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==Biography==
==Biography==
Mary Harker was born in [[Asenby]] in the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]] in 1768.<ref name="odnb" /> Her father was a farmer.<ref name="odnb" /> She learned to read and write and, from the age of thirteen, worked as a servant girl in [[Thirsk]], [[North Riding of Yorkshire|North Riding of Yorkshire.]]<ref name="odnb" /> She moved to York aged 20 and worked as a dressmaker. However, after one year, she fled to Leeds after being involved in a burglary.<ref name="odnb" /> During the next four years she worked as a mantua maker, and also began to build a reputation as a fortune-teller and 'wise woman'.<ref name="odnb" /> In 1792 she married John Bateman, who was a wheelwright.<ref name="odnb" /> During these early years of her marriage, she also undertook several robberies and was caught several times, escaping prison by bribing those who witnessed her activities.<ref name="odnb" /> In 1796 John joined the Army, and Bateman accompanied him away from Leeds, however within one year they had returned to Leeds.<ref name="odnb" /> Amongst other crimes, she is reported to have once roamed the streets of Leeds after a major fire begging for money and goods for victims, but instead retained the charitable gifts for herself.<ref name="YP">{{cite news|author1=Johnson, Helen|date=31 October 2018|title=The Yorkshire Witches: Mary Bateman, Mary Pannal and Mother Shipton|newspaper=Yorkshire Post|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/latest-news/the-yorkshire-witches-mary-bateman-mary-pannal-and-mother-shipton-1-9422050}}</ref> According to author Summer Stevens, she also worked as an abortionist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=S|first=Jessica|date=2018-08-02|title=Burned At The Stake-The Life of Mary Channing/The Yorkshire Witch-The Life and Trial of Mary Bateman by Summer Strevens.|url=https://womenslibrary.org.uk/2018/08/02/burned-at-the-stake-the-life-of-mary-channing-the-yorkshire-witch-the-life-and-trial-of-mary-bateman-by-summer-strevens/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Glasgow Women's Library|language=en-US}}</ref>
Mary Bateman was born to a farmer in [[Asenby]], [[North Riding of Yorkshire]] in 1768.<ref name=odnb /> She became a servant girl in [[Thirsk]], [[North Riding of Yorkshire]] but was eventually released due to [[petty theft]]. During the 1780s, she became a minor thief and [[con artist]] who often convinced many of her victims she possessed supernatural powers. By the end of the century, she had become a prominent fortuneteller in Leeds who prescribed potions which she claimed would ward off evil spirits as well as acting as medicine.


In 1806 she created the hoax known as The Prophet Hen of Leeds, in which eggs laid by a hen were purported to predict the [[end times]]. Villagers believed doomsday had come when a hen began laying eggs with the phrase "Christ is coming" on each one,<ref name=rr>{{cite book|title=Are You Rapture Ready|first1=Todd|last1=Strandberg|first2=Terry|last2=James|pages=35–45|publisher=Dutton|date=June 2003|location=New York City}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/33622934 |title=10 failed doomsday predictions |access-date=12 November 2009 |quote=History has countless examples of people who have proclaimed that the return of Jesus Christ is imminent, but perhaps there has never been a stranger messenger than a hen in the English town of Leeds in 1806. It seems that a hen began laying eggs on which the phrase "Christ is coming" was written. As news of this miracle spread, many people became convinced that doomsday was at hand&nbsp;— until a curious local actually watched the hen laying one of the prophetic eggs and discovered someone had hatched a hoax. }}</ref> but it was later found to be a hoax perpetrated by Bateman, who had written on the eggs using acid and reinserted them into the hen's [[oviduct]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Mackay |author-link=Charles Mackay (author) |title=Extraordinary popular delusions & the madness of crowds |year=1980 |publisher=[[Random House]] | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6avC4YcHYcC&lpg=PA89 |isbn=0-517-88433-X }}</ref>
In 1806 Bateman joined the followers of the prophetess [[Joanna Southcott]] and attended meetings.<ref name="odnb" /> As part of a Southcottian sect, she created the hoax known as The Prophet Hen of Leeds, in which eggs laid by a hen were purported have written on them 'Christ is coming' - a message believed to preceded [[End time|end times]].<ref name=rr>{{cite book|title=Are You Rapture Ready|first1=Todd|last1=Strandberg|first2=Terry|last2=James|pages=35–45|publisher=Dutton|date=June 2003|location=New York City}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/33622934 |title=10 failed doomsday predictions |access-date=12 November 2009 |quote=History has countless examples of people who have proclaimed that the return of Jesus Christ is imminent, but perhaps there has never been a stranger messenger than a hen in the English town of Leeds in 1806. It seems that a hen began laying eggs on which the phrase "Christ is coming" was written. As news of this miracle spread, many people became convinced that doomsday was at hand&nbsp;— until a curious local actually watched the hen laying one of the prophetic eggs and discovered someone had hatched a hoax. }}</ref> Three of these eggs were displayed by Bateman, but it was later found that she had written on the eggs using acid and reinserted them into the hen's [[oviduct]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Mackay |author-link=Charles Mackay (author) |title=Extraordinary popular delusions & the madness of crowds |year=1980 |publisher=[[Random House]] | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6avC4YcHYcC&lpg=PA89 |isbn=0-517-88433-X }}</ref>


In the same year, Bateman was approached by William and Rebecca Perigo - Rebecca was suffering from chest pains and Bateman diagnosed that she had been put under a spell.<ref name="odnb" /> However, over the next several months, Bateman began feeding them pudding which was laced with poison.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} Rebecca's condition worsened however and she finally died in 1808.<ref name="odnb" /> In October 1808 William Perigo accused Bateman of poisoning his wife, as well as defrauding money from them for the two years preceding to pay for "charms" and cures.<ref name="odnb" /> Although Bateman proclaimed her innocence, a search of her home turned up poison as well as many personal belongings of her victims including the Perigo couple.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}
She is reported to have once roamed the streets of Leeds after a major fire begging for money and goods for victims, but instead retained the charitable gifts for herself.<ref name='YP'>{{cite news |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/latest-news/the-yorkshire-witches-mary-bateman-mary-pannal-and-mother-shipton-1-9422050 |title=The Yorkshire Witches: Mary Bateman, Mary Pannal and Mother Shipton |author1=Johnson, Helen |date=31 October 2018 |newspaper=Yorkshire Post}}</ref>

Also in 1806, Bateman was approached by William and Rebecca Perigo who believed they had been put under a spell after Rebecca had complained of chest pains and asked for her help in lifting the curse. However, over the next several months, Bateman began feeding them pudding which was laced with poison. While Rebecca regularly ate the pudding, her husband was unable to eat more than a spoonful. Rebecca's condition worsened however and she finally died in May 1806. William Perigo continued to pay her for more than two years until he discovered one of the "charms" which he and his wife had received from Bateman was worthless paper; he went to the authorities who arrested Bateman the following day after William lured her to a meeting.

Although she proclaimed her innocence, a search of her home turned up poison as well as many personal belongings of her victims including the Perigo couple.


===Trial and execution===
===Trial and execution===
Bateman's trial took place in York in March 1809. The trial lasted eleven hours, though the jury took only a few moments to find her guilty of the charges of fraud and the murder of Rebecca Perigo. Immediately following the sentence of death from the judge, Bateman claimed that she was 22-weeks pregnant and thus unable to be hanged. The judge subsequently requested that the [[High Sheriff of Yorkshire|Sherriff]] gather a panel of 'matrons' to assess Bateman's claim. Twelve married women were sworn into the jury and conducted a physical examination of Bateman, concluding that she was not pregnant and thus able to be executed.<ref name='Knipe'>{{cite book |title=Criminal chronology of York castle; with a register of criminals capitally convicted and executed at the County assizes, commencing March 1st, 1379, to the present time |author1=Knipe, William |date=1867 |url=https://archive.org/details/criminalchronol00knipgoog |chapter=Mary Bateman |pages=[https://archive.org/details/criminalchronol00knipgoog/page/n175 145]-149}}</ref>
Bateman's trial took place in York in March 1809.<ref name="odnb" /> According to ''The Criminal Chronology of York Castle'' by William Knipe, which was written in 1867, the trial lasted eleven hours, though the jury took only a few moments to find her guilty of the charges of fraud and the murder of Rebecca Perigo.<ref name="Knipe" /> The book also claims that immediately following the sentence of death from the judge, Bateman said that she was 22-weeks pregnant and thus unable to be hanged.<ref name="Knipe" /> The judge subsequently requested that the [[High Sheriff of Yorkshire|Sherriff]] gather a panel of 'matrons' to assess Bateman's claim.<ref name="Knipe" /> Twelve married women were sworn into the jury and conducted a physical examination of Bateman, concluding that she was not pregnant and thus able to be executed.<ref name='Knipe'>{{cite book |title=Criminal chronology of York castle; with a register of criminals capitally convicted and executed at the County assizes, commencing March 1st, 1379, to the present time |author1=Knipe, William |date=1867 |url=https://archive.org/details/criminalchronol00knipgoog |chapter=Mary Bateman |pages=[https://archive.org/details/criminalchronol00knipgoog/page/n175 145]-149}}</ref>


William Knipe's 1867 account suggests that Bateman was married and had a daughter at home as well as an infant child in the prison with her. She supposedly mailed her wedding ring back to her husband to give to the daughter.<ref name='Knipe'>{{cite book |title=Criminal chronology of York castle; with a register of criminals capitally convicted and executed at the County assizes, commencing March 1st, 1379, to the present time |author1=Knipe, William |date=1867 |url=https://archive.org/details/criminalchronol00knipgoog |chapter=Mary Bateman |pages=[https://archive.org/details/criminalchronol00knipgoog/page/n175 145]-149}}</ref>
William Knipe's 1867 account suggests had a daughter at home as well as an infant child in the prison with her.<ref name="Knipe" /> She supposedly mailed her wedding ring back to her husband to give to the daughter.<ref name='Knipe'>{{cite book |title=Criminal chronology of York castle; with a register of criminals capitally convicted and executed at the County assizes, commencing March 1st, 1379, to the present time |author1=Knipe, William |date=1867 |url=https://archive.org/details/criminalchronol00knipgoog |chapter=Mary Bateman |pages=[https://archive.org/details/criminalchronol00knipgoog/page/n175 145]-149}}</ref>


She was hanged alongside two men on Monday 20 March 1809.<ref name='Knipe'/> After her execution, her body was put on public display in Leeds and strips of her skin were [[tanning (leather)|tanned]] into [[leather]] and sold as magic charms to ward off evil spirits.<ref name='YP' />
Bateman was hanged alongside two men on Monday 20 March 1809.<ref name='Knipe'/>

=== Dissection ===
After her execution, her body was transferred to [[Leeds General Infirmary]], which publicly displayed her body, charging 3 pence per visitor.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ward|first=Richard|date=2015|title=The Criminal Corpse, Anatomists, and the Criminal Law: Parliamentary Attempts to Extend the Dissection of Offenders in Late Eighteenth-Century England|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/abs/criminal-corpse-anatomists-and-the-criminal-law-parliamentary-attempts-to-extend-the-dissection-of-offenders-in-late-eighteenthcentury-england/65769CEA5F7A2AAB7F067B9C709FA335|journal=Journal of British Studies|language=en|volume=54|issue=1|pages=63–87|doi=10.1017/jbr.2014.167|issn=0021-9371}}</ref> Her body was dissected by [[William Hey (surgeon)|William Hey]], who spread the event across three days. On day one medical students paid to view the corpse, on day two “about 100 tickets were available to gentlemen [professional Leeds men] who paid five guineas”, and on day three women could buy a day ticket to attend Hey's lectures on the body.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hurren|first=Elizabeth T|date=2013|title=The dangerous dead: dissecting the criminal corpse|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61626-8|journal=The Lancet|volume=382|issue=9889|pages=302–303|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61626-8|issn=0140-6736}}</ref> Strips of her skin were [[tanning (leather)|tanned]] into [[leather]] and sold as magic charms to ward off evil spirits.<ref name="YP" /><ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Davies|first=Owen|title=The Corpse Gives Life|date=2017|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59519-1_3|work=Executing Magic in the Modern Era: Criminal Bodies and the Gallows in Popular Medicine|pages=29–52|editor-last=Davies|editor-first=Owen|series=Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and its Afterlife|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-59519-1_3|isbn=978-3-319-59519-1|access-date=2021-02-09|last2=Matteoni|first2=Francesca|editor2-last=Matteoni|editor2-first=Francesca}}</ref> The tip of her tongue was collected by the governor of Ripon Prison.<ref name=":1" /> Two books from the library of [[Mexborough House]] were covered in her skin - Sir [[John Cheke|John Cheeke]]’s ''Hurt of Sedition: How Grievous it is to a Common Welth'' (1569) and [[Richard Brathwait|Richard Braithwaite]]’s ''Arcadian Princess'' (1635); the books went missing in the mid-nineteenth century.<ref name=":1" />


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
[[File:High Court, Leeds - geograph.org.uk - 1507157.jpg|thumb|right|Former residence of Bateman in [[Leeds]]; this has since been converted into a public house]]
[[File:High Court, Leeds - geograph.org.uk - 1507157.jpg|thumb|right|Former residence of Bateman in [[Leeds]]; this has since been converted into a public house - the Lamb & Flag]]
Bateman's death caused sensation at the time and was eagerly consumed by the public through books and periodicals published in quick succession after her death.<ref>{{Citation|last=Churms|first=Stephanie Elizabeth|title=A Profile of Romantic-Period Popular Magic: Taxonomies of Evidence|date=2019|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04810-5_2|work=Romanticism and Popular Magic: Poetry and Cultures of the Occult in the 1790s|pages=17–79|editor-last=Churms|editor-first=Stephanie Elizabeth|series=Palgrave Studies in the Enlightenment, Romanticism and Cultures of Print|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04810-5_2|isbn=978-3-030-04810-5|access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref> In 1811 ''The Extraordinary Life and Character of Mary Bateman'' was published, which ran to twelve editions.<ref name=":0" />
⚫
Bateman's skeleton was on display to the public at the [[Thackray Medical Museum]] in Leeds<ref>Goor, K. (2006) Haunted Leeds, Tempus, Page 37</ref> until 2015, when it was returned to [[Leeds University]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Summer Strevens |title=The Yorkshire Witch: The Life and Trial of Mary Bateman |publisher=Pen and Sword |date=2017|page=135}}</ref>

⚫
Bateman's skeleton was on display to the public at the [[Thackray Medical Museum]] in Leeds<ref>Goor, K. (2006) Haunted Leeds, Tempus, Page 37</ref> until 2015, when it was moved to [[Leeds University]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Summer Strevens |title=The Yorkshire Witch: The Life and Trial of Mary Bateman |publisher=Pen and Sword |date=2017|page=135}}</ref>


A BBC-TV programme about Bateman, featuring a modern-day descendant of hers (Tracy Whitaker), showed Bateman's skull being laser-scanned to demonstrate how her face may well have appeared. It was first shown on 12 April 2001, entitled ''The People Detective – 1. Witch'' and presented by historian and curator Daru Rooke.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Witch. The People Detective. Episode 1 of 5|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0327wk8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415211132/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0327wk8|archive-date=2017-04-15|access-date=2021-01-10|website=BBC}}</ref>
A BBC-TV programme about Bateman, featuring a modern-day descendant of hers (Tracy Whitaker), showed Bateman's skull being laser-scanned to demonstrate how her face may well have appeared. It was first shown on 12 April 2001, entitled ''The People Detective – 1. Witch'' and presented by historian and curator Daru Rooke.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Witch. The People Detective. Episode 1 of 5|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0327wk8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415211132/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0327wk8|archive-date=2017-04-15|access-date=2021-01-10|website=BBC}}</ref>

== Historiography ==
As early as 1867, William Knipe suggested that she was "addicted" to crime.<ref name="Knipe" /> Historian [[Owen Davies (historian)|Owen Davies]] describes Bateman as having a "pathological need to steal", implying that there was a psychological reason behind the motivations for some of her crimes.<ref name="odnb" />

Whatever the reason behind her crimes, her reputation and her trial became widely known and it is important to question why it was sensationalised in this way.<ref name=":0" />


==References==
==References==
Line 81: Line 84:
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/york.html |title=York Castle prisons – Executions at York |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004024927/http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/york.html |archive-date=4 October 2006 |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/york.html |title=York Castle prisons – Executions at York |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004024927/http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/york.html |archive-date=4 October 2006 |url-status=dead }}
*[http://www.yourfamilytreemag.co.uk/resources/yft/yorkshirewitch.pdf The Case of the Yorkshire Witch]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.yourfamilytreemag.co.uk/resources/yft/yorkshirewitch.pdf The Case of the Yorkshire Witch]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://www.mylearning.org/stories/crime-and-punishment-in-leeds/1053 Crime & Punishment in Leeds]


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Revision as of 22:23, 9 February 2021

Mary Bateman
Mary Bateman mixing poison
Born1768 (1768)
Asenby, North Riding of Yorkshire, England
Died20 March 1809(1809-03-20) (aged 40–41)
York Prison
Cause of deathHanging
NationalityEnglish
Other namesMary Harker
Occupation(s)Servant
Con artist
Years active1780s–1809
Known forThe so-called 'Yorkshire Witch'
Criminal statusDead
Criminal chargeFraud
Murder
PenaltyDeath by hanging
Details
VictimsRebecca Perigo
Imprisoned atFemale Prison, York

Mary Bateman (1768 – 20 March 1809) was an English criminal and alleged witch, known as the Yorkshire Witch, who was tried and executed for murder during the early 19th century.

Biography

Mary Harker was born in Asenby in the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1768.[1] Her father was a farmer.[1] She learned to read and write and, from the age of thirteen, worked as a servant girl in Thirsk, North Riding of Yorkshire.[1] She moved to York aged 20 and worked as a dressmaker. However, after one year, she fled to Leeds after being involved in a burglary.[1] During the next four years she worked as a mantua maker, and also began to build a reputation as a fortune-teller and 'wise woman'.[1] In 1792 she married John Bateman, who was a wheelwright.[1] During these early years of her marriage, she also undertook several robberies and was caught several times, escaping prison by bribing those who witnessed her activities.[1] In 1796 John joined the Army, and Bateman accompanied him away from Leeds, however within one year they had returned to Leeds.[1] Amongst other crimes, she is reported to have once roamed the streets of Leeds after a major fire begging for money and goods for victims, but instead retained the charitable gifts for herself.[2] According to author Summer Stevens, she also worked as an abortionist.[3]

In 1806 Bateman joined the followers of the prophetess Joanna Southcott and attended meetings.[1] As part of a Southcottian sect, she created the hoax known as The Prophet Hen of Leeds, in which eggs laid by a hen were purported have written on them 'Christ is coming' - a message believed to preceded end times.[4][5] Three of these eggs were displayed by Bateman, but it was later found that she had written on the eggs using acid and reinserted them into the hen's oviduct.[6]

In the same year, Bateman was approached by William and Rebecca Perigo - Rebecca was suffering from chest pains and Bateman diagnosed that she had been put under a spell.[1] However, over the next several months, Bateman began feeding them pudding which was laced with poison.[citation needed] Rebecca's condition worsened however and she finally died in 1808.[1] In October 1808 William Perigo accused Bateman of poisoning his wife, as well as defrauding money from them for the two years preceding to pay for "charms" and cures.[1] Although Bateman proclaimed her innocence, a search of her home turned up poison as well as many personal belongings of her victims including the Perigo couple.[citation needed]

Trial and execution

Bateman's trial took place in York in March 1809.[1] According to The Criminal Chronology of York Castle by William Knipe, which was written in 1867, the trial lasted eleven hours, though the jury took only a few moments to find her guilty of the charges of fraud and the murder of Rebecca Perigo.[7] The book also claims that immediately following the sentence of death from the judge, Bateman said that she was 22-weeks pregnant and thus unable to be hanged.[7] The judge subsequently requested that the Sherriff gather a panel of 'matrons' to assess Bateman's claim.[7] Twelve married women were sworn into the jury and conducted a physical examination of Bateman, concluding that she was not pregnant and thus able to be executed.[7]

William Knipe's 1867 account suggests had a daughter at home as well as an infant child in the prison with her.[7] She supposedly mailed her wedding ring back to her husband to give to the daughter.[7]

Bateman was hanged alongside two men on Monday 20 March 1809.[7]

Dissection

After her execution, her body was transferred to Leeds General Infirmary, which publicly displayed her body, charging 3 pence per visitor.[8] Her body was dissected by William Hey, who spread the event across three days. On day one medical students paid to view the corpse, on day two “about 100 tickets were available to gentlemen [professional Leeds men] who paid five guineas”, and on day three women could buy a day ticket to attend Hey's lectures on the body.[9] Strips of her skin were tanned into leather and sold as magic charms to ward off evil spirits.[2][10] The tip of her tongue was collected by the governor of Ripon Prison.[10] Two books from the library of Mexborough House were covered in her skin - Sir John Cheeke’s Hurt of Sedition: How Grievous it is to a Common Welth (1569) and Richard Braithwaite’s Arcadian Princess (1635); the books went missing in the mid-nineteenth century.[10]

Legacy

Former residence of Bateman in Leeds; this has since been converted into a public house - the Lamb & Flag

Bateman's death caused sensation at the time and was eagerly consumed by the public through books and periodicals published in quick succession after her death.[11] In 1811 The Extraordinary Life and Character of Mary Bateman was published, which ran to twelve editions.[3]

Bateman's skeleton was on display to the public at the Thackray Medical Museum in Leeds[12] until 2015, when it was moved to Leeds University.[13]

A BBC-TV programme about Bateman, featuring a modern-day descendant of hers (Tracy Whitaker), showed Bateman's skull being laser-scanned to demonstrate how her face may well have appeared. It was first shown on 12 April 2001, entitled The People Detective – 1. Witch and presented by historian and curator Daru Rooke.[14]

Historiography

As early as 1867, William Knipe suggested that she was "addicted" to crime.[7] Historian Owen Davies describes Bateman as having a "pathological need to steal", implying that there was a psychological reason behind the motivations for some of her crimes.[1]

Whatever the reason behind her crimes, her reputation and her trial became widely known and it is important to question why it was sensationalised in this way.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Davies, Owen (2004), "Bateman, Mary (1768–1809)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 9 May 2010
  2. ^ a b Johnson, Helen (31 October 2018). "The Yorkshire Witches: Mary Bateman, Mary Pannal and Mother Shipton". Yorkshire Post.
  3. ^ a b c S, Jessica (2 August 2018). "Burned At The Stake-The Life of Mary Channing/The Yorkshire Witch-The Life and Trial of Mary Bateman by Summer Strevens". Glasgow Women's Library. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  4. ^ Strandberg, Todd; James, Terry (June 2003). Are You Rapture Ready. New York City: Dutton. pp. 35–45.
  5. ^ "10 failed doomsday predictions". Retrieved 12 November 2009. History has countless examples of people who have proclaimed that the return of Jesus Christ is imminent, but perhaps there has never been a stranger messenger than a hen in the English town of Leeds in 1806. It seems that a hen began laying eggs on which the phrase "Christ is coming" was written. As news of this miracle spread, many people became convinced that doomsday was at hand — until a curious local actually watched the hen laying one of the prophetic eggs and discovered someone had hatched a hoax.
  6. ^ Mackay, Charles (1980). Extraordinary popular delusions & the madness of crowds. Random House. ISBN 0-517-88433-X.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Knipe, William (1867). "Mary Bateman". Criminal chronology of York castle; with a register of criminals capitally convicted and executed at the County assizes, commencing March 1st, 1379, to the present time. pp. 145-149.
  8. ^ Ward, Richard (2015). "The Criminal Corpse, Anatomists, and the Criminal Law: Parliamentary Attempts to Extend the Dissection of Offenders in Late Eighteenth-Century England". Journal of British Studies. 54 (1): 63–87. doi:10.1017/jbr.2014.167. ISSN 0021-9371.
  9. ^ Hurren, Elizabeth T (2013). "The dangerous dead: dissecting the criminal corpse". The Lancet. 382 (9889): 302–303. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61626-8. ISSN 0140-6736.
  10. ^ a b c Davies, Owen; Matteoni, Francesca (2017), Davies, Owen; Matteoni, Francesca (eds.), "The Corpse Gives Life", Executing Magic in the Modern Era: Criminal Bodies and the Gallows in Popular Medicine, Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and its Afterlife, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 29–52, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59519-1_3, ISBN 978-3-319-59519-1, retrieved 9 February 2021
  11. ^ Churms, Stephanie Elizabeth (2019), Churms, Stephanie Elizabeth (ed.), "A Profile of Romantic-Period Popular Magic: Taxonomies of Evidence", Romanticism and Popular Magic: Poetry and Cultures of the Occult in the 1790s, Palgrave Studies in the Enlightenment, Romanticism and Cultures of Print, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 17–79, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04810-5_2, ISBN 978-3-030-04810-5, retrieved 9 February 2021
  12. ^ Goor, K. (2006) Haunted Leeds, Tempus, Page 37
  13. ^ Summer Strevens (2017). The Yorkshire Witch: The Life and Trial of Mary Bateman. Pen and Sword. p. 135.
  14. ^ "Witch. The People Detective. Episode 1 of 5". BBC. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2021.

Further reading

See also

External links

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