Socioeconomics: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 11:58, 10 February 2021

Walla Fuck Everyone 🖕 Walla

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+Walla Fuck Everyone 🖕 Walla
-{{distinguish|Social economy}}
-{{short description|Social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes}}
-{{Economics sidebar}}
-'''Socioeconomics''' (also known as '''social economics''') is the [[social science]] that studies how [[economic activity]] affects and is shaped by social processes. In general it analyzes how modern [[society|societies]] [[social progress|progress]], [[economic stagnation|stagnate]], or [[social regress|regress]] because of their [[local economy|local]] or regional economy, or the [[global economy]]. Societies are divided into three groups: social, cultural and economic. It also refers to the ways that social and economic factors influence the environment.
-==Overview==
-“Socioeconomics” is sometimes used as an [[umbrella term]] for various areas of inquiry. The term “social economics” may refer broadly to the "use of [[economics]] in the study of [[Social relation|society]]".<ref name="google"/> More narrowly, contemporary practice considers behavioral interactions of individuals and groups through [[social capital]] and social "markets" (not excluding, for example, [[Assortative mating|sorting]] by marriage) and the formation of [[social norms]].<ref name="uoregon"/> In the relation of economics to [[Value (ethics)|social value]]s.<ref name="elsevier"/>
-A distinct supplemental usage describes social economics as "a discipline studying the reciprocal relationship between economic science on the one hand and [[social philosophy]], [[ethics]], and [[human dignity]] on the other" toward social reconstruction and improvement<ref name="google1"/> or as also emphasizing [[multidisciplinary]] [[Scientific method|methods]] from such fields as [[sociology]], [[history]], and [[political science]].<ref name="e-elgar"/> In criticizing [[mainstream economics]] for its alleged faulty philosophical premises (for example the pursuit of self-interest) and neglect of dysfunctional economic relationships, such advocates tend to classify social economics as [[heterodox economics|heterodox]].<ref name="google2"/>
-{{clear}}
-=== Socioeconomic Factors of Environmental Change ===
-Socioeconomic system at the regional level refers to the way social and economic factors influence one another in local communities and households. These systems have a significant impact on the environment through deforestation, pollution, natural disasters, and energy production and use. Through telecoupled systems, these interactions can lead to global impact. Local economies, [[food security|food insecurity]], and environmental hazards are all negative effects that are a direct outcome of socioeconomic systems.
-==== Deforestation ====
-* Deforestation is a major cause of [[environmental change]]. Deforestation can be attributed to population growth, change in household dynamics, and resource management. Forests are traditionally owned by the state and control resource management which means their government is responsible for the development of forested land. Between 1970 and 2011, the tree coverage decreased by 20.6%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rahman|first1=Fazlur|last2=Haq|first2=Fazlul|last3=Tabassum|first3=Iffat|last4=Ullah|first4=Ihsan|date=February 2014|title=Socio-economic drivers of deforestation in Roghani Valley, Hindu-Raj Mountains, Northern Pakistan|journal=Journal of Mountain Science|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=167–179|doi=10.1007/s11629-013-2770-x|s2cid=140727337|issn=1672-6316}}</ref> The decrease can be attributed to community development and increased use of resources. The issue of deforestation is contributing to climate change because the wood is frequently burned and used as timber fuel which emits CO2 into the atmosphere. Deforestation is also happening due to population growth and the expansion of farmland which creates feedback loops. When forests are cut down to begin agriculture practices, soil degradation often takes place and leads to further issues like declining crop yields, which can contribute to food insecurity and contraction in the economy.
-* Due to [[deforestation]], animals often lose their habitats and vegetation is significantly decreased. Habitat loss is common when deforestation happens because not only are the trees being cut down, but the land trees previously inhabited suffers extreme soil erosion due to lack of protection from the tree coverage. Animals' struggle to survive is further hindered due to high temperatures in places where tree coverage is lost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pachamama.org/effects-of-deforestation|title=Effects of Deforestation {{!}} The Pachamama Alliance|website=www.pachamama.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref> Local community [[Economy|economies]] are affected by this because they depend on these resources to drive their local markets and feed their families. Modern medicine is also affected by deforestation because several medicines are derived from plants found in these areas. Loss of these resources means a loss of income to local communities who depend on these natural resources for profit. This can have a global effect by creating shortages of some medicines worldwide.
-==== Pollution ====
-* [[Ocean pollution]] has massively affected small fishing communities around the world. When the ocean water gets polluted, it has a range of effects on the ocean life. Fish absorb mercury from coal mining and fossil fuel burning which makes them toxic to eat. Food insecurity is a socioeconomic impact of toxic marine life because small [https://www.epa.gov/cre/climate-change-coastal-communities coastal communities] depend on fishing to drive their local markets.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schmutter|first1=Katherine|last2=Nash|first2=Merinda|last3=Dovey|first3=Liz|date=2016-05-13|title=Ocean acidification: assessing the vulnerability of socioeconomic systems in Small Island Developing States|journal=Regional Environmental Change|volume=17|issue=4|pages=973–987|doi=10.1007/s10113-016-0949-8|s2cid=156564723|issn=1436-3798}}</ref>  Big companies produce this pollution as a spillover system, which affects the fish, which then affects the surrounding communities.
-==== Natural disasters ====
-* Natural disasters are becoming more severe as the environment is shifting. In the Western hemisphere, landslides are becoming more prevalent and severe. As communities continue to expand and develop, landscapes are disrupted by human interactions and unstable hillside areas begin to crumple under these pressures.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2001|title=Open-File Report|chapter=Socioeconomic and environmental impacts of landslides in the Western Hemisphere|language=en|doi=10.3133/ofr01276|last1=Schuster|first1=Robert L.|last2=Highland|first2=Lynn M.}}</ref> These effects can be responsible for [[habitat loss]] for animals, home loss for humans, and complete destruction of industrial establishments. This can affect local economies just as any other natural disaster because it disrupts the entire flow of communities. They can be divided into private and public, for example, a highway being demolished by a landslide would be considered a public cost. A local farm that lost all of its crops due to a landslide would be considered a private cost. Urbanization and deforestation are primarily responsible for the increasing number of landslides in small communities.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kjekstad|first1=Oddvar|title=Economic and Social Impacts of Landslides|date=2009|work=Landslides – Disaster Risk Reduction|pages=573–587|editor-last=Sassa|editor-first=Kyoji|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-69970-5_30|isbn=978-3-540-69966-8|last2=Highland|first2=Lynn|editor2-last=Canuti|editor2-first=Paolo}}</ref>
-==== Households ====
-* Another socioeconomic factor is the change in the household family. The [[nuclear family]] is traditionally two parents and their children living under the same roof. In the past, households frequently inhibited extended family members such as grandparents. With the shift in the number of people under one roof, there has been an increase in direct energy consumption.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Malcolm|date=November 2012|title=Urban Consumption,edited by Peter W. Newton|journal=Urban Research & Practice|volume=5|issue=3|pages=369–371|doi=10.1080/17535069.2012.727571|s2cid=155614481|issn=1753-5069}}</ref> Fewer people per household means more households. People are shifting towards single person households as our societal norms evolve. More households mean more energy being used to do things like heat the house, power more TVs, and use more lights. It also means more geographical land space being taken up by people which can lead to further urbanization of rural communities. This has been a shift in communities across the globe.
-==== Conclusion ====
-* Deforestation, natural disasters, pollution, and energy consumption explicitly exhibit how human and natural systems are integrated systems. They are influenced by government policies and contextual factors which often have a more negative impact on the environment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=J.|last2=Dietz|first2=T.|last3=Carpenter|first3=S. R.|last4=Alberti|first4=M.|last5=Folke|first5=C.|last6=Moran|first6=E.|last7=Pell|first7=A. N.|last8=Deadman|first8=P.|last9=Kratz|first9=T.|last10=Lubchenco|first10=J.|last11=Ostrom|first11=E.|date=2007-09-14|title=Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems|journal=Science|volume=317|issue=5844|pages=1513–1516|doi=10.1126/science.1144004|pmid=17872436|bibcode=2007Sci...317.1513L|issn=0036-8075|doi-access=free}}</ref> Human interactions with the environment create a domino effect. These socioeconomic systems are all interconnected and produce effects from the local level, all the way up to the global level.
-==See also==
-* [[Socioeconomic status]]
-* [[Social mobility]]
-* [[Economic sociology]]
-* [[Political economy]]
-==Notes==
-{{reflist|refs=
-<ref name="e-elgar">• {{citation | last1 = Davis | first1 = John B. | last2 = Dolfsma | first2 = Wilfred | contribution = Social economics: an introduction and a view of the field| editor-last1 = Davis | editor-first1 = John B. | editor-last2 = Dolfsma | editor-first2 = Wilfred | title = The Elgar companion to social economics | pages = 1–7 | publisher = Edward Elgar | location = Cheltenham, UK Northampton, Massachusetts | year = 2008 | isbn = 9781848442771 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=cx1KYLlcNSUC&pg=PA1 Preview]. [http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_main.lasso?id=3765 Description.]<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; •  ''International Journal of Social Economics''. [http://info.emeraldinsight.com/products/journals/journals.htm?PHPSESSID=05qst304u87622chcifb69vp55&id=ijse Description.]<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; • ''[[Socio-Economic Review]]''.</ref>
-<ref name="elsevier">• 'Relation of Economics to Social Values' is the corresponding title of [[JEL classification codes#General economics and teaching JEL: A Subcategories|JEL: A13]] in the [[JEL classification codes#General economics and teaching JEL: A Subcategories|''Journal of Economic Literature'' classification codes]].<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; • Jess Benhabib, Alberto Bisin, and Matthew Jackson, ed., 2011. ''Handbook of Social Economics'', Elsevier:<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Vol. 1A: Part 1.  Social Preferences, ch. 1-11; Part 2. Social Actions, ch. 12-17. Description & Contents [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/724254/description#description links] and chapter-preview [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_hubEid=1-s2.0-C20101649590&_cid=280673&_pubType=HS&_auth=y&_acct=C000228598&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=99ce40c6cfb44df254168ce38b95b4e3 links].<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Vol. 1B: Part 3. Peer and Neighborhood Effects, ch. 18-25.  Description & Contents [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/724265/description#description links] and chapter-preview [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_hubEid=1-s2.0-C20101649590&_cid=280673&_pubType=HS&_auth=y&_acct=C000228598&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=99ce40c6cfb44df254168ce38b95b4e3 links]</ref>
-<ref name="google">[[John Eatwell]], [[Murray Milgate]], and [[Peter Kenneth Newman|Peter Newman]], [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics|[1987]]] 1989. ''Social Economics: The New Palgrave'', p. xii. Topic-preview links, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PTmXshBmTUAC&pg=PR5&lpg=PP1&ots=wvV_b6AUQo&dq=%22social+economics%22+%22new+palgrave%22 v-vi.]</ref>
-<ref name="google1">• [[Mark A. Lutz]], 2009. "Social economics," in Jan Peil and Irene van Staveren, ed., ''Handbook of Economics and Ethics'', p. 516. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YahcdBQ5nqQC&pg=PA516&lpg=PA516&dq=%22Handbook+of+Economics+and+Ethics%22+%22social+economics%22&source=bl&ots=Ub-xqWQjnc&sig=E8Y5GKBM1h5IUeFXEMRbFDKCrHY&hl=en&ei=M6LNS53IDYO78galypFd&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false &#91;Pp. 516-22.&#93;] Edward Elgar Publishing.<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 1999. ''Economics for the Common Good: Two Centuries of Social Economic Thought in the Humanist Tradition'', Routledge. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_kgnxwACHGQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=false Preview.]</ref>
-<ref name="google2">• Edward O'Boyle, ed., 1996. ''Social Economics: Premises, Findings and Policies'', pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4SlZu53qxvUC&pg=PR2&lpg=PR2=false#v=onepage&q&f=false ii] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=4SlZu53qxvUC&pg=PR9&lpg=PR9=false#v=onepage&q&f=false ix.]<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; • Tony Lawson, 2006. "The Nature of Heterodox Economics," ''Cambridge Journal of Economics'', 30(4), pp. 483-505. [http://cas.umkc.edu/econ/economics/faculty/wray/papers/lawson_on_heterdoxy.pdf Alternate access copy] (press '''+''').<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; • Frederic S. Lee, 2008. "heterodox economics," ''[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]'', 2nd Ed., v.4, pp.&nbsp;1–6. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_H000175&q=heterodox%20economics&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.]</ref>
-<ref name="uoregon">• {{Cite journal | last = Becker | first = Gary S. | author-link = Gary S. Becker | title = A theory of social interactions | journal = [[Journal of Political Economy]] | volume = 82 | issue = 6 | pages = 1063–1093 | publisher = [[Chicago University Press|Chicago Journals]] | doi = 10.1086/260265 | jstor = 1830662 | date = November–December 1974 | ref = harv | url = http://www.nber.org/papers/w0042.pdf }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050502153308/http://www.uoregon.edu/~cjellis/441/Becker1.pdf Pdf.]<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____ and [[Kevin M. Murphy]], 2001, ''Social Economics: Market Behavior in a Social Environment''. [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/BECSOC.html Description] and table of [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?recid=27582&content=toc contents.] Harvard University Press.<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; • Mariano Tommasi and Kathryn Ierulli, ed., 1995. ''The New Economics of Human Behavior'', Cambridge. [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521479495 Description] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=buAu_yBxaiEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false preview.]<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Steven N. Durlauf]] and [[Peyton Young|H. Peyton Young]] 2001. "The New Social Economics" in ''Social Dynamics'', ch. 1, pp. 1-14. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DBiyi8Ubih4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=%22new+social+economics%22&ots=NKMYtBuEHN&sig=LpheiPGu0Psj7a-LK-V1f9AsJ5M#v=onepage&q=%22new%20social%20economics%22&f=false Preview.] MIT Press.<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; • Steven N. Durlauf and [[Lawrence E. Blume]], 2008. ''[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]'', 2nd Edition:
-:"social interactions (empirics)" by Yannis M. Ioannides. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000256&q=social%20interactions&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract].
-:"social interactions (theory)" by [[José Scheinkman|José A. Scheinkman]]. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000200&q=social%20interactions&topicid=&result_number=2 Abstract].</ref>
-}}
-==References==
-* [[Gustav Cassel]], [1931] 1932. ''The Theory of Social Economy''. Reprinted 1967, Augustus M. Kelley. From the [[Mises Institute]], select among [https://mises.org/books/theorysocialeconomy_cassel.pdf sections] (press '''+''').
-* Hellmich, Simon N. (2015)'' [https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07360932.2014.999696 What is Socioeconomics? An Overview of Theories, Methods, and Themes in the Field], ''Forum for Social Economics'' 44 (1), 1-23.
-* Pokrovskii, Vladimir N. (2011) [https://www.springer.com/physics/complexity/book/978-94-007-2095-4 ''Econodynamics. The Theory of Social Production''], Springer, Berlin.
-* [[Max Weber]], 1922. ''[[Economy and Society]]'', 2 v. [http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520035003 Description] and scroll to chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=MILOksrhgrYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=false links.]
-* [[Friedrich von Wieser]], [1924] 1928. ''Social Economics''. Foreword by [[Wesley C. Mitchell]]. Reprint 2003, Routledge. Scroll to chapter-preview links [https://books.google.com/books?id=bdjnMiKYx9EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=false links.]
-==External links==
-{{Wiktionary|socioeconomic}}
-* [http://www.socialeconomics.org/ Association for Social Economics]
-* [http://www.sase.org The Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics]
-* [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/03085147.asp ''Economy and Society'']
-* [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/620175/description ''Journal of Socio-Economics'']
-* [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/00346764.asp ''Review of Social Economy'']
-* [http://ser.oxfordjournals.org/ ''Socio-Economic Review'']
-[[Category:Socioeconomics| ]]
-[[Category:Economic sociology]]
-[[Category:Schools of economic thought]]