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{{short description|Large volcanic eruption whose location is unknown, possibly larger than Tambora's 1815 eruption. }}
{{short description|Large volcanic eruption whose location is unknown, possibly larger than Tambora's 1815 eruption. }}
The '''1465 mystery eruption''' was a large volcanic eruption conjectured to have taken place in 1465 or "the early 1460s". The location of this eruption is uncertain, as it has only been identified from distant [[ice core]] records and atmospheric events around 1465. It is believed to have caused reduced radiation from the sun and increased precipitation from 1466–1470.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/14139518/The_day_the_sun_turned_blue._A_volcanic_eruption_in_the_early_1460s_and_its_putative_climatic_impact_a_globally_perceived_volcanic_disaster_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages|title=The day the sun turned blue. A volcanic eruption in the early 1460s and its putative climatic impact – a globally perceived volcanic disaster in the Late Middle Ages?|first=Martin |last=Bauch|via=academia.edu}}</ref> It is believed to have been [[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]-7 and possibly even larger than [[Mount Tambora]]'s [[1815 eruption of Mount Tambora|1815 eruption]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170630-the-massive-volcano-that-scientists-cant-find|title=The massive volcano that scientists can't find|first=Zaria|last=Gorvett|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/14139518/The_day_the_sun_turned_blue._A_volcanic_eruption_in_the_early_1460s_and_its_putative_climatic_impact_a_globally_perceived_volcanic_disaster_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages|title=The day the sun turned blue. A volcanic eruption in the early 1460s and its putative climatic impact – a globally perceived volcanic disaster in the Late Middle Ages?|first=Martin |last=Bauch|via=academia.edu}}</ref>
The '''1465 mystery eruption''' was a large volcanic eruption conjectured to have taken place in 1465. The location of this eruption is uncertain, as it has only been identified from distant [[ice core]] records and historical accounts of atmospheric events around 1465.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=Chaochao|last2=Robock|first2=Alan|last3=Self|first3=Stephen|last4=Witter|first4=Jeffrey B.|last5=Steffenson|first5=J. P.|last6=Clausen|first6=Henrik Brink|last7=Siggaard‐Andersen|first7=Marie-Louise|last8=Johnsen|first8=Sigfus|last9=Mayewski|first9=Paul A.|last10=Ammann|first10=Caspar|date=2006|title=The 1452 or 1453 A.D. Kuwae eruption signal derived from multiple ice core records: Greatest volcanic sulfate event of the past 700 years|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2005JD006710|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|language=en|volume=111|issue=D12|doi=10.1029/2005JD006710|issn=2156-2202}}</ref> It is believed to have been [[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]-7 and possibly even larger than [[Mount Tambora]]'s [[1815 eruption of Mount Tambora|1815 eruption]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170630-the-massive-volcano-that-scientists-cant-find|title=The massive volcano that scientists can't find|first=Zaria|last=Gorvett|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/14139518/The_day_the_sun_turned_blue._A_volcanic_eruption_in_the_early_1460s_and_its_putative_climatic_impact_a_globally_perceived_volcanic_disaster_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages|title=The day the sun turned blue. A volcanic eruption in the early 1460s and its putative climatic impact – a globally perceived volcanic disaster in the Late Middle Ages?|first=Martin |last=Bauch|via=academia.edu}}</ref>
[[File:Caldera Mt Tambora Sumbawa Indonesia.jpg|thumb|The [[caldera]] of Mt Tambora in [[Sumbawa]], [[Indonesia]].]]
[[File:Caldera Mt Tambora Sumbawa Indonesia.jpg|thumb|The [[caldera]] of Mt Tambora in [[Sumbawa]], [[Indonesia]].]]


=== Ice Core Records ===
Ice cores taken from both the Artic and Antarctic ice shields have been found to contain large amounts of sulfur, indicating that the 1465 mystery eruption was a global event, lasting up to 7 years. These volcanic particles were distributed via the large aerosol cloud produced by the eruption. Ice core dating is not exact, so to pin down the date of the eruption, historical records are also necessary.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bauch|first=Martin|title=The Day the Sun Turned Blue: A Volcanic Eruption in the Early 1460s and Its Possible Climatic Impact—A Natural Disaster Perceived Globally in the Late Middle Ages?|date=2017|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49163-9_6|work=Historical Disaster Experiences: Towards a Comparative and Transcultural History of Disasters Across Asia and Europe|pages=107–138|editor-last=Schenk|editor-first=Gerrit Jasper|series=Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-49163-9_6|isbn=978-3-319-49163-9|access-date=}}</ref>

=== Historical Records ===
Historical records, largely from Europe and Eastern Asia, report having multiple years after 1465 with anomalous weather patterns. Smog and haze were seen in the sky and multiple records describe the sun as being blue in color. Many sources report volcanic ash raining from the sky. There were severe increases in precipitation and decreases in temperature over this time period. These weather and climate changes would be the result of a large aerosol cloud produced by a volcanic eruption spreading across the earth; however, medieval records of atmospheric phenomenon are not always accurate.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bauch|first=Martin|title=The Day the Sun Turned Blue: A Volcanic Eruption in the Early 1460s and Its Possible Climatic Impact—A Natural Disaster Perceived Globally in the Late Middle Ages?|date=2017|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49163-9_6|work=Historical Disaster Experiences: Towards a Comparative and Transcultural History of Disasters Across Asia and Europe|pages=107–138|editor-last=Schenk|editor-first=Gerrit Jasper|series=Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-49163-9_6|isbn=978-3-319-49163-9|access-date=}}</ref>

=== Climate Implications ===
The weather patterns caused by this eruption had an impact on the life of people globally. Freezing temperatures and excessive rainfall led to famine and low quality crops. The number of people who starved to death increased over these years, and the decreased quality of wine during the time period was noted in historical records. Freezing temperatures and flooding also lead to death and property damage. These factors put pressure on medieval governments and negatively impacted military efforts.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bauch|first=Martin|title=The Day the Sun Turned Blue: A Volcanic Eruption in the Early 1460s and Its Possible Climatic Impact—A Natural Disaster Perceived Globally in the Late Middle Ages?|date=2017|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49163-9_6|work=Historical Disaster Experiences: Towards a Comparative and Transcultural History of Disasters Across Asia and Europe|pages=107–138|editor-last=Schenk|editor-first=Gerrit Jasper|series=Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-49163-9_6|isbn=978-3-319-49163-9|access-date=}}</ref>
==See also==
==See also==
* [[1808 mystery eruption]]
* [[1808 mystery eruption]]

Revision as of 01:02, 17 April 2021

The 1465 mystery eruption was a large volcanic eruption conjectured to have taken place in 1465. The location of this eruption is uncertain, as it has only been identified from distant ice core records and historical accounts of atmospheric events around 1465.[1] It is believed to have been VEI-7 and possibly even larger than Mount Tambora's 1815 eruption.[2][3]

The caldera of Mt Tambora in Sumbawa, Indonesia.

Ice Core Records

Ice cores taken from both the Artic and Antarctic ice shields have been found to contain large amounts of sulfur, indicating that the 1465 mystery eruption was a global event, lasting up to 7 years. These volcanic particles were distributed via the large aerosol cloud produced by the eruption. Ice core dating is not exact, so to pin down the date of the eruption, historical records are also necessary.[4]

Historical Records

Historical records, largely from Europe and Eastern Asia, report having multiple years after 1465 with anomalous weather patterns. Smog and haze were seen in the sky and multiple records describe the sun as being blue in color. Many sources report volcanic ash raining from the sky. There were severe increases in precipitation and decreases in temperature over this time period. These weather and climate changes would be the result of a large aerosol cloud produced by a volcanic eruption spreading across the earth; however, medieval records of atmospheric phenomenon are not always accurate.[5]

Climate Implications

The weather patterns caused by this eruption had an impact on the life of people globally. Freezing temperatures and excessive rainfall led to famine and low quality crops. The number of people who starved to death increased over these years, and the decreased quality of wine during the time period was noted in historical records. Freezing temperatures and flooding also lead to death and property damage. These factors put pressure on medieval governments and negatively impacted military efforts.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ Gao, Chaochao; Robock, Alan; Self, Stephen; Witter, Jeffrey B.; Steffenson, J. P.; Clausen, Henrik Brink; Siggaard‐Andersen, Marie-Louise; Johnsen, Sigfus; Mayewski, Paul A.; Ammann, Caspar (2006). "The 1452 or 1453 A.D. Kuwae eruption signal derived from multiple ice core records: Greatest volcanic sulfate event of the past 700 years". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 111 (D12). doi:10.1029/2005JD006710. ISSN 2156-2202.
  2. ^ Gorvett, Zaria. "The massive volcano that scientists can't find". BBC.
  3. ^ Bauch, Martin. "The day the sun turned blue. A volcanic eruption in the early 1460s and its putative climatic impact – a globally perceived volcanic disaster in the Late Middle Ages?" – via academia.edu. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ Bauch, Martin (2017), Schenk, Gerrit Jasper (ed.), "The Day the Sun Turned Blue: A Volcanic Eruption in the Early 1460s and Its Possible Climatic Impact—A Natural Disaster Perceived Globally in the Late Middle Ages?", Historical Disaster Experiences: Towards a Comparative and Transcultural History of Disasters Across Asia and Europe, Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 107–138, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49163-9_6, ISBN 978-3-319-49163-9
  5. ^ Bauch, Martin (2017), Schenk, Gerrit Jasper (ed.), "The Day the Sun Turned Blue: A Volcanic Eruption in the Early 1460s and Its Possible Climatic Impact—A Natural Disaster Perceived Globally in the Late Middle Ages?", Historical Disaster Experiences: Towards a Comparative and Transcultural History of Disasters Across Asia and Europe, Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 107–138, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49163-9_6, ISBN 978-3-319-49163-9
  6. ^ Bauch, Martin (2017), Schenk, Gerrit Jasper (ed.), "The Day the Sun Turned Blue: A Volcanic Eruption in the Early 1460s and Its Possible Climatic Impact—A Natural Disaster Perceived Globally in the Late Middle Ages?", Historical Disaster Experiences: Towards a Comparative and Transcultural History of Disasters Across Asia and Europe, Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 107–138, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49163-9_6, ISBN 978-3-319-49163-9
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