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{{merge to|Galileo (spacecraft)|discuss=Talk:Galileo (spacecraft)#Merge with Galileo Probe|date=January 2021}}
#REDIRECT [[Galileo (spacecraft)#Galileo Probe]] {{R from merge}} {{R to section}}
{{About|the atmospheric probe component of the Galileo mission|the mission itself and its orbiter component|Galileo (spacecraft)}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Galileo'' Probe}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ''Galileo'' entry probe
| names_list = <!--list of previous names if the spacecraft has been renamed.
Include the dates applicable if possible, and separate each name with a linebreak.
Omit if the spacecraft has only ever been known by one name.
Do not include Harvard, COSPAR/NSSDC or SATCAT/NORAD/NASA designations as alternative names-->

<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->
| image = File:Galileo spacecraft leaves the Orbiter.jpg
| image_caption = Illustration of ''Galileo'' Probe release from carrier
| image_alt = <!--image alt text-->
| image_size = <!--include px/em; defaults to 220px-->

<!--Basic details-->
| mission_type = [[Lander (spacecraft)|Lander]]{{\}}[[Atmospheric entry|Atmospheric probe]]
| operator = [[NASA]]
| Harvard_designation = <!--spacecraft launched 1962 and earlier only (eg. 1957 Alpha 2)-->
| COSPAR_ID = 1989-084E<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvhYDwAAQBAJ&q=1989-084E&pg=PA836 |title = Outer Solar System: Prospective Energy and Material Resources|isbn = 9783319738451|last1 = Badescu|first1 = Viorel|last2 = Zacny|first2 = Kris|date = 2018-04-28}}</ref>
| SATCAT = <!--satellite catalogue number, omit leading zeroes (e.g. 25544)-->
| website =
| mission_duration = <!--How long the mission lasted-->
| distance_travelled = <!--How far the spacecraft travelled (if known)-->
| orbits_completed = <!--number of times the spacecraft orbited the Earth - see below for spacecraft beyond Earth orbit-->
| suborbital_range = <!--downrange distance reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->
| suborbital_apogee = <!--altitude reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->

<!--Spacecraft properties-->| spacecraft = <!--Spacecraft name/serial number (eg. Space Shuttle ''Discovery'', Apollo CM-118), etc-->
| spacecraft_type = <!--eg. GPS Block II, Kobalt-M, US-K, etc-->
| spacecraft_bus = <!--eg. A2100M, Star-2, etc-->
| manufacturer = [[Hughes Aircraft Company]]
| launch_mass = <!--fuelled mass at launch, not including rocket or upper stage-->
| BOL_mass = {{Convert|340|kg|abbr=on}}
| landing_mass = <!--Mass after landing (recovered spacecraft only)-->
| dry_mass = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit without fuel-->
| payload_mass = <!--Mass of cargo carried by spacecraft (eg. for Space Shuttle), or total mass of instrumentation/equipment/experiments for mission-->
| dimensions = <!--body dimensions and solar array span-->
| power = <!--end-of-life power, in watts-->

<!--Launch details-->| launch_date = {{start date|1989|10|18}}<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.nasa.gov/connect/ebooks/beyond_earth_detail.html |title = Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration|isbn = 9781626830424|last1 = Siddiqi|first1 = Asif A.|date = 2018-09-28}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[STS-34]] piggybacking with [[Galileo (spacecraft)|''Galileo'' orbiter]]
| launch_site = Kennedy Space Center, Launch Complex 39B
| launch_contractor = <!--organisation(s) that conducted the launch (eg. United Launch Alliance, Arianespace, etc)-->
| deployment_from = <!--place where deployed from-->
| deployment_date = <!--date deployed-->
| entered_service = <!--date on which the spacecraft entered service, if it did not do so immediately after launch-->
<!-- * - e.g. Proton-M/Briz-M not Proton-M, but Titan IV(401)A not Titan IV(401)A-Centaur-->

<!--end of mission-->| disposal_type = <!--Whether the spacecraft was deorbited, decommissioned, placed in a graveyard orbit, etc-->
| deactivated = <!--when craft was decommissioned-->
| destroyed = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| last_contact =
| recovery_by = <!--recovered by-->
| recovery_date = <!--recovery date-->
| decay_date = <!--when craft re-entered the atmosphere, not needed if it landed-->
| landing_date = <!--when the spacecraft made a controlled landing, not needed if it did not return intact-->
| landing_site = <!--where the craft landed; site/runway or coordinates-->
<!--
The following template should be used for ONE of the three above fields "end_of_mission", "decay" or "landing" if the spacecraft is no longer operational.
If it landed intact, use it for the landing time, otherwise for the date it ceased operations, or the decay date if it was still operational when it re-entered.
{{end date|YYYY|MM|DD|hh|mm|ss|TZ=Z}} (for Zulu/UTC) or {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} (if time unknown)
-->

<!--orbit parameters-->
<!--as science-related articles, SI units should be the principal units of measurement, however we usually use {{convert}} to display imperial units in parentheses after the initial values-->| orbit_reference = <!--geocentric, selenocentric, etc - please link (e.g. [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]])-->
| orbit_regime = <!--high, low, medium, molniya, GSO - please link (e.g. [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]] - please don't use acronyms-->
| orbit_longitude = <!--geosynchronous satellites only-->
| orbit_slot = <!--Designation of orbital position or slot, if not longitude (e.g plane and position of a GPS satellite)-->
| orbit_semimajor = <!--semimajor axis-->
| orbit_eccentricity = <!--orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_periapsis = <!--periapsis altitude-->
| orbit_apoapsis = <!--apoapsis altitude-->
| orbit_inclination = <!--orbital inclination-->
| orbit_period = <!--time taken to complete an orbit-->
| orbit_RAAN = <!--right ascension of the ascending node-->
| orbit_arg_periapsis = <!--argument of perigee/periapsis-->
| orbit_mean_anomaly = <!--mean anomaly at epoch, only use in conjunction with an epoch value-->
| orbit_mean_motion = <!--mean motion of the satellite, usually measured in orbits per day-->
| orbit_repeat = <!--repeat interval/revisit time-->
| orbit_velocity = <!--speed at which the spacecraft was travelling at epoch - only use for spacecraft with low orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_epoch = <!--the date at which the orbit parameters were correct-->
| orbit_rev_number = <!--revolution number-->
| apsis = <!--planet specific apsis term (eg. gee/helion/selene/etc - defaults to generic "apsis")-->
| interplanetary = <!--Infobox spaceflight/IP can be called multiple times for missions with multiple targets or combined orbiter/lander missions, etc-->

<!--transponder parameters-->| trans_band = <!--Transponder frequency bands-->
| trans_frequency = <!--specific frequencies-->
| trans_bandwidth = <!--bandwidth-->
| trans_capacity = <!--capacity of the transponders-->
| trans_coverage = <!--area covered-->
| trans_TWTA = <!--TWTA output power-->
| trans_EIRP = <!--equivalent isotropic power-->
| trans_HPBW = <!--half-power beam width-->

<!--Only use where a spacecraft/mission is part of a clear programme of sequential missions.
If in doubt, leave it out-->| programme =
| previous_mission =
| next_mission = <!--mission insignia or patch-->
| insignia = <!--omit the "file" prefix-->
| insignia_caption = <!--image caption-->
| insignia_alt = <!--image alt text-->
| insignia_size = <!--include px/em; defaults to 180px-->
}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| width = 235
| image1 = Galileo Probe Entry.jpg
| image2 = Descent Module.jpeg
| footer = Inner Descent Module of the ''Galileo'' Entry Probe and its [[Atmospheric entry|entry-sequence]] into [[Atmosphere of Jupiter|Jupiter's atmosphere]].
| total_width =
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| caption2 =
}}

The '''''Galileo'' Probe''' was an atmospheric-entry automatic space probe carried by the main [[Galileo (spacecraft)|''Galileo'' spaceprobe]] to [[Jupiter]], where it directly entered a hot spot and returned data from the planet.<ref name=gpr/> The {{convert|340|kg|lb|adj=on|abbr=}} probe was built by [[Hughes Aircraft|Hughes Aircraft Company]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%200347.html|access-date=2011-05-15|publisher=flightglobal.com|title=Hughes Science/Scope Press Release and Advertisement, retrieved from Flight Global Archives May 23, 2010}}</ref> at its [[El Segundo, California]] plant, and measured about {{convert|1.3|m|ft|sp=us}} across. Inside the probe's [[heat shield]], the scientific instruments were protected from extreme heat and pressure during its high-speed journey into the Jovian atmosphere, entering at {{convert|48|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=}} per second. It entered Jupiter on December 7, 1995, 22:04 UTC and stopped functioning at 23:00 UTC, 57 minutes and 36 seconds later.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

== Mission ==

The probe was released from the main spacecraft in July 1995, five months before reaching Jupiter, and entered [[Atmosphere of Jupiter|Jupiter's atmosphere]] with no braking beforehand. The probe was slowed from its arrival speed of about 48 kilometers per second to subsonic speed in less than two minutes. The rapid flight through the atmosphere produced a plasma with a temperature around 15,500&nbsp;°C (28,000&nbsp;°F), and the probe's carbon phenolic heat shield lost more than half of its mass during the descent.<ref>http://www.spaceanswers.com/space-exploration/the-probe-that-survived-for-78-minutes-inside-jupiter/</ref>

At the time, this was by far the most difficult [[atmospheric entry]] ever attempted; the probe entered at Mach 50 and had to withstand a peak [[deceleration]] of 228&nbsp;''[[Earth's gravity|g]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Heppenheimer | first=Thomas A. | year=2009 | title=Facing the Heat Barrier: A History of Hypersonics | publisher=[[Government Printing Office]] | isbn=978-0160831553 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUXKgSYZPV8C&q=Galileo+Probe+mach+50&pg=PA257 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/searchforlife/070719_seti_probing.html|title=Probing Planets: Can You Get There From Here?|author=Chu-Thielbar|date=2007-07-19|access-date=2007-07-27}}</ref> The probe's 152&nbsp;kg heat shield, making up almost half of the probe's total mass, lost 80&nbsp;kg during the entry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/galileo_probe/htmls/Heat_Shield.html |title=''Galileo'' Probe Heat Shield Ablation |author=Julio Magalhães |publisher=NASA Ames Research Center |date=1997-09-17 |access-date=2006-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929185050/http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/galileo_probe/htmls/Heat_Shield.html |archive-date=2006-09-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/galileo_probe/htmls/probe_spacecraft.html |title=The ''Galileo'' Probe Spacecraft |author=Julio Magalhães |publisher=NASA Ames Research Center |date=1996-12-06 |access-date=2006-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101114453/http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/galileo_probe/htmls/probe_spacecraft.html |archive-date=2007-01-01 }}</ref> NASA built a special laboratory, the Giant Planet Facility, to simulate the heat load, which was similar to the convective and radiative heating experienced by an [[ICBM]] warhead reentering the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite conference|last=Laub|first=B.|author2=Venkatapathy, E.|title=Thermal Protection System Technology and Facility Needs for Demanding Future Planetary Missions|book-title=International Workshop on Planetary Probe Atmospheric Entry and Descent Trajectory Analysis and Science|location=Lisbon, Portugal|date=6–9 October 2003|url=http://www.mrc.uidaho.edu/entryws/presentations/Papers/laub_tps.pdf|access-date=2006-12-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108095028/http://www.mrc.uidaho.edu/entryws/presentations/Papers/laub_tps.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asm.arc.nasa.gov/full_text.html?type=materials&id=1 |title=Development of New Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) |author=Bernard Laub |publisher=NASA Ames Research Center |date=2004-10-19 |access-date=2006-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019034219/http://asm.arc.nasa.gov/full_text.html?type=materials&id=1 |archive-date=2006-10-19 }}</ref> It then deployed its {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=on|sp=us}} [[parachute]], and dropped its heat shield, which fell into Jupiter's interior.

As the probe descended through {{convert|156|km|mi|sp=us}}<ref name=gpr/> of the top layers of the Jovian atmosphere, it collected 58 minutes of data on the local weather. It only stopped transmitting when the ambient pressure exceeded 23 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atmospheres]] and the temperature reached {{convert|153|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/mission/journey-arrival.html|title=''Galileo'' Mission to Jupiter, NASA |publisher=.jpl.nasa.gov |access-date=2011-05-15}}</ref> The data was sent to the spacecraft overhead, then transmitted back to Earth. Each of 2 L-band transmitters operated at 128 bytes per second and sent nearly identical streams of scientific data to the orbiter. All the probe's electronics were powered by [[Lithium battery|lithium sulfur dioxide (LiSO<sub>2</sub>) batteries]] that provided a nominal power output of about 580 watts with an estimated capacity of about 21 ampere-hours on arrival at Jupiter.

== Scientific instruments ==
The probe included seven instruments for taking data on its plunge into Jupiter:<ref>[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentSearch.do?spacecraft=Galileo%20Probe Galileo Probe] NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive</ref>

* an atmospheric structure instrument measuring temperature, pressure and deceleration,
* a neutral [[Quadrupole mass analyzer|mass spectrometer]],
* a Helium Abundance Detector, an [[interferometer]] supporting atmospheric composition studies,
* a [[nephelometer]] for cloud location and cloud-particle observations,
* a net-flux [[radiometer]] measuring the difference between upward and downward [[radiant flux]] at each altitude, and
* a lightning and radio emission instrument measuring light and radio emissions associated with [[lightning]]
* an energetic particle detector measuring energetic particles in Jupiter's radiation belts.

In addition, the probe's heat shield contained instrumentation to measure [[ablation]] during descent.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last=Milos
|first=Frank S.
|journal=Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
|year=1997
|doi=10.2514/2.3293
|title=Galileo Probe Heat Shield Ablation Experiment
|volume=34
|issue=6
|pages=705–713
|bibcode=1997JSpRo..34..705M
|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235941
}}</ref> Total data returned from the probe was about 3.5 megabits (~460,000 bytes). The probe stopped transmitting before the line of sight link with the orbiter was cut.{{explain|reason=There would always be a "line of sight", but the opacity changes.|date=March 2016}} The likely proximal cause of the final probe failure was overheating, which sensors indicated before signal loss.

The probe transmitted data down to 21 bars of pressure.<ref name=":0" /> (Earth sea-level is about 1 bar of pressure)

== Results and end ==
The probe entered Jupiter's atmosphere at 22:04 UTC.<ref name=Timeline>[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/galileo_probe_time.html ''Galileo'' Probe Entry Timeline] NASA</ref> Before the atmospheric entry, the probe discovered a new [[radiation belt]] {{convert|31,000|mi}} above Jupiter's cloud tops. The atmosphere through which it subsequently descended was found to be much denser and hotter than expected. Jupiter was also found to have only half the amount of helium expected and the data did not support the three-layered cloud structure theory. Only one significant cloud layer was measured by the probe, but with many indications of smaller areas of increased particle densities along all of the trajectory.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 8629019 | volume=272 | issue=5263 | title=Results of the Galileo probe nephelometer experiment | journal=Science | pages=854–6 | last1 = Ragent | first1 = B | last2 = Colburn | first2 = DS | last3 = Avrin | first3 = P | last4 = Rages | first4 = KA| year=1996 | doi=10.1126/science.272.5263.854 | bibcode=1996Sci...272..854R | s2cid=25094019 }}</ref> The probe detected less lightning, less water, but more winds than expected. The atmosphere was more turbulent and the winds a lot stronger than the expected maximum of {{convert|220|mph|km/h|disp=flip|sp=us}}. It required a laborious analysis of the initial wind data from the probe to determine the actual measured wind speeds. The results eventually showed that wind speeds in the outermost layers were 290-360 kilometers per hour (80–100&nbsp;m/s), in agreement with previous measurements from afar, but that winds increased dramatically at pressure levels of 1-4 bars, then remaining consistently high at around {{convert|170|m/s|km/h|disp=flip|sp=us}}.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/41718| title=Deep winds on Jupiter as measured by the Galileo probe| journal=Nature| volume=388| issue=6643| pages=649–650| year=1997| last1=Atkinson| first1=David H.| last2=Ingersoll| first2=Andrew P.| last3=Seiff| first3=Alvin| bibcode=1997Natur.388..649A| s2cid=4419557}}</ref> No solid surface was detected during the {{convert|156|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} downward journey.<ref name=gpr>{{cite web|url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/gll38.html|title=Galileo Probe Science Results|date=22 January 1996|authors=Douglas Isbell and David Morse|publisher=JPL|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Subsequent analysis determined that the ''Galileo'' probe had entered a so-called [[Atmosphere of Jupiter#Hot spots|hot spot]] in Jupiter's atmosphere.

Radio contact ceased (due to the high temperature) 78 minutes after entering Jupiter's atmosphere at a depth of 160 kilometers.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} At that point the probe measured a pressure of 22 bars and a temperature of 152&nbsp;°C.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070102143553/http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/galileo_probe/htmls/probe_events.html ''Galileo Probe Mission Events'']</ref>
Theoretical analysis indicates that the parachute would have melted first, roughly 105 minutes after entry, then the aluminum components after another 40 minutes of free fall through a sea of supercritical fluid hydrogen. The titanium structure would have lasted around 6.5 hours more before disintegrating. Due to the high pressure, the droplets of metals from the probe would finally have vaporized once their [[critical temperature]] had been reached, and mixed with Jupiter's liquid [[metallic hydrogen]] interior.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.planet4589.org/space/jsr/back/news.267
|title=Jonathan's Space Report, No. 267
|author=Jonathan McDowell
|publisher=Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
|date=1995-12-08
|access-date=2007-05-06
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/60qCksDp1?url=http://www.planet4589.org/space/jsr/back/news.267
|archive-date=2011-08-10
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The probe was expected to have completely vaporized 10 hours after its atmospheric entry.<ref name=Timeline/>

<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Galileo Probe - AC81-0174.jpg|Artist's impression of the probe's entry into [[Atmosphere of Jupiter|Jupiter's atmosphere]]
Image:Galileo atmospheric probe.jpg|Timeline of the probe's atmospheric entry.<!--(The Probe transmitted data to the Orbiter continuously for 57.6 minutes reaching a depth of 23 bars (2.3&nbsp;MPa) but the relay link to the Orbiter began at four minutes after entry, so transmission ended 61.4 minutes after entry.) -integrate into main description -->
Image:Galileo Probe diagram.jpeg|Diagram of the [[atmospheric entry]] probe's instruments and subsystems
</gallery>

Over time it was possible to mine the data for further insights into the atmosphere, and one way to do this was to study the motion of the probe during the descent down.<ref name=":0"/> It was found that at 700 mbar of pressure the winds on Jupiter are [[Retrograde and prograde motion|prograde]] and increase to a speed of 170&nbsp;m/s at 4000 mbars of pressure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Atkinson|first1=David H.|last2=Pollack|first2=James B.|last3=Seiff|first3=Alvin|date=1998-09-01|title=The Galileo Probe Doppler Wind Experiment: Measurement of the deep zonal winds on Jupiter|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets|language=en|volume=103|issue=E10|pages=22911–22928|doi=10.1029/98je00060|issn=0148-0227|bibcode=1998JGR...10322911A|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Names==
Galileo Probe has cospar ID 1989-084E while the orbiter had id 1989-084B.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvhYDwAAQBAJ&q=1989-084E&pg=PA836|title=Outer Solar System: Prospective Energy and Material Resources|last1=Badescu|first1=Viorel|last2=Zacny|first2=Kris|date=2018-04-28|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319738451|language=en}}</ref> Names for the spacecraft include ''Galileo Probe'' or ''Jupiter Entry Probe'' abbreviated JEP.<ref>{{Cite journal |bibcode = 2006ESASP.631E...6R|title = Jupiter Entry Probe Feasibility Study from the ESTEC CDF Team: Heat Flux Evaluation & TPS Definition|journal = Thermal Protection Systems and Hot Structures|volume = 631|pages = 6|last1 = Ritter|first1 = H.|last2 = Mazoue|first2 = F.|last3 = Santovincenzo|first3 = A.|last4 = Atzei|first4 = A.|year = 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Atkinson|first1=David H.|last2=Pollack|first2=James B.|last3=Seiff|first3=Alvin|date=1998-09-01|title=The Galileo Probe Doppler Wind Experiment: Measurement of the deep zonal winds on Jupiter|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets|language=en|volume=103|issue=E10|pages=22911–22928|doi=10.1029/98je00060|issn=0148-0227|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The related [[COSPAR designation|COSPAR]] IDs of the Galileo mission:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lib.cas.cz/space.40/1989/084.HTM|title=Space Launch 1989-084|website=www.lib.cas.cz|access-date=2018-12-03}}</ref>

*1989-084A STS 34
*1989-084B ''Galileo''
*1989-084C [[Inertial Upper Stage|IUS]] (Orbus 21)
*1989-084D IUS (Orbus 6E)
*1989-084E ''Galileo'' Probe

==See also==
*[[List of spacecraft powered by non-rechargeable batteries]]
*[[Pioneer Venus Multiprobe]]
*[[Huygens (spacecraft)|''Huygens'' spacecraft]] (carried by ''Cassini'' orbiter to Saturn's moon Titan)
*[[Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe]] (concept for similar spacecraft entry probe for Saturn)

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
* [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-084E ''Galileo'' Probe] NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive

==External links==
*[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/gal_probe_new_results.txt Early probe results report]

{{Jupiter spacecraft}}

[[Category:Extraterrestrial atmosphere entry]]
[[Category:Galileo program]]
[[Category:Attached spacecraft]]

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