[Lampornithini]] – mountain gems
*[[Hyacinth visorbearer]], ''Augastes scutatus''
|2=[[Mellisugini]] – bees
*[[Hooded visorbearer]], ''Augastes lumachella''
}}
|-
|2=[[Trochilini]] – emeralds
|[[File:Sparkling Violet-ear.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Violet-ear|Colibri]]'' ||
}}
*[[Brown violetear]], ''Colibri delphinae''
}}
*[[Mexican violetear]], ''Colibri thalassinus''
}}
*[[Lesser violetear]], ''Colibri cyanotus''
}}
*[[Sparkling violetear]], ''Colibri coruscans''
}}
*[[White-vented violetear]], ''Colibri serrirostris''
}}
|-
The above [[cladogram]] of the hummingbird family is based on a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study by Jimmy McGuire and collaborators published in 2014.<ref name=mcguire2014/> The Latin names are those proposed by Dickinson and Remsen in 2013.{{sfn|Dickinson|Remsen|2013|pp=105–136}}
|[[File:Tooth-billed Hummingbird.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Androdon]]'' ||
*[[Tooth-billed hummingbird]], ''Androdon aequatorialis''
|-
|[[File:Haeckel - Heliactin bilophus.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Heliactin]]'' ||
*[[Horned sungem]], ''Heliactin bilophus''
|-
|[[File:Black-eared Fairy (Heliothryx aurita).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Heliothryx]]'' ||
*[[Purple-crowned fairy]], ''Heliothryx barroti''
*[[Black-eared fairy]], ''Heliothryx auritus''
|-
|[[File:Polytmus guainumbi-White-tailed Goldenthroat.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Polytmus]]'' ||
*[[White-tailed goldenthroat]], ''Polytmus guainumbi''
*[[Tepui goldenthroat]], ''Polytmus milleri''
*[[Green-tailed goldenthroat]], ''Polytmus theresiae''
|-
|[[File:MonographTrochi3Goul 0348.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Avocettula]]'' ||
*[[Fiery-tailed awlbill]], ''Avocettula recurvirostris''
|-
|[[File:Ruby-topaz-hummingbird chrysolampis-mosquitus-7042-cr1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Chrysolampis]]'' ||
*[[Ruby-topaz hummingbird]], ''Chrysolampis mosquitus''
|-
|[[File:Anthracothorax nigricollis (Mango pechinegro) - Macho (16247043591).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Anthracothorax]]'' ||
*[[Green-throated mango]], ''Anthracothorax viridigula''
*[[Green-breasted mango]], ''Anthracothorax prevostii''
*[[Black-throated mango]], ''Anthracothorax nigricollis''
*[[Veraguan mango]], ''Anthracothorax veraguensis''
*[[Antillean mango]], ''Anthracothorax dominicus''
*[[Green mango]], ''Anthracothorax viridis''
*[[Jamaican mango]], ''Anthracothorax mango''
|-
|[[File:Purple-throated carib hummingbird.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Eulampis]]'' ||
*[[Purple-throated carib]], ''Eulampis jugularis''
*[[Green-throated carib]], ''Eulampis holosericeus''
|-
|[[File:Orange-throated Sunangel.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Heliangelus]]'' ||
*[[Orange-throated sunangel]], ''Heliangelus mavors''
*[[Amethyst-throated sunangel]], ''Heliangelus amethysticollis''
*[[Longuemare's sunangel]], ''Heliangelus clarisse''
*[[Merida sunangel]], ''Heliangelus spencei''
*[[Gorgeted sunangel]], ''Heliangelus strophianus''
*[[Tourmaline sunangel]], ''Heliangelus exortis''
*[[Flame-throated sunangel]], ''Heliangelus micrastur''
*[[Purple-throated sunangel]], ''Heliangelus viola''
*[[Royal sunangel]], ''Heliangelus regalis''
|-
|[[File:Picaflor en el Parque natural Gómez Carreño.jpg|120px]] || ''[[firecrown|Sephanoides]]'' ||
*[[Green-backed firecrown]], ''Sephanoides sephaniodes''
*[[Juan Fernández firecrown]], ''Sephanoides fernandensis''
|-
|[[File:Green Thorntail JCB.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Discosura]]'' ||
*[[Wire-crested thorntail]], ''Discosura popelairii''
*[[Black-bellied thorntail]], ''Discosura langsdorffi''
*[[Letitia's thorntail]], ''Discosura letitiae''
*[[Green thorntail]], ''Discosura conversii''
*[[Racket-tailed coquette]], ''Discosura longicauda''
|-
|[[File:Lophornis delattrei (cropped).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lophornis]]'' ||
*[[Tufted coquette]], ''Lophornis ornatus''
*[[Dot-eared coquette]], ''Lophornis gouldii''
*[[Frilled coquette]], ''Lophornis magnificus''
*[[Short-crested coquette]], ''Lophornis brachylophus''
*[[Rufous-crested coquette]], ''Lophornis delattrei''
*[[Spangled coquette]], ''Lophornis stictolophus''
*[[Festive coquette]], ''Lophornis chalybeus''
*[[Butterfly coquette]], ''Lophornis verreauxii''
*[[Peacock coquette]], ''Lophornis pavoninus''
*[[Black-crested coquette]], ''Lophornis helenae''
*[[White-crested coquette]], ''Lophornis adorabilis''
|-
|[[File:Phlogophilus hemileucurus + Paphinia cristata - Gould - Humm. 161.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Phlogophilus]]'' ||
*[[Ecuadorian piedtail]], ''Phlogophilus hemileucurus''
*[[Peruvian piedtail]], ''Phlogophilus harterti''
|-
|[[File:SpeckledHummingbird.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Adelomyia]]'' ||
*[[Speckled hummingbird]], ''Adelomyia melanogenys''
|-
|[[File:Aglaiocercus kingi (Silfo coliverde) - Juvenil (17012254465).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Aglaiocercus]]'' ||
*[[Long-tailed sylph]], ''Aglaiocercus kingii''
*[[Violet-tailed sylph]], ''Aglaiocercus coelestis''
*[[Venezuelan sylph]], ''Aglaiocercus berlepschi''
|-
|[[File:Red-tailed Comet.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sappho (bird)|Sappho]]'' ||
*[[Red-tailed comet]], ''Sappho sparganurus''
|-
|[[File:MonographTrochi3Goul 0252.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Polyonymus]]'' ||
*[[Bronze-tailed comet]], ''Polyonymus caroli''
|-
|[[File:Taphrolesbia griseiventris 1895.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Taphrolesbia]]'' ||
*[[Grey-bellied comet]], ''Taphrolesbia griseiventris''
|-
|[[File:Andean Hillstar.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Oreotrochilus]]'' ||
*[[Andean hillstar]], ''Oreotrochilus estella''
*[[White-sided hillstar]], ''Oreotrochilus leucopleurus''
*[[Ecuadorian hillstar]], ''Oreotrochilus chimborazo''
*[[Blue-throated hillstar]], ''Oreotrochilus cyanolaemus''
*[[Green-headed hillstar]], ''Oreotrochilus stolzmanni''
*[[Black-breasted hillstar]], ''Oreotrochilus melanogaster''
*[[Wedge-tailed hillstar]], ''Oreotrochilus adela''
|-
|[[File:Opisthoprora euryptera.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Opisthoprora]]'' ||
*[[Mountain avocetbill]], ''Opisthoprora euryptera''
|-
|[[File:Black-tailed Trainbearer (Lesbia victoriae).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lesbia (bird)|Lesbia]]'' ||
*[[Black-tailed trainbearer]], ''Lesbia victoriae''
*[[Green-tailed trainbearer]], ''Lesbia nuna''
|-
|[[File:Purple-backed Thornbill (Ramphomicron microrhynchum) (8079763797).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Ramphomicron]]'' ||
*[[Black-backed thornbill]], ''Ramphomicron dorsale''
*[[Purple-backed thornbill]], ''Ramphomicron microrhynchum''
|-
|[[File:Chalcostigma herrani -NW Ecuador-6.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Chalcostigma]]'' ||
*[[Rufous-capped thornbill]], ''Chalcostigma ruficeps''
*[[Olivaceous thornbill]], ''Chalcostigma olivaceum''
*[[Blue-mantled thornbill]], ''Chalcostigma stanleyi''
*[[Bronze-tailed thornbill]], ''Chalcostigma heteropogon''
*[[Rainbow-bearded thornbill]], ''Chalcostigma herrani''
|-
|[[File:Oxypogon stuebelii - Buffy Helmetcrest - Colibrí Chivito - Barbudito Paramuno 23 (14411705333).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Oxypogon]]'' ||
* [[Buffy helmetcrest]], ''Oxypogon stuebelii''
* [[Blue-bearded helmetcrest]], ''Oxypogon cyanolaemus''
* [[White-bearded helmetcrest]], ''Oxypogon lindenii''
* [[Green-bearded helmetcrest]], ''Oxypogon guerinii''
|-
|[[File:BeardedMountaineer.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Oreonympha]]'' ||
*[[Bearded mountaineer]], ''Oreonympha nobilis''
|-
|[[File:Tyrian Metaltail (Metallura tyrianthina).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Metallura]]'' ||
*[[Tyrian metaltail]], ''Metallura tyrianthina''
*[[Perija metaltail]], ''Metallura iracunda''
*[[Viridian metaltail]], ''Metallura williami''
*[[Violet-throated metaltail]], ''Metallura baroni''
*[[Neblina metaltail]], ''Metallura odomae''
*[[Coppery metaltail]], ''Metallura theresiae''
*[[Fiery-throated metaltail]], ''Metallura eupogon''
*[[Scaled metaltail]], ''Metallura aeneocauda''
*[[Black metaltail]], ''Metallura phoebe''
|-
|[[File:Greenish Puffleg - Colombia S4E3301.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Haplophaedia]]'' ||
*[[Greenish puffleg]], ''Haplophaedia aureliae''
*[[Buff-thighed puffleg]], ''Haplophaedia assimilis''
*[[Hoary puffleg]], ''Haplophaedia lugens''
|-
|[[File:Sapphire-Vented Puffleg (Eriocnemis luciani).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Eriocnemis]]'' ||
*[[Black-breasted puffleg]], ''Eriocnemis nigrivestis''
*[[Gorgeted puffleg]], ''Eriocnemis isabellae''
*[[Glowing puffleg]], ''Eriocnemis vestita''
*[[Black-thighed puffleg]], ''Eriocnemis derbyi''
*[[Turquoise-throated puffleg]], ''Eriocnemis godini''
*[[Coppery-bellied puffleg]], ''Eriocnemis cupreoventris''
*[[Sapphire-vented puffleg]], ''Eriocnemis luciani''
*[[Golden-breasted puffleg]], ''Eriocnemis mosquera''
*[[Blue-capped puffleg]], ''Eriocnemis glaucopoides''
*[[Colorful puffleg]], ''Eriocnemis mirabilis''
*[[Emerald-bellied puffleg]], ''Eriocnemis aline''
|-
|[[File:Loddigesia mirabilis + Aechmea mucroniflora - Gould Troch. pl. 161.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Loddigesia]]'' ||
*[[Marvelous spatuletail]], ''Loddigesia mirabilis''
|-
|[[File:Aglaeactis cupripennis (Colibrí paramuno) (15321782077).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Aglaeactis]]'' ||
*[[Shining sunbeam]], ''Aglaeactis cupripennis''
*[[White-tufted sunbeam]], ''Aglaeactis castelnaudii''
*[[Purple-backed sunbeam]], ''Aglaeactis aliciae''
*[[Black-hooded sunbeam]], ''Aglaeactis pamela''
|-
|[[File:Collared Inca (Coeligena torquata) 4.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Coeligena]]'' ||
*[[Bronzy inca]], ''Coeligena coeligena''
*[[Brown inca]], ''Coeligena wilsoni''
*[[Black inca]], ''Coeligena prunellei''
*[[Collared inca]], ''Coeligena torquata''
*[[Violet-throated starfrontlet]], ''Coeligena violifer''
*[[Rainbow starfrontlet]], ''Coeligena iris''
*[[White-tailed starfrontlet]], ''Coeligena phalerata''
*[[Dusky starfrontlet]], ''Coeligena orina''
*[[Buff-winged starfrontlet]], ''Coeligena lutetiae''
*[[Golden-bellied starfrontlet]], ''Coeligena bonapartei''
*[[Blue-throated starfrontlet]], ''Coeligena helianthea''
|-
|[[File:Mountain Velvetbreast (Lafresnaya lafresnayi).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lafresnaya]]'' ||
*[[Mountain velvetbreast]], ''Lafresnaya lafresnayi''
|-
|[[File:Sword-billed Hummingbird.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Ensifera (bird)|Ensifera]]'' ||
*[[Sword-billed hummingbird]], ''Ensifera ensifera''
|-
|[[File:Great Sapphirewing (f) JCB.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Pterophanes]]'' ||
*[[Great sapphirewing]], ''Pterophanes cyanopterus''
|-
|[[File:Boissoneaua flavescens (Colibrí chupasavia) (16804678517).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Boissonneaua]]'' ||
*[[Buff-tailed coronet]], ''Boissonneaua flavescens''
*[[Chestnut-breasted coronet]], ''Boissonneaua matthewsii''
*[[Velvet-purple coronet]], ''Boissonneaua jardini''
|-
|[[File:Booted Racket tail JCB.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Ocreatus]]'' ||
*[[White-booted racket-tail]], ''Ocreatus underwoodii''
*[[Peruvian racket-tail]], ''Ocreatus peruanus''
*[[Rufous-booted racket-tail]], ''Ocreatus addae''
|-
|[[File:Urochroa bougueri (Colibrí nagüiblanco) (14144500332).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Urochroa]]'' ||
*[[Rufous-gaped hillstar]], ''Urochroa bougueri''
*[[Green-backed hillstar]], ''Urochroa leucura''
|-
|[[File:Purple-bibbed Whitetip (Urosticte benjamini).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Urosticte]]'' ||
*[[Purple-bibbed whitetip]], ''Urosticte benjamini''
*[[Rufous-vented whitetip]], ''Urosticte ruficrissa''
|-
|[[File:Green crowned brilliant (Heliodoxa jacula) (19406173133).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Heliodoxa]]'' ||
*[[Velvet-browed brilliant]], ''Heliodoxa xanthogonys''
*[[Pink-throated brilliant]], ''Heliodoxa gularis''
*[[Rufous-webbed brilliant]], ''Heliodoxa branickii''
*[[Black-throated brilliant]], ''Heliodoxa schreibersii''
*[[Gould's jewelfront]], ''Heliodoxa aurescens''
*[[Fawn-breasted brilliant]], ''Heliodoxa rubinoides''
*[[Green-crowned brilliant]], ''Heliodoxa jacula''
*[[Empress brilliant]], ''Heliodoxa imperatrix''
*[[Violet-fronted brilliant]], ''Heliodoxa leadbeateri''
|-
|[[File:Clytolaema rubricauda -Campos do Jordao, Sao Paulo, Brazil -female-8.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Clytolaema]]'' ||
*[[Brazilian ruby]], ''Clytolaema rubricauda''
|-
|[[File:Patagona gigas.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Patagona]]'' ||
*[[Giant hummingbird]], ''Patagona gigas''
|-
|[[File:MonographTrochi2Goul 0078.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sternoclyta]]'' ||
*[[Violet-chested hummingbird]], ''Sternoclyta cyanopectus''
|-
|[[File:Hylonympha macrocerca.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Hylonympha]]'' ||
*[[Scissor-tailed hummingbird]], ''Hylonympha macrocerca''
|-
|[[File:Eugenes-fulgens-001.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Eugenes]]'' ||
* [[Rivoli's hummingbird]], ''Eugenes fulgens''
* [[Talamanca hummingbird]], ''Eugenes spectabilis''
|-
|[[File:Fiery throated Hummingbird JCB3.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Panterpe]]'' ||
*[[Fiery-throated hummingbird]], ''Panterpe insignis''
|-
|[[File:Heliomaster longirostrus (Picudo coronado) (16210613889).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Heliomaster]]'' ||
*[[Long-billed starthroat]], ''Heliomaster longirostris''
*[[Plain-capped starthroat]], ''Heliomaster constantii''
*[[Stripe-breasted starthroat]], ''Heliomaster squamosus''
*[[Blue-tufted starthroat]], ''Heliomaster furcifer''
|-
|[[File:Purple-throated Mountain-gem - La Paz - Costa Rica MG 1918 (26417362590).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lampornis]]'' ||
*[[White-bellied mountaingem]], ''Lampornis hemileucus''
*[[Blue-throated mountaingem]], ''Lampornis clemenciae''
*[[Amethyst-throated mountaingem]], ''Lampornis amethystinus''
*[[Green-throated mountaingem]], ''Lampornis viridipallens''
*[[Green-breasted mountaingem]], ''Lampornis sybillae''
*[[Purple-throated mountaingem]], ''Lampornis calolaemus''
*[[Gray-tailed mountaingem]], ''Lampornis cinereicauda''
*[[White-throated mountaingem]], ''Lampornis castaneoventris''
|-
|[[File:Garnet-throated Hummingbird - Mexico S4E7405.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lamprolaima]]'' ||
*[[Garnet-throated hummingbird]], ''Lamprolaima rhami''
|-
|[[File:Calliphlox amethystina (male).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Calliphlox]]'' ||
*[[Magenta-throated woodstar]], ''Calliphlox bryantae''
*[[Purple-throated woodstar]], ''Calliphlox mitchellii''
*[[Amethyst woodstar]], ''Calliphlox amethystina''
|-
|[[File:Purple-collared Woodstar (Myrtis fanny).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Myrtis (genus)|Myrtis]]'' ||
*[[Purple-collared woodstar]], ''Myrtis fanny''
|-
|[[File:Rhodopis vesper.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Rhodopis (bird)|Rhodopis]]'' ||
*[[Oasis hummingbird]], ''Rhodopis vesper''
|-
|[[File:Short-tailedWoodstar.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Myrmia]]'' ||
*[[Short-tailed woodstar]], ''Myrmia micrura''
|-
|[[File:PeruvianSheartail.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Thaumastura]]'' ||
*[[Peruvian sheartail]], ''Thaumastura cora''
|-
|[[File:Picaflor de arica.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Eulidia]]'' ||
*[[Chilean woodstar]], ''Eulidia yarrellii''
|-
|[[File:Slender-tailed Woodstar (Microstilbon burmeisteri) (8077616362).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Microstilbon]]'' ||
*[[Slender-tailed woodstar]], ''Microstilbon burmeisteri''
|-
|[[File:White-bellied Woodstar (Chaetocercus mulsant) 2015-06-16 (3) (26457944788).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Chaetocercus]]'' ||
*[[White-bellied woodstar]], ''Chaetocercus mulsant''
*[[Little woodstar]], ''Chaetocercus bombus''
*[[Gorgeted woodstar]], ''Chaetocercus heliodor''
*[[Santa Marta woodstar]], ''Chaetocercus astreans''
*[[Esmeraldas woodstar]], ''Chaetocercus berlepschi''
*[[Rufous-shafted woodstar]], ''Chaetocercus jourdanii''
|-
|[[File:Histoirenaturel04muls 0357.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Tilmatura]]'' ||
*[[Sparkling-tailed woodstar]], ''Tilmatura dupontii''
|-
|[[File:Doricha eliza b.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Doricha]]'' ||
*[[Slender sheartail]], ''Doricha enicura''
*[[Mexican sheartail]], ''Doricha eliza''
|-
|[[File:Lucifer Hummingbird (female).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Calothorax]]'' ||
*[[Lucifer sheartail]], ''Calothorax lucifer''
*[[Beautiful sheartail]], ''Calothorax pulcher''
|-
|[[File:Black-chinned Hummingbird. Archilochus alexandri. Male - Flickr - gailhampshire (2).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Archilochus (genus)|Archilochus]]'' ||
*[[Black-chinned hummingbird]], ''Archilochus alexandri''
*[[Ruby-throated hummingbird]], ''Archilochus colubris''
|-
|[[File:Bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) adult male non-breeding.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Mellisuga]]'' ||
*[[Vervain hummingbird]], ''Mellisuga minima''
*[[Bee hummingbird]], ''Mellisuga helenae''
|-
|[[File:Bahama Woodstar - Calliphlox evelynae.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Nesophlox]]'' ||
*[[Bahama woodstar]], ''Nesophlox evelynae''
*[[Inagua woodstar]], ''Nesophlox lyrura''
|-
|[[File:Annas Hummingbird (Calypte anna), male (4205673916).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Calypte]]'' ||
*[[Anna's hummingbird]], ''Calypte anna''
*[[Costa's hummingbird]], ''Calypte costae''
|-
|[[File:Broad-tailed Hummingbird male RWD.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Selasphorus]]'' ||
*[[Calliope hummingbird]], ''Selasphorus calliope''
*[[Rufous hummingbird]], ''Selasphorus rufus''
*[[Allen's hummingbird]], ''Selasphorus sasin''
*[[Broad-tailed hummingbird]], ''Selasphorus platycercus''
*[[Bumblebee hummingbird]], ''Selasphorus heloisa''
*[[Wine-throated hummingbird]], ''Selasphorus ellioti''
*[[Volcano hummingbird]], ''Selasphorus flammula''
*[[Scintillant hummingbird]], ''Selasphorus scintilla''
*[[Glow-throated hummingbird]], ''Selasphorus ardens''
|-
|[[File:MonographTrochi5Goul 0236.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Phaeoptila]]'' ||
*[[Dusky hummingbird]], ''Phaeoptila sordida''
|-
|[[File:Kolibri-Kuba1.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Riccordia]]'' ||
*[[Cuban emerald]], ''Riccordia ricordii''
*[[Brace's emerald]], ''Riccordia bracei''
*[[Hispaniolan emerald]], ''Riccordia swainsonii''
*[[Puerto Rican emerald]], ''Riccordia maugaeus''
*[[Blue-headed hummingbird]], ''Riccordia bicolor''
*[[Gould's emerald]], ''Riccordia elegans''
|-
|[[File:Doubleday Hummingbird - Mexico S4E8781.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Cynanthus]]'' ||
*[[Broad-billed hummingbird]], ''Cynanthus latirostris''
*[[Doubleday's hummingbird]], ''Cynanthus doubledayi''
*[[Golden-crowned emerald]], ''Cynanthus auriceps''
*[[Cozumel emerald]], ''Cynanthus forficatus''
*[[Canivet's emerald]], ''Cynanthus canivetii''
|-
|[[File:Glittering-bellied Emerald.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Chlorostilbon]]'' ||
*[[Garden emerald]], ''Chlorostilbon assimilis''
*[[Western emerald]], ''Chlorostilbon melanorhynchus''
*[[Red-billed emerald]], ''Chlorostilbon gibsoni''
*[[Blue-tailed emerald]], ''Chlorostilbon mellisugus''
*[[Chiribiquete emerald]], ''Chlorostilbon olivaresi''
*[[Glittering-bellied emerald]], ''Chlorostilbon lucidus''
*[[Coppery emerald]], ''Chlorostilbon russatus''
*[[Narrow-tailed emerald]], ''Chlorostilbon stenurus''
*[[Green-tailed emerald]], ''Chlorostilbon alice''
*[[Short-tailed emerald]], ''Chlorostilbon poortmani''
|-
|[[File:Zafiro Oreja Blanca, White Eared Hummingbird, Hylocharis leucotis (17015994576).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Basilinna (bird)|Basilinna]]'' ||
*[[White-eared hummingbird]], ''Basilinna leucotis''
*[[Xantus's hummingbird]], ''Basilinna xantusii''
|-
|[[File:Rufous Sabrewing JCB.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Pampa (bird)|Pampa]]'' ||
*[[Curve-winged sabrewing]], ''Pampa curvipennis''
*[[Wedge-tailed sabrewing]], ''Pampa pampa''
*[[Long-tailed sabrewing]], ''Pampa excellens''
*[[Rufous sabrewing]], ''Pampa rufa''
|-
|[[File:MonographTrochi4Goul 0042a.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Abeillia]]'' ||
*[[Emerald-chinned hummingbird]], ''Abeillia abeillei''
|-
|[[File:Violet-headed Hummingbird (f) JCB.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Klais (bird)|Klais]]'' ||
*[[Violet-headed hummingbird]], ''Klais guimeti''
|-
|[[File:Antillean crested hummingbird.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Orthorhyncus]]'' ||
*[[Antillean crested hummingbird]], ''Orthorhyncus cristatus''
|-
|[[File:Anthocephala floriceps.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Anthocephala]]'' ||
* [[Santa Marta blossomcrown]], ''Anthocephala floriceps''
* [[Tolima blossomcrown]], ''Anthocephala berlepschi''
|-
|[[File:Stephanoxis lalandi -Campos do Jordao, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Stephanoxis]]'' ||
* [[Green-crowned plovercrest]], ''Stephanoxis lalandi''
* [[Purple-crowned plovercrest]], ''Stephanoxis loddigesii''
|-
|[[File:Unbekannter kolibri.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Campylopterus]]'' ||''
*[[Grey-breasted sabrewing]], ''Campylopterus largipennis''
*[[Diamantina sabrewing]], ''Campylopterus diamantinensis''
*[[Outcrop sabrewing]], ''Campylopterus calcirupicola''
*[[Rufous-breasted sabrewing]], ''Campylopterus hyperythrus''
*[[White-tailed sabrewing]], ''Campylopterus ensipennis''
*[[Lazuline sabrewing]], ''Campylopterus falcatus''
*[[Santa Marta sabrewing]], ''Campylopterus phainopeplus''
*[[Violet sabrewing]], ''Campylopterus hemileucurus''
*[[Buff-breasted sabrewing]], ''Campylopterus duidae''
*[[Napo sabrewing]], ''Campylopterus villaviscensio''
|-
|[[File:Chalybura urochrysia (male) crop.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Chalybura]]'' ||
*[[Bronze-tailed plumeleteer]], ''Chalybura urochrysia''
*[[White-vented plumeleteer]], ''Chalybura buffonii''
|-
|[[File:ThaluraniaGlaucopis200805DarioSanches.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Thalurania]]'' ||
*[[Crowned woodnymph]], ''Thalurania colombica''
*[[Fork-tailed woodnymph]], ''Thalurania furcata''
*[[Long-tailed woodnymph]], ''Thalurania watertonii''
*[[Violet-capped woodnymph]], ''Thalurania glaucopis''
|-
|[[File:Snowcap (Microchera albocoronata).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Microchera]]'' ||
*[[Snowcap]], ''Microchera albocoronata''
*[[Coppery-headed emerald]], ''Microchera cupreiceps''
*[[White-tailed emerald]], ''Microchera chionura''
|-
|[[File:Violet-capped Hummingbird (cropped).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Goldmania]]'' ||
*[[Violet-capped hummingbird]], ''Goldmania violiceps''
*[[Pirre hummingbird]], ''Goldmania bella''
|-
|[[File:Black-bellied Hummingbird - La Paz - Costa Rica MG 2167 (26086455573).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Eupherusa]]'' ||
*[[Mexican woodnymph]], ''Eupherusa ridgwayi''
*[[White-tailed hummingbird]], ''Eupherusa poliocerca''
*[[Oaxaca hummingbird]], ''Eupherusa cyanophrys''
*[[Stripe-tailed hummingbird]], ''Eupherusa eximia''
*[[Black-bellied hummingbird]], ''Eupherusa nigriventris''
|-
|[[File:Scaly-breasted Hummingbird - Sarapiqui - Costa Rica S4E0291 (26084747394).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Phaeochroa]]'' ||
*[[Scaly-breasted hummingbird]], ''Phaeochroa cuvierii''
|-
|[[File:Leucippus fallax in Isla Margarita 2.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Leucippus (bird)|Leucippus]]'' ||
*[[Buffy hummingbird]], ''Leucippus fallax''
|-
|[[File:Spot-throated Hummingbird.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Thaumasius]]'' ||
*[[Tumbes hummingbird]], ''Thaumasius baeri''
*[[Spot-throated hummingbird]], ''Thaumasius taczanowskii''
|-
|[[File:Taphrospilus hypostictus, Many-spotted Hummingbird.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Taphrospilus]]'' ||
*[[Many-spotted hummingbird]], ''Taphrospilus hypostictus''
|-
|[[File:Flickr - Dario Sanches - AJUDE A AJUDAR COM O SEU OLHAR.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Eupetomena]]'' ||
*[[Swallow-tailed hummingbird]], ''Eupetomena macrourus''
*[[Sombre hummingbird]], ''Eupetomena cirrochloris''
|-
|[[File:Olive-spotted Hummingbird.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Talaphorus]]'' ||
*[[Olive-spotted hummingbird]], ''Talaphorus chlorocercus''
|-
|[[File:Red-billed streamertail( Trochilus polytmus) adult male 2.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Trochilus]]'' ||
*[[Red-billed streamertail]], ''Trochilus polytmus''
*[[Black-billed streamertail]], ''Trochilus scitulus''
|-
|[[File:Cinnamon-sided Hummingbird.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Leucolia]]'' ||
*[[Violet-crowned hummingbird]], ''Leucolia violiceps''
*[[Green-fronted hummingbird]], ''Leucolia viridifrons''
*[[Cinnamon-sided hummingbird]], ''Leucolia wagneri''
|-
|[[File:Amazilia tobaci - perched.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Saucerottia]]'' ||
*[[Azure-crowned hummingbird]], ''Saucerottia cyanocephala''
*[[Blue-vented hummingbird]], ''Saucerottia hoffmanni''
*[[Berylline hummingbird]], ''Saucerottia beryllina''
*[[Blue-tailed hummingbird]], ''Saucerottia cyanura''
*[[Snowy-bellied hummingbird]], ''Saucerottia edward''
*[[Steely-vented hummingbird]], ''Saucerottia saucerrottei''
*[[Indigo-capped hummingbird]], ''Saucerottia cyanifrons''
*[[Chestnut-bellied hummingbird]], ''Saucerottia castaneiventris''
*[[Green-bellied hummingbird]], ''Saucerottia viridigaster''
*[[Copper-rumped hummingbird]], ''Saucerottia tobaci''
|-
|[[File:Rufous-tailed Hummingbird JCB.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Amazilia]]'' ||
*[[Cinnamon hummingbird]], ''Amazilia rutila''
*[[Buff-bellied hummingbird]], ''Amazilia yucatanensis''
*[[Rufous-tailed hummingbird]], ''Amazilia tzacatl''
*[[Honduran emerald]], ''Amazilia luciae''
*[[Mangrove hummingbird]], ''Amazilia boucardi''
|-
|[[File:Amazilia amazilia-4.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Amazilia hummingbird|Amazilis]]'' ||
*[[Amazilia hummingbird]], ''Amazilis amazilia''
|-
|[[File:Andean Emerald (Amazilia franciae).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Uranomitra]]'' ||
*[[Andean emerald]], ''Uranomitra franciae''
|-
|[[File:Golden-tailed Sapphire JCB.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Chrysuronia]]'' ||
*[[Shining-green hummingbird]], ''Chrysuronia goudoti''
*[[Golden-tailed sapphire]], ''Chrysuronia oenone''
*[[Versicolored emerald]], ''Chrysuronia versicolor''
*[[Sapphire-throated hummingbird]], ''Chrysuronia coeruleogularis''
*[[Sapphire-bellied hummingbird]], ''Chrysuronia lilliae''
*[[Humboldt's sapphire]], ''Chrysuronia humboldtii''
*[[Blue-headed sapphire]], ''Chrysuronia grayi''
*[[White-chested emerald]], ''Chrysuronia brevirostris''
*[[Plain-bellied emerald]], ''Chrysuronia leucogaster''
|-
|[[File:Leucochloris albicollis.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Leucochloris]]'' ||
*[[White-throated hummingbird]], ''Leucochloris albicollis''
|-
|[[File:BEIJA-FLOR-DE-GARGANTA-VERDE (Amazilia fimbriata).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Chionomesa]]'' ||
*[[Glittering-throated emerald]], ''Chionomesa fimbriata''
*[[Sapphire-spangled emerald]], ''Chionomesa lactea''
|-
|[[File:Hylocharis chrysura -Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil-8.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Hylocharis]]'' ||
*[[Rufous-throated sapphire]], ''Hylocharis sapphirina''
*[[Gilded sapphire]], ''Hylocharis chrysura''
|-
|[[File:White-bellied Hummingbird.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Elliotomyia]]'' ||
*[[White-bellied hummingbird]], ''Elliotomyia chionogaster''
*[[Green-and-white hummingbird]], ''Elliotomyia viridicauda''
|-
|[[File:Blue-chested-hummingbird.png|120px]] || ''[[Polyerata]]'' ||
*[[Blue-chested hummingbird]], ''Polyerata amabilis''
*[[Charming hummingbird]], ''Polyerata decora''
*[[Purple-chested hummingbird]], ''Polyerata rosenbergi''
|-
|[[File:Blue-chinned sapphire (Chlorestes notata notata) male.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Chlorestes]]'' ||
*[[White-bellied emerald]], ''Chlorestes candida''
*[[Blue-throated sapphire]], ''Chlorestes eliciae''
*[[White-chinned sapphire]], ''Chlorestes cyanus''
*[[Violet-bellied hummingbird]], ''Chlorestes julie''
*[[Blue-chinned sapphire]], ''Chlorestes notata''
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Phaethornithinae]] (the other subfamily of Trochilidae)


== References ==
==References==
{{reflist}}
<references />


==External links==
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Trochilinae|''Trochilinae''}}
*{{ cite book | editor-last1=Dickinson | editor-first1=E.C. | editor1-link=Edward C. Dickinson | editor-last2=Remsen | editor-first2=J.V., Jr. | editor2-link=James Van Remsen, Jr. | year=2013 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | volume= Volume 1: Non-passerines | edition=4th | place=Eastbourne, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-0-8 }}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Trochilinae|''Trochilinae''}}
{{refend}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1073958}}


[[Category:Trochilinae| ]]
[[Category:Trochilinae| ]]
[[Category:Hummingbirds|*]]
[[Category:Hummingbirds|*]]
[[Category:Bird subfamilies]]
[[Category:Bird subfamilies]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Sir William Jardine]]

Revision as of 15:38, 25 January 2021

Trochilinae
Female violet-headed hummingbird (Klais guimeti)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Subfamily: Trochilinae
Reichenbach, 1854
Tribes

3, see text

Trochilinae is one of the six subfamilies that make up the hummingbird family Trochilidae.

The subfamily is divided into three tribes: Lampornithini (mountain gems) containing 18 species, Mellisugini (bees} containg 37 species and Trochilini (emeralds) containing 115 species.[1][2]

Phylogeny

The hummingbirds were formerly divided into two subfamilies, the hermits (Paethorninae) and the nonhermits (Trochilinae). The results from a 2007 DNA hybidization study suggested that the hermits were basal to the rest of the family.[3]

A molecular phylogenetic study of the hummingbirds published in 2007 found that the family consisted of nine clades.[4] When Edward Dickinson and James Van Remsen, Jr. updated the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World for the 4th edition in 2013, based on the molecular results they divided the hummingbird family into six subfamilies and proposed redefining the subfamily Trochilinae to contains the three tribes Lampornithini (mountain gems), Mellisugini (bees) and Trochilini (emeralds).[5] A comprehensive 2014 molecular phylogenetic study sampled 284 hummingbird species. It confirmed the nine clades found in the earlier study but found that the hermits were sister to a topazes clade (subfamily Florisuginae) containing the genera Topaza and Florisuga. Many of the traditional genera in the emerald clade (Trochilini) were shown to be polyphyletic[1]. As a result, many of the genera in this part of the tree have been revised.[2][6]

Trochilidae

Florisuginae – topazes

Phaethornithinae – hermits

Polytminae – mangoes

Lesbiinae

Heliantheini – brilliants

Lesbiini – coquettes

Patagoninae – giant hummingbird

Trochilinae

Lampornithini – mountain gems

Mellisugini – bees

Trochilini – emeralds

The above cladogram of the hummingbird family is based on a molecular phylogenetic study by Jimmy McGuire and collaborators published in 2014.[1] The Latin names are those proposed by Dickinson and Remsen in 2013.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016.
  2. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  3. ^ Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997). "DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (3): 325–343. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767.
  4. ^ McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Altshuler, Dg.L.; Remsen, J.V. (2007). "Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy". Systematic Biology. 56 (5): 837–856. doi:10.1080/10635150701656360.
  5. ^ Dickinson & Remsen 2013, p. 111.
  6. ^ Stiles, F.G.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Mcguire, J.A. (2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401–424. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.
  7. ^ Dickinson & Remsen 2013, pp. 105–136.

Sources

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