Coral bleaching in Oahu: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Bleachedcoral.jpg|thumb|right|A dying coral reef due to Coral bleaching]] |
[[File:Bleachedcoral.jpg|thumb|right|A dying coral reef due to Coral bleaching]] |
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'''Coral bleaching in Oahu''' has been on the rise since 1996, when Hawaii's first major [[coral bleaching]] occurred in [[Kāneʻohe Bay|Kaneohe Bay]], followed by major bleaching events in the Northwest islands in 2002 and 2004.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Bahr|first1=Keisha D.|last2=Rodgers|first2=Ku‘ulei S.|last3=Jokiel|first3=Paul L.|date=2017|title=Impact of Three Bleaching Events on the Reef Resiliency of Kāne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i |
'''Coral bleaching in Oahu''' has been on the rise since 1996, when Hawaii's first major [[coral bleaching]] occurred in [[Kāneʻohe Bay|Kaneohe Bay]], followed by major bleaching events in the Northwest islands in 2002 and 2004.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Bahr|first1=Keisha D.|last2=Rodgers|first2=Ku‘ulei S.|last3=Jokiel|first3=Paul L.|date=2017|title=Impact of Three Bleaching Events on the Reef Resiliency of Kāne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|language=en|volume=4|doi=10.3389/fmars.2017.00398|s2cid=26406515|issn=2296-7745|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2014, biologists from the [[University of Queensland]] observed the first mass bleaching event, and attributed it to [[The Blob (Pacific Ocean)|The Blob]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Bahr|first1=Keisha D.|last2=Jokiel|first2=Paul L.|last3=Rodgers|first3=Kuʻulei S.|date=2015-08-04|title=The 2014 coral bleaching and freshwater flood events in Kāneʻohe Bay, Hawaiʻi|url=https://peerj.com/articles/1136|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=3|pages=e1136|doi=10.7717/peerj.1136|issn=2167-8359|pmc=4540025|pmid=26290792}}</ref> |
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Coral bleaching turns the coral white, but it does not kill it right away. Depending factors like what type of coral is it, and temperature of the water in that specific area, decide on how long the coral has. Coral bleaching effects in Hawaii are primarily caused by water temperature increases due to [[climate change]]. A rise in the water temperature is a stressor to the coral. When stressed, the coral releases [[algae]] that lives in their tissues, so when released they lose all of their color, turning them white.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Cunning|first1=R|last2=Ritson-Williams|first2=R|last3=Gates|first3=Rd|date=2016-06-09|title=Patterns of bleaching and recovery of Montipora capitata in Kāne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i, USA|url=http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v551/p131-139/|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|language=en|volume=551|pages=131–139|doi=10.3354/meps11733|issn=0171-8630}}</ref> |
Coral bleaching turns the coral white, but it does not kill it right away. Depending factors like what type of coral is it, and temperature of the water in that specific area, decide on how long the coral has. Coral bleaching effects in Hawaii are primarily caused by water temperature increases due to [[climate change]]. A rise in the water temperature is a stressor to the coral. When stressed, the coral releases [[algae]] that lives in their tissues, so when released they lose all of their color, turning them white.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Cunning|first1=R|last2=Ritson-Williams|first2=R|last3=Gates|first3=Rd|date=2016-06-09|title=Patterns of bleaching and recovery of Montipora capitata in Kāne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i, USA|url=http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v551/p131-139/|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|language=en|volume=551|pages=131–139|doi=10.3354/meps11733|bibcode=2016MEPS..551..131C|issn=0171-8630}}</ref> |
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== Areas impacted by coral bleaching == |
== Areas impacted by coral bleaching == |
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=== Kaneohe Bay reef === |
=== Kaneohe Bay reef === |
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The [[Kāneʻohe Bay|Kaneohe Bay]] reef is eight miles in length and 2.7 miles in width. A second barrier reef covers 27 miles off the coast of Molokaʻi island in the archipelago. About 40 years ago there were raw sewage dumps in Kaneohe Bay, killing some coral. The sewage gave the advantage to a growing benthic algae species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Richmond|first=Robert H.|date=1993|title=Coral Reefs: Present Problems and Future Concerns Resulting from Anthropogenic Disturbance |
The [[Kāneʻohe Bay|Kaneohe Bay]] reef is eight miles in length and 2.7 miles in width. A second barrier reef covers 27 miles off the coast of Molokaʻi island in the archipelago. About 40 years ago there were raw sewage dumps in Kaneohe Bay, killing some coral. The sewage gave the advantage to a growing benthic algae species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Richmond|first=Robert H.|date=1993|title=Coral Reefs: Present Problems and Future Concerns Resulting from Anthropogenic Disturbance|journal=American Zoologist|language=en|volume=33|issue=6|pages=524–536|doi=10.1093/icb/33.6.524|issn=0003-1569|doi-access=free}}</ref> The green algae ''Dictyosphaeria cavernosa,'' formed mat like structures covering and killing some of the coral.<ref name=":0" /> And the corals that the algae did not reach, the sewage and the low water quality had weaken them over time. The corals reproduction cycle was slowed and more likely to contract a disease.<ref name=":1" /> In 1996, when coral bleaching started to Kaneohe Bay, the corals were effected by the algae growth. This meant that the corals were still weak and the rise in ocean temperatures played a role the amount of bleaching that effected the coral. In 2014 it was noted that 80% of coral in Kaneohe Bay had been bleached white. It is predicted by Kuulei Rogers of the [[Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology|Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology]], that “In the 2030s, 30 to 50 percent of the years will have major bleaching events in Hawaii." |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 00:22, 19 June 2021
Coral bleaching in Oahu has been on the rise since 1996, when Hawaii's first major coral bleaching occurred in Kaneohe Bay, followed by major bleaching events in the Northwest islands in 2002 and 2004.[1] In 2014, biologists from the University of Queensland observed the first mass bleaching event, and attributed it to The Blob.[2]
Coral bleaching turns the coral white, but it does not kill it right away. Depending factors like what type of coral is it, and temperature of the water in that specific area, decide on how long the coral has. Coral bleaching effects in Hawaii are primarily caused by water temperature increases due to climate change. A rise in the water temperature is a stressor to the coral. When stressed, the coral releases algae that lives in their tissues, so when released they lose all of their color, turning them white.[3]
Areas impacted by coral bleaching
The amount of bleached coral is increasing around the island of Oahu. As of November 2019, two secluded beaches on the island, Yokohama bay and Makua beach have had reports of coral bleaching. Also including around Daniel K. Inouye Airport, these areas have 75% or more of coral bleached. The main cause of this mass bleaching event is by the rise in the water temperature of as small as 2-3 degrees Fahrenheit.[1] The types of corals include the two most popular corals of Hawaii, the Rose or Cauliflower coral. These corals are 10-20 inches in diameter.[2]
Kaneohe Bay reef
The Kaneohe Bay reef is eight miles in length and 2.7 miles in width. A second barrier reef covers 27 miles off the coast of Molokaʻi island in the archipelago. About 40 years ago there were raw sewage dumps in Kaneohe Bay, killing some coral. The sewage gave the advantage to a growing benthic algae species.[4] The green algae Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, formed mat like structures covering and killing some of the coral.[4] And the corals that the algae did not reach, the sewage and the low water quality had weaken them over time. The corals reproduction cycle was slowed and more likely to contract a disease.[2] In 1996, when coral bleaching started to Kaneohe Bay, the corals were effected by the algae growth. This meant that the corals were still weak and the rise in ocean temperatures played a role the amount of bleaching that effected the coral. In 2014 it was noted that 80% of coral in Kaneohe Bay had been bleached white. It is predicted by Kuulei Rogers of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, that “In the 2030s, 30 to 50 percent of the years will have major bleaching events in Hawaii."
References
- ^ a b Bahr, Keisha D.; Rodgers, Ku‘ulei S.; Jokiel, Paul L. (2017). "Impact of Three Bleaching Events on the Reef Resiliency of Kāne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i". Frontiers in Marine Science. 4. doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00398. ISSN 2296-7745. S2CID 26406515.
- ^ a b c Bahr, Keisha D.; Jokiel, Paul L.; Rodgers, Kuʻulei S. (2015-08-04). "The 2014 coral bleaching and freshwater flood events in Kāneʻohe Bay, Hawaiʻi". PeerJ. 3: e1136. doi:10.7717/peerj.1136. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4540025. PMID 26290792.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Cunning, R; Ritson-Williams, R; Gates, Rd (2016-06-09). "Patterns of bleaching and recovery of Montipora capitata in Kāne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i, USA". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 551: 131–139. Bibcode:2016MEPS..551..131C. doi:10.3354/meps11733. ISSN 0171-8630.
- ^ a b Richmond, Robert H. (1993). "Coral Reefs: Present Problems and Future Concerns Resulting from Anthropogenic Disturbance". American Zoologist. 33 (6): 524–536. doi:10.1093/icb/33.6.524. ISSN 0003-1569.